黃馥

高考英語書面表達評分標準第四檔（16-20分）和第五檔（21-25分）明確指出這兩個檔次作文的語言要有“較復雜結構或較高級詞匯”。

那么，我們在寫作中，如何做到有“較復雜結構或較高級詞匯”呢？

一、用較高級詞匯

英文中高級的詞匯就如同漢語中華麗的辭藻。用上符合語境需求而又文雅生動的詞語，可以展示考生豐富的詞匯積累，同時也體現(xiàn)了作者用心的語言表達。

1. 用后學的詞代替先學的詞

一般說來，從小學到高中，越是后面學的詞越是顯得高級，用高中學過的詞比用初中學過的詞高級，用高三學的詞比用高一學的詞高級，因此，我們在表達同一意思時，盡可能選后面學的詞。如：

[例1] I am writing to apply for the job as an assistant.

句中的名詞job （職業(yè)、工作）可以替換為：occupation。類似的替換有很多，如：disadvantage→drawback（缺點），ability→capability（能力），way→approach（方法），happiness→delight （快樂）等。

[例2]Computers become more and more important nowadays.

句中的形容詞important（重要的）可以替換為：significant。類似的替換有很多，如：difficult→tough（困難的），proper→appropriate（合適的），hard-working→diligent（勤奮的），brave→courageous（勇敢的），sure→convinced （確信的）等。另外，表示“越來越重要”中的“越來越”，用increasingly較more and more顯得更高級。

[例3]The village looks very pretty.

句中的副詞very （非常地）可以替換為：awfully。類似的替換有很多，如：quickly→swiftly （快速地），greatly→enormously （巨大地），about→approximately （大約）等。

[例4]We are sure to finish the task today.

句中的動詞finish （完成）可以替換為accomplish。類似的替換有很多，如：talk→communicate（談話），help→assist（幫助）等。另外，表示“一定做某事”的be sure to do sth換用be bound to do sth會更為高級。

2. 用短語代替單詞

英語中有很多地道的動詞短語和介詞短語等，都非常好用，掌握各種各樣的短語，并出其不意地在寫作中替代平淡的單詞，就可以讓句子“出彩”起來。例如：

[例1]Youd better master the grammar.

句中的master （掌握）可以用have a command of替代。類似的還有很多，如：see→catch sight of （看見），like→be keen on （喜愛），affect→have an effect on（影響）等。

[例2] The good news makes me excited.

句中excited可以用in high spirits替代。又如：

I represent our class to write this letter to invite you to join in our open-air concert.→On behalf of our class， I am writing to invite you to join in our open-air concert.

It is beneficial for you to have a brief understanding of Tang poems in advance.→It is of benefit for you to have a brief understand of Tang poems in advance.

二、寫較復雜結構

我們可以從以下四個方面來潤色我們的英語句子，讓句子結構顯得更高級。

1. 將短句改用并列句

簡短的句子雖意思明確，但短句有時會顯得斷續(xù)和單調。根據(jù)句子間的邏輯關系，可以使用恰當?shù)牟⒘羞B詞將它們串連起來。例如：

You couldnt make loud noise during the meal. You could not speak with your mouth full of food， either. 可以用neither...， nor ... 來串連這兩個句子：

You could neither make loud noise nor speak with your mouth full of food during the meal.

可以串連短句的并列連詞還有：not only...， but also... /either... or... /and/but等。

2. 將簡單句改用復合句

在寫作中使用含有從句的復合句，一方面更能凸顯語言表達的緊湊感，另一方面也可以讓表達更細致。我們可以使用兩個方法——合并法和拓展法。

（1）合并法

合并法就是通過發(fā)掘簡單句之間的關聯(lián)，將兩個或多個簡單句處理為復合句。例如：

[例1]My oral English is excellent. I can introduce the history of the Chinese painting to the local visitors.

這兩個句子之間有因果關系，所以可以合并為含有結果狀語從句的復合句：My oral English is so excellent that I can introduce the history of the Chinese painting to the local visitors.

