戴劍 杜金林 金晰函
[摘要] 目的 探討圍術(shù)期腸內(nèi)外聯(lián)合營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持對(duì)老年結(jié)直腸癌患者預(yù)后、胃腸道菌群以及免疫功能的影響。 方法 選取2016年9月~2017年10月我院就診的老年結(jié)直腸癌患者98例,根據(jù)治療方法分為聯(lián)合組(n=50)和對(duì)照組(n=48)。對(duì)照組給予腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù),聯(lián)合組給予腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)聯(lián)合腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)。比較治療前后總蛋白、清蛋白、血紅蛋白、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、腸道菌群變化,記錄患者胃腸功能、住院時(shí)間、營(yíng)養(yǎng)費(fèi)用,比較不良反應(yīng)、復(fù)發(fā)率發(fā)生情況。 結(jié)果 治療后,兩組患者總蛋白、清蛋白、血紅蛋白均有提高,聯(lián)合組高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);治療后,兩組患者炎性因子CRP、IL-6、TNF-α表達(dá)均有提高,聯(lián)合組表達(dá)水平低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);治療后,患者免疫功能表達(dá)水平均有提高,聯(lián)合組高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。治療后,聯(lián)合組患者雙歧桿菌、大腸桿菌、消化鏈球菌、葡萄球菌高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。治療后,聯(lián)合組第一次排便時(shí)間、排氣時(shí)間均早于對(duì)照組;住院時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。聯(lián)合組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率8.00%、復(fù)發(fā)率6.00%均低于對(duì)照組25.00%、22.92%(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 給予老年結(jié)直腸癌患者圍術(shù)期腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持,可改善免疫功能,降低炎癥反應(yīng),糾正胃腸道菌群失調(diào),降低營(yíng)養(yǎng)費(fèi)用、不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率、復(fù)發(fā)率,改善預(yù)后。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 圍術(shù)期;腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng);結(jié)直腸癌;胃腸道菌群;免疫功能
[中圖分類號(hào)] R735.34? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)14-0018-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of perioperative enteral and parenteral nutrition support on the prognosis, gastrointestinal flora and immune function of elderly patients with colorectal cancer. Methods A total of 98 elderly patients with colorectal cancer who were treated in our hospital from September 2016 to October 2017 were enrolled. According to the treatment, they were divided into the combined group(n=50) and the control group(n=48). The control group was given parenteral nutrition intervention, and the combined group was given enteral nutrition combined with parenteral nutrition intervention. The changes of total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein(CRP), interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α), immunoglobulin A(IgA), immunoglobulin Protein G(IgG), immunoglobulin M(IgM) and intestinal flora before and after treatment were compared. The gastrointestinal function, hospitalization time and nutritional costs were recorded. The adverse reactions and recurrence rates were compared. Results After treatment, the total protein, albumin and hemoglobin were increased in the two groups. The above indexes of the combined group were higher than those of the control group(P<0.05). The expression of inflammatory factors CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α in both groups were improved after treatment. The expression levels of the combined group were lower than those of the control group(P<0.05). After treatment, the expression level of immune function was increased in both groups, and the expression level of combined group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). After treatment, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus were higher in the combined group than those in the control group(P<0.05). After treatment, the first defecation time and exhaust time of the combined group were earlier than those of the control group, and the hospitalization time in the combined group was shorter than that in the control group(P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions and the recurrence rate was 8.00% and 6.00% in the combined group, which was lower than that of the control group(25.00% and 22.92%)(P<0.05). Conclusion Perioperative enteral and parenteral nutrition support in elderly patients with colorectal cancer can improve immune function, reduce inflammatory response, correct gastrointestinal flora imbalance. And it can reduce nutritional costs, adverse reaction rate and recurrence rate, and improve prognosis.
