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異種脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)、異體脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)與自體皮瓣修復(fù)頜面部軟組織缺損療效對(duì)比

2020-07-29 12:32胡瓊方胡永瓊梅時(shí)友
中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué) 2020年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:修復(fù)

胡瓊方 胡永瓊 梅時(shí)友

[摘要]目的:對(duì)比異種脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)、異體脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)與自體皮瓣修復(fù)頜面部軟組織缺損的臨床效果。方法:收集76例頜面部軟組織缺損患者的臨床資料,26例進(jìn)行異種脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)修復(fù)術(shù)(異種組),25例進(jìn)行異體脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)修復(fù)術(shù)(異體組),25例進(jìn)行自體皮瓣修復(fù)術(shù)(自體組)。對(duì)比三組患者住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后疼痛程度、移植物成活率及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。結(jié)果:異種組和異體組住院時(shí)間均短于自體組(P<0.05),且異種組和異體組相比無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05);異種組和異體組VAS疼痛評(píng)分均低于自體組(P<0.05),且異種組和異體組相比無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05);三組患者移植物成活率相比,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),異種組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于自體組(P<0.01)。結(jié)論:在頜面部軟組織缺損修復(fù)中,異種脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)、異體脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)具有與自體皮瓣相當(dāng)?shù)囊浦参锍苫盥?,且異種ADM和異體ADM能夠減輕患者術(shù)后疼痛程度,減少并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,縮短住院時(shí)間,安全可靠。

[關(guān)鍵詞]脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì);自體皮瓣;口腔頜面部;軟組織缺損;修復(fù)

[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)]R782.2? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]108-6455(2020)07-0061-03

Abstract: Objective? To compare the clinical effect of xenogeneic acellular dermal matrix,allogeneic acellular dermal matrix and autologous skin flap in the repair of soft tissue defects of oral and maxillofacial. Methods? The clinical data of 76 patients with soft tissue defects of oral and maxillofacial were collected, among which 26 cases treated with xenogeneic acellular dermal matrix repair were recorded as xenogeneic group, 25 cases treated with allogeneic acellular dermal matrix repair were recorded as allogeneic group, and 25 cases were treated with autogenous skin flap repair were recorded as autogenous group. The length of stay, postoperative pain, graft survival rate and postoperative complications were compared among the three groups. Results? The hospitalization time of the xenogeneic group and the allogeneic group was shorter than that of the autogeneic group (P<0.05), and there were no significant difference between the xenogeneic group and the allogeneic group (P>0.05). The VAS pain scores of the xenogeneic group and the allogeneic group were lower than that of the autogenous group (P<0.05), and there were no significant difference between the xenogeneic group and the allogeneic group (P>0.05). There were no significant difference in the survival rate of the three groups (P>0.05). The incidence of complications in the heterologous group was lower than that in the autogenous group (P<0.01).? Conclusion? In the repair of soft tissue defects of oral and maxillofacial, xenogeneic ADM and allogeneic ADM have graft survival rates comparable to autologous skin flaps, and heterogeneous ADM and allogeneic ADM can reduce postoperative pain, reduce complications, shorten hospital stays, safe and reliable.

Key words: acellular dermal matrix; autologous skin flap; oral and maxillofacial; soft tissue defects; repair

頜面部受到刺傷、挫傷、撕裂傷等面部外傷或頜面部腫瘤切除等都會(huì)造成頜面部軟組織缺損,造成患者面部表情、咀嚼吞咽及語(yǔ)言表達(dá)等功能障礙,嚴(yán)重影響患者生理、心理健康和參與社會(huì)的能力[1-2]。目前臨床以手術(shù)修復(fù)為主要手段,包括異種脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)(acellular dermal matrix,ADM)、異體ADM和自體皮瓣作為缺損修復(fù)材料,且既往研究表明這三種修復(fù)手段對(duì)頜面部軟組織缺損的修復(fù)均具有確切效果[3-4]。然而三種修復(fù)方法在頜面部軟組織缺損的具體臨床療效對(duì)比,臨床尚無(wú)系統(tǒng)性的研究。因此,本研究特回顧性分析筆者醫(yī)院行異種脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)、異體脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)和自體皮瓣修復(fù)術(shù)的頜面部軟組織缺損患者的臨床資料,探討對(duì)比三種修復(fù)術(shù)對(duì)頜面部缺損患者的修復(fù)效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1? 資料和方法

