朱玉梅
[摘要]目的 探討熵指數(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)在老年全身麻醉下行腹部手術(shù)患者中的應(yīng)用。方法 選取我院2018年2月~2019年10月收治的60例全身麻醉下行擇期腹部手術(shù)的老年患者作為研究對(duì)象,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為C組(n=30)和E組(n=30)。E組根據(jù)熵指數(shù)調(diào)整瑞芬太尼和七氟烷,C組根據(jù)血壓及心率(HR)調(diào)整瑞芬太尼和七氟烷。比較兩組患者麻醉前(T0)、誘導(dǎo)后(T1)、插管后(T2)、切皮時(shí)(T3)、拔管后(T4)的收縮壓(SBD)、舒張壓(DBP)、HR以及瑞芬太尼的用量、七氟烷的平均維持劑量、呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、睜眼時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、滿意度及不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)果 E組T1時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR均低于T0時(shí),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);C組T1時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR低于T0時(shí),T3、T4時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR高于T0時(shí),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。E組T1時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR均高于C組,T3、T4時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR低于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。E組T2、T3、T4時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR與T0時(shí)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);C組T2時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR與T0時(shí)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組T2時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。E組的呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、睜眼時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間短于C組、麻醉藥用量少于C組,滿意率高于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。E組的惡心、低血壓、躁動(dòng)、認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)生率低于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患者的嘔吐、術(shù)中知曉、心動(dòng)過緩、呼吸抑制發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。E組的不良反應(yīng)總發(fā)生率低于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 熵指數(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)應(yīng)用于全身麻醉下行腹部手術(shù)的老年患者中可以有效提高麻醉質(zhì)量,節(jié)約麻醉費(fèi)用。
[關(guān)鍵詞]熵指數(shù);老年患者;全身麻醉;麻醉質(zhì)量;不良反應(yīng)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)5(a)-0121-04
Application of entropy index monitoring for general anesthesia in the elderly patients underwent abdominal surgery
ZHU Yu-mei
Department of Anesthesiology, the Fifth People′s Hospital of Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, Shenyang? ?110023, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the application of entropy index monitoring for general anesthesia in the elderly patients underwent abdominal surgery. Methods A total of 60 elderly patients underwent elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia who were admitted to our hospital from February 2018 to October 2019 were selected as the research objects, and they were divided into group E (n=30) and Group C (n=30) according to random number table method. Group E adjusted Remifentanil and Sevoflurane according to entropy index, group C adjusted Remifentanil and Sevoflurane according to blood pressure and heart rate (HR). The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), HR at the time before anesthesia (T0), before induction (T1), after induction (T2), during skin incision (T3), after extubation(T4), the dosage of Remifentanil, the average inhalation concentration of Sevoflurane, the time of spontaneous breathing, eye opening, extubation, satisfaction scores , adverse reaction were compared between the two groups. Results The SBP, DBP and HR of group E at T1 were lower than those at T0, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The SBP, DBP and HR in group C at T1 were lower than at T0, the SBP, DBP and HR in group C at T3 and T4 were higher than those at T0, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The SBP, DBP and HR of group E at T1 were higher than those of group C, the SBP, DBP and HR of group E at T3 and T4 were lower than those of group C, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in SBP, DBP, HR between T2, T3, T4 and T0 in group E (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in SBP, DBP, HR between T0 and T2 in group C (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in SBP, DBP and HR between the two groups at T2 (P>0.05). The time of respiratory recovery, eye opening and extubation in Group E were shorter than those in group C, the dosage of anesthetics in Group E was less than that in group C, and the satisfaction rate in Group E was higher than that in group C, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence rates of nausea, hypotension, restlessness and cognitive impairment in Group E were lower than those in group C, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the incidence of vomiting, intraoperative awareness, bradycardia and respiratory depression between the two groups (P>0.05). The total incidence of adverse reactions in Group E was lower than that in group C, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Application of entropy index monitoring in the elderly patients underwent abdominal surgery with general anesthesia can improve the anesthesia quality and save the anesthesia cost.