[例2]Our school was set up in 1950. It is located in the center of Guangzhou city.

這兩個句子都在描述同一事物，所以可以合并為含有定語從句的復合句：Our school， which was set up in 1950， is located in the center of Guangzhou city.

（2）拓展法

拓展法就是在簡單句的內部對一些句子結構或成分進行擴展，改寫成復合句。如：

[例1]In my opinion， Tang culture is one of the most influential ancient cultures all over the world.

可以將插入語in my opinion拓展成為I hold the view that...，這個句子就變成含有同位語從句的復合句：I hold the view that Tang culture is the most influential ancient cultures all over the world.

[例2]Youd better know the history of Tang Dynasty before the lesson.

該句可以拓展為含有主語從句的復合句：What you should prepare before the lesson is to know about the history of Tang Dynasty.

3. 將普通句式改用特殊句式

英語中的特殊句式的使用，可以對句子的某些內容起到加深印象或引起注意的效果，可以通過以下類型的特殊句式，使普通的句子變得“華麗”。

（1）強調

用It is ... that ... 強調句型強調謂語之外的成分。

[例1]Your constant encouragement has increased my confidence in learning English well.

可改為：It is your constant encouragement that has increased my confidence in learning English well.

用助動詞do， does， did或副詞強調謂語。

[例2]I hope you could take my application into account.

可改為：I do /sincerely hope you could take my application into account.

（2）倒裝

[例1]The teachers are very excellent， and they are so patient with students.

可改為：Not only are the teachers very excellent， but also they are so patient with students.

[例2]When we face our mistakes bravely， we could correct them successfully.

可改為：Only when we face our mistakes bravely could we correct them successfully.

[例3]I am so happy that I cant wait to write to tell you some information about our school.

可改為：So happy am I that I cant wait to write to tell you some information about our school.

[例4]You should never give up your dream.

可改為：Never /On no account /By no means /In no way should you give up your dream.

[例5]Although the task is challenging， he managed to accomplish it finally.

可改為：Challenging as the task is， he managed to accomplish it finally.

（3）感嘆句

感嘆句可以加強句子的語氣，無論是贊美或是譴責，都能達到“擲地有聲”的效果。如：

It is really an unforgettable experience.

可為：What an unforgettable experience it is！或How unforgettable the experience is！

（4）比較級的否定

I am the most suitable person to do the job.

可改為：Nobody could be more suitable than me to do the job.

（5）比較級+比較級

If you work harder， you will be luckier.

可改為：The harder you work， the luckier you will be.

（6）it充當形式主語或形式賓語

What performance will be put on depends on you.

可改為：It depends on you what performance will be put on.

4. 非謂語動詞簡化句子

中國古語道：“大道至簡?！庇⒄Z中非謂語動詞的使用，讓語言表達能達到既錦上添花又化繁為簡。保留一個并列句或復合句的一個主謂關系，根據(jù)句子間的邏輯關系和時態(tài)先后用非謂語動詞處理另一個主謂關系，就能讓句子“高級”起來。

（1）用不定式短語簡化

You could make some preparations for the lesson so you could study well.

可簡化為：To study well， you could make some preparations for the lesson.

（2）用現(xiàn)在分詞短語簡化

Since I know that you plan to visit a Chinese friend， I am writing to provide some suggestions.

可簡化為：Knowing that you plan to visit a Chinese friend， I am writing to provide some suggestions.

（3）用過去分詞短語簡化

The application and resume are also included in the envelop， and would you please help me correct them？

可簡化為：Would you please help me correct the application and resume included in the envelop？

（4）用“with +賓語+非謂語動詞”簡化

I am convinced that you will have fun here because there are various places of interest for you to visit.

可簡化為：With various places of interest for you to visit， I am convinced that you will have fun here.

（5）用獨立主格結構簡化

The Spring Festival is approaching， and an open-air concert is scheduled to celebrate it.

可簡化為：The Spring Festival approaching， an open-air concert is scheduled to celebrate it.

責任編輯 蔣小青