1.1 臨床資料:經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),回顧性分析本院2016年1月-2018年6月就診的76例頜面部軟組織缺損患者的臨床資料。異種脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)修復(fù)術(shù)組(異種組):26例,男15例,女11例,年齡20~72歲,平均年齡(49.62±5.38)歲,血管畸形4例,良性腮腺腫瘤5例,頰黏膜粘液瘤4例,口腔癌10例,其他3例,缺損面積3.0~25.4cm2,平均(15.52±2.51)cm2;異體脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)修復(fù)術(shù)組(異體組):25例,男14例,女11例,年齡18~71歲,平均年齡(48.41±5.27)歲,血管畸形5例,良性腮腺腫瘤4例,頰黏膜粘液瘤5例,口腔癌9例,其他2例,缺損面積2.5~25.5cm2,平均(15.63±2.54)cm2;自體皮瓣修復(fù)術(shù)組(自體組):25例,男15例,女10例,年齡18~70歲,平均年齡(48.22±5.16)歲,血管畸形5例,良性腮腺腫瘤5例,頰黏膜粘液瘤4例,口腔癌8例,其他3例,缺損面積2.0cm×1.5cm~4.5cm×4.0cm。三組間臨床資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):均符合《口腔醫(yī)師臨床指南》[5]中診治標(biāo)準(zhǔn),生命體征平穩(wěn),精神或認(rèn)知功能正常者,均簽署知情同意書(shū)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):對(duì)研究所用材料或藥物存在過(guò)敏史者,伴有嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全、心血管疾病或惡性腫瘤擴(kuò)散者。

1.3 方法:各組均依據(jù)患者損傷大小選用局麻或全麻,手術(shù)方法見(jiàn)表1。

1.4 觀察指標(biāo):①對(duì)比三組患者住院時(shí)間:各組平均住院時(shí)間是自就診住院至出院的時(shí)間;②對(duì)比三組患者術(shù)后疼痛程度:采用疼痛視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分法(Visual analogue score,VAS)評(píng)價(jià)患者術(shù)后7d的疼痛程度,評(píng)分范圍0~10分,評(píng)分越高,疼痛程度越重;③對(duì)比三組患者術(shù)后移植物成活率;④對(duì)比三組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況:觀察患者移植物成活率和術(shù)后1個(gè)月患者移植物感染、充血脫落、水腫等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。

1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:將SPSS 25.0軟件作為統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)工具,計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)以“x?±s”描述,多組間對(duì)比以單因素方差分析,每?jī)山M間對(duì)比以SNK-q檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)以“%”描述,以χ2檢驗(yàn),理論頻數(shù)1~5時(shí),需校正,若理論頻數(shù)為<1,需采用Fisher精確檢驗(yàn);等級(jí)資料用秩和檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。多組率比較需調(diào)整檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)為P<α',計(jì)算公式α'=α(k-1)/2k,k=組數(shù),α=0.05。

2? 結(jié)果

2.1 患者住院時(shí)間:異種組和異體組住院時(shí)間均短于自體組(P<0.05),且異種組和異體組相比無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。

2.2 患者術(shù)后疼痛程度:異種組和異體組VAS疼痛評(píng)分均低于自體組(P<0.05),且異種組和異體組相比無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表3。