[Key words] Entropy index; Elderly patient; General anesthesia; Anesthetic quality; Adverse reaction
隨著生活水平的提高、醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展以及公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系的改善,老年人口增長日益顯著。高齡對(duì)機(jī)體各器官功能產(chǎn)生不同程度的影響,特別是對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)[1-2]及呼吸系統(tǒng)影響顯著,術(shù)后可出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知功能障礙,表現(xiàn)為煩躁不安[3]、精神紊亂[4]。既往麻醉醫(yī)生多通過觀察臨床體征和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的變化來調(diào)控麻醉深度,近年來開始使用雙頻指數(shù)、聽覺誘發(fā)電位指數(shù)等來監(jiān)測(cè)麻醉深度。熵指數(shù)(EI)是監(jiān)測(cè)麻醉深度的一種新指標(biāo),其數(shù)值的變化能夠反映全身麻醉中的鎮(zhèn)靜成分,在臨床中可用來監(jiān)測(cè)麻醉深度和評(píng)價(jià)藥物作用。本研究采用EI指導(dǎo)行腹部手術(shù)老年患者的術(shù)中用藥,以提高圍術(shù)期老年患者麻醉管理質(zhì)量,旨在為臨床老年患者全身麻醉用藥提供參考,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取我院2018年2月~2019年10月收治的60例全身麻醉下行擇期腹部手術(shù)的老年患者作為研究對(duì)象,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為C組(n=30)與E組(n=30)。兩組患者的性別、年齡、ASA評(píng)級(jí)、基礎(chǔ)血壓和心率等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡65~75歲;依據(jù)美國麻醉師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]為Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):心、肺、肝、腎病病史;長期服用影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能的藥物。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)同意,并與患者或家屬簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法
所有患者術(shù)前常規(guī)禁食8~12 h,入室后監(jiān)測(cè)生命體征,按說明將帶有3個(gè)電極的腦電熵傳感器貼于E組患者的額顳部等相應(yīng)部位,接監(jiān)護(hù)儀。
兩組均采用咪達(dá)唑侖(宜昌人福藥業(yè),生產(chǎn)批號(hào):81F10011)0.05 mg/kg、舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè),生產(chǎn)批號(hào):81F01101)0.3 μg/kg、丙泊酚(西安立邦制藥有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):1801311)1.5~2.5 mg/kg、羅庫溴銨(浙江仙琚制藥股份有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):180107)0.6 mg/kg進(jìn)行麻醉誘導(dǎo)。氣管內(nèi)插管后采用麻醉機(jī)控制呼吸,設(shè)置麻醉機(jī)參數(shù),潮氣量為8~10 ml/kg,呼吸頻率為10~12次/min,吸呼比為1∶2,氧流量為1~2 L/min。術(shù)中維持呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(PETCO2)為35~45 mmHg。術(shù)中持續(xù)泵注瑞芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè),生產(chǎn)批號(hào):81A01015)0.1~0.25 μg/(kg·min),吸入1.5%~2.5%七氟烷(魯南貝特制藥有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):65180104)維持麻醉。E組根據(jù)EI調(diào)整瑞芬太尼和七氟烷,維持EI在40~60;C組根據(jù)心率(heart rate,HR)、BP等變化隨時(shí)調(diào)整瑞芬太尼和七氟烷藥量,使平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)的波動(dòng)幅度小于基礎(chǔ)值的20%,視肌松情況間斷靜脈推注順式苯磺酸阿曲庫銨(上海醫(yī)藥,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):A21180122)0.5 mg/kg。手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)停止所有麻醉藥物,并調(diào)整氧流量至等于或大于分鐘通氣量,所有患者未給肌松拮抗劑。待患者能按指令睜眼、出現(xiàn)自主呼吸、肌張力恢復(fù)、SpO2>95%后拔出氣管導(dǎo)管。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
觀察并記錄兩組患者不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒張壓(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、HR以及呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、睜眼時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、瑞芬太尼用量、七氟烷平均吸入濃度、滿意度評(píng)分、不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,其中不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)指麻醉誘導(dǎo)前(T0)、誘導(dǎo)后(T1)、插管后(T2)、切皮時(shí)(T3)、拔管后(T4)。患者滿意度采用院內(nèi)自制量表進(jìn)行評(píng)分,極不滿意記為0分,一般滿意記為1分,滿意記為2分,非常滿意記為3分。不良反應(yīng)包括惡心、嘔吐、低血壓、術(shù)中知曉、心動(dòng)過緩、呼吸抑制、躁動(dòng)及術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙等情況。七氟烷平均維持濃度(%)=﹙t1×C1+t2×C2+……+tn×Cn﹚/T(式中C1、C2、Cn為每改變1次揮發(fā)罐時(shí)的七氟烷吸入濃度,t1、t2、tn為七氟烷不同濃度的持續(xù)時(shí)間,T為七氟烷總吸入時(shí)間)。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用率(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者麻醉中不同時(shí)間段SBP、DBP、HR的比較