2.5兩組患者胃腸功能恢復(fù)及住院時(shí)間、營(yíng)養(yǎng)費(fèi)用比較
治療后,聯(lián)合組患者第一次排便時(shí)間、第一次排氣時(shí)間均早于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);聯(lián)合組患者住院時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);兩組患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)費(fèi)用對(duì)比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表6。
2.6 兩組患者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率、復(fù)發(fā)率比較
治療期間,兩組患者均有出現(xiàn)腹脹、嘔吐、切口感染等不良反應(yīng),聯(lián)合組發(fā)生率8.00%明顯低于對(duì)照組發(fā)生率25.00%(P<0.05);對(duì)患者進(jìn)行1年隨訪,聯(lián)合組復(fù)發(fā)率6.00%低于對(duì)照組22.92%(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表7。
3討論
結(jié)直腸癌是消化道惡性腫瘤之一,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)不斷發(fā)展,人們飲食習(xí)慣的改變,結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病率逐年呈上升趨勢(shì)[7]。結(jié)直腸癌不僅會(huì)影響胃腸道消化功能,導(dǎo)致機(jī)體蛋白下降,同時(shí)也會(huì)造成患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良,若長(zhǎng)期治療無(wú)效,可損傷患者免疫功能,導(dǎo)致患者病情進(jìn)一步加重。因此必須給予患者有效營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù),改善患者機(jī)體免疫功能、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良狀態(tài)[8-9]。
營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)是機(jī)體產(chǎn)生抵抗能力、組織生長(zhǎng)修復(fù)能力以及維持機(jī)體正常生理的一種物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),因此給予結(jié)直腸癌患者圍術(shù)期營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持尤為重要[10]。臨床營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持主要包括腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)、腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)2種方法,但是長(zhǎng)期腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持會(huì)損傷腸黏膜,造成腸內(nèi)細(xì)菌移位,導(dǎo)致患者術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)增加[11]。腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)是臨床上比較常用的營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持,與腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)聯(lián)合,可優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ),不僅能夠提高機(jī)體免疫能力,同時(shí)也可降低不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,縮短患者住院時(shí)間,促進(jìn)患者病情康復(fù)[12-13]。本研究顯示,給予患者腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng)聯(lián)合治療后,患者血清總蛋白、清蛋白、血紅蛋白改善效果均優(yōu)于采用單一腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持患者。分析原因在于:腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)更加符合人體正常生理代謝功能需求,符合小腸的吸收特點(diǎn),可盡早被吸收利用。TNF-α為機(jī)體處于應(yīng)激反應(yīng)時(shí)的炎性介質(zhì),與機(jī)體炎性水平呈正相關(guān);CRP屬于急性時(shí)相反應(yīng)蛋白,為炎性反應(yīng)的敏感指標(biāo);IL-6在機(jī)體免疫應(yīng)答中占有重要地位,當(dāng)機(jī)體組織受到創(chuàng)傷時(shí),TNF-α、IL-6、CRP表達(dá)水平均異常上升,加重患者病情[14-15]。本結(jié)果顯示,給予患者結(jié)直腸癌患者圍術(shù)期腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持,患者TNF-α、IL-6、CRP等表達(dá)水平雖有上升,但明顯低于單一腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持患者,表明圍術(shù)期給予結(jié)直腸癌患者腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù),能夠改善機(jī)體炎性反應(yīng)。
研究顯示[16-17],結(jié)直腸癌患者術(shù)前均有不同程度免疫功能低下,加之手術(shù)、飲食受限的影響,導(dǎo)致患者機(jī)體免疫功能進(jìn)一步下降,如何緩解免疫功能抑制現(xiàn)象、穩(wěn)定機(jī)體內(nèi)外環(huán)境是圍術(shù)期面臨的難題。本研究結(jié)果表明,給予患者腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持后,患者IgA、IgG、IgM等免疫功能指標(biāo)表達(dá)水平均有提高,且明顯高于腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持患者,證實(shí)腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)與腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)聯(lián)合支持更能有效改善機(jī)體免疫功能,促進(jìn)患者病情好轉(zhuǎn)。本研究證實(shí),給予患者腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持,患者排氣時(shí)間、排便時(shí)間均早于單一腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持患者,且患者住院時(shí)間短。原因在于:腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持能夠有效穩(wěn)定腸道內(nèi)外環(huán)境,促進(jìn)腸道蠕動(dòng)、分泌、吸收,獲取營(yíng)養(yǎng),促進(jìn)病情好轉(zhuǎn)。研究顯示[18-20],結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展與飲食習(xí)慣導(dǎo)致的腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境改變密切相關(guān),而腸道菌群是構(gòu)成腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境的重要因素,結(jié)直腸癌患者術(shù)前腸道菌群在種類、數(shù)量、比例等方面均會(huì)發(fā)生巨大變化,如雙歧桿菌顯著減少等。本次結(jié)果顯示,給予患者腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持,患者雙歧桿菌、大腸桿菌、消化鏈球菌、葡萄球菌均有改善,且效果優(yōu)于采用單一腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持患者,表明腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持可有效調(diào)節(jié)結(jié)直腸癌患者腸道內(nèi)菌群失衡。此外,本結(jié)果證實(shí),腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng)聯(lián)合支持,患者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率8.00%低于單一腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持患者,復(fù)發(fā)率6.00%低于腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持患者,表明腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng)聯(lián)合支持可降低患者術(shù)后不良反應(yīng),降低疾病復(fù)發(fā)率,改善患者預(yù)后。
綜上所述,給予老年結(jié)直腸癌患者圍術(shù)期腸內(nèi)外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持,可改善患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,提高免疫功能,降低炎癥反應(yīng),有效糾正胃腸道菌群失調(diào),縮短患者住院時(shí)間,降低營(yíng)養(yǎng)費(fèi)用、不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率、復(fù)發(fā)率,改善患者預(yù)后。
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(收稿日期:2019-05-27)