E組T1時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR均低于T0時(shí),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);C組T1時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR低于T0時(shí),T3、T4時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR高于T0時(shí),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。E組T1時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR均高于C組,T3、T4時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR低于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。E組T2、T3、T4時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR與T0時(shí)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);C組T2時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR與T0時(shí)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組T2時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表1)。
2.2兩組患者呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、睜眼時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、麻醉藥用量及滿意度的比較
E組的呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、睜眼時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間短于C組、麻醉藥用量少于C組,滿意率高于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表2)。
2.3兩組患者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率的比較
E組的惡心、低血壓、躁動(dòng)、認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)生率低于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患者的嘔吐、術(shù)中知曉、心動(dòng)過緩、呼吸抑制發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。E組的不良反應(yīng)總發(fā)生率低于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表3)。
3討論
老年患者大多伴有多種基礎(chǔ)疾病,多臟器功能都出現(xiàn)一定程度的退化[6],尤其是肝腎功能下降顯著,這使得麻醉藥的肝、腎代謝率降低,體內(nèi)藥物殘留,進(jìn)而影響患者的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)[7],易導(dǎo)致患者發(fā)生呼吸狀態(tài)不佳、延遲蘇醒[8]、術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙[9-10]等癥狀,且并發(fā)癥增加,住院時(shí)間延長,醫(yī)療費(fèi)用增加[11-12],甚至死亡率増高,因此老年患者的個(gè)體化給藥尤為主要。
EI是一種新型腦電監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo),包括肌電活動(dòng)在內(nèi)的數(shù)字化腦電參數(shù),其來源于原始的腦電和額肌電信號(hào),在臨床中已被證實(shí)可較準(zhǔn)確地反映麻醉深度[13-14]。EI包括RE和SE兩部分,SE主要反映患者大腦皮層的受抑制程度,用于麻醉藥對(duì)腦部鎮(zhèn)靜水平的評(píng)估;RE主要反映復(fù)蘇階段前額骨骼肌興奮程度及大腦皮層的受抑制程度、疼痛、氣管插管等外部刺激。通常以SE來指導(dǎo)鎮(zhèn)靜,以RE與SE之差值來指導(dǎo)鎮(zhèn)痛。當(dāng)SE>60時(shí),需加深鎮(zhèn)靜程度;如果SE處于合適范圍而RE與SE的差值超過5~10,則需增加鎮(zhèn)痛藥的劑量。
本研究中,C組T1時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR低于T0時(shí),而T3、T4時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR高于T0時(shí),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);E組T1時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR均高于C組,T3、T4時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR低于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),提示C組循環(huán)波動(dòng)更明顯。這是因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)調(diào)控本組患者麻醉深度后,T1時(shí)麻醉過深,SBP、DBP、HR明顯受到抑制,T3、T4時(shí)刺激增大,但此時(shí)的麻醉深度偏淺,不足以抑制插管、切皮的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),SBP、DBP、HR迅速升高,說明按照傳統(tǒng)方法調(diào)控全身麻醉術(shù)中用藥,存在麻醉過深或過淺、難以維持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定等問題。E組根據(jù)EI監(jiān)測(cè)、調(diào)整患者麻醉深度,故患者血壓、心率變化更小。E組患者的呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、睜眼時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間明顯短于C組,且患者滿意度評(píng)分高,提示根據(jù)EI監(jiān)測(cè)、調(diào)整全身麻醉術(shù)中用藥受主觀因素影響較少,可準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估手術(shù)過程中患者麻醉深度,及時(shí)減少麻醉藥用量,能夠避免麻醉過深導(dǎo)致患者術(shù)后蘇醒延遲。對(duì)于C組患者,麻醉醫(yī)生為了追求術(shù)中血壓、心率的穩(wěn)定,避免術(shù)中知曉,麻醉用藥量明顯增多,故惡心、低血壓、躁動(dòng)及認(rèn)知功能障礙等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率高于E組。
綜上所述,全身麻醉中應(yīng)用EI監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)控麻醉深度[15]能夠避免麻醉過深或過淺,可使患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更穩(wěn)定,患者麻醉藥用量更少、蘇醒時(shí)間更短,提高了患者的麻醉滿意度,對(duì)老年患者尤為有利,值得臨床推廣。
由于條件限制,本研究為單中心研究,樣本量較少,主要是對(duì)一些直觀指標(biāo)進(jìn)行觀察,若能進(jìn)一步監(jiān)測(cè)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌激素(如兒茶酚胺類物質(zhì)、血管加壓素等指標(biāo)),實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果將更具有說服力,有待進(jìn)一步深入研究。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-01? 本文編輯:祁海文)