2.3 患者術(shù)后移植物成活率:三組移植物成活情況,異種組24例(92.31%), 異體組2324(90.00%),自體組2424(92.31%),組間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.224, P=0.698)。

2.4 患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況:三組并發(fā)癥比較,異種組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于自體組,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),見(jiàn)表4。

3? 討論

口腔頜面部外傷或血管畸形、腫瘤經(jīng)手術(shù)切除后常伴有軟組織損傷,且哺乳動(dòng)物創(chuàng)傷缺失的真皮組織不能再生,造成創(chuàng)面關(guān)閉困難以及口腔頜面部功能障礙[6]。而頜面部軟組織缺損修復(fù)若無(wú)合適的修復(fù)支撐材料輔助,異常增生的成纖維細(xì)胞和雜亂排列的膠原纖維會(huì)形成瘢痕,影響美觀[7]。自體皮瓣移植修復(fù)術(shù)是傳統(tǒng)的修復(fù)手段,但由于缺損部位結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,供區(qū)創(chuàng)面易引起并發(fā)癥等缺點(diǎn),限制了自體皮瓣的應(yīng)用[8]。研究顯示[9]異體或異種ADM在頜面部軟組織缺損修復(fù)中具有一定的應(yīng)用效果。因此,對(duì)比分析異種ADM、異體ADM和自體皮瓣修復(fù)在頜面部軟組織缺損中的應(yīng)用效果可以為此類(lèi)患者修復(fù)材料的選擇提供參考。

本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)異種組和異體組住院時(shí)間均短于自體組,而異種組和異體組住院時(shí)間相近,說(shuō)明異種ADM和異體ADM修復(fù)術(shù)都能夠縮短患者的住院時(shí)間。本研究結(jié)果顯示異種組和異體組VAS疼痛評(píng)分均低于自體組,且異種組和異體組相比無(wú)差別,說(shuō)明異種和異體ADM修復(fù)術(shù)均能夠有效減輕患者術(shù)后疼痛。異種ADM和異體ADM均具有較好的延展性,修復(fù)術(shù)不僅能解決自體皮瓣修復(fù)供區(qū)面積受限的問(wèn)題,還可避免再次創(chuàng)傷,加快修復(fù),縮短住院時(shí)間。自體皮瓣移植修復(fù)術(shù)需要剪取自身組織作為移植物,而異種ADM和異體ADM均是第三方修復(fù)材料,能夠避免二次創(chuàng)傷,減輕患者疼痛。有研究顯示[10],異種ADM和異體ADM修復(fù)口腔頜面部缺損患者均可及時(shí)填充凹陷,而自體皮瓣雖可及時(shí)填充凹陷,且自體組織皮瓣來(lái)源豐富,可減輕患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),因此,推薦采用肢體組織皮瓣作為修復(fù)材料。但有研究[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)自體組織皮瓣修復(fù)術(shù)中對(duì)供區(qū)和受區(qū)均有創(chuàng)傷,因而術(shù)后有明顯疼痛,且相對(duì)恢復(fù)緩慢,而異種ADM和異體ADM具有較好的韌性、彈性和延展性,均可用于頜面部軟組織缺損重建真皮的支架材料,異種ADM的原料較異體皮更易獲得;易保存和運(yùn)輸,不存在倫理學(xué)問(wèn)題;異體ADM抗原性更低,生物相容性較好,推薦使用。

另外,本研究顯示三組移植物成活率相近,且異種組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于自體組(P<0.01),提示三種修復(fù)材料在頜面部軟組織缺損中均具有較好的修復(fù)效果,且異種ADM引起的并發(fā)癥較少。自體皮瓣修復(fù)不存在抗原排斥,移植物成活率高,但供受區(qū)術(shù)后均易出現(xiàn)攣縮、充血及感染等并發(fā)癥[12]。也有研究顯示[13],口腔腮腺腫瘤切除術(shù)后缺損采用自體組織皮瓣修復(fù)易出現(xiàn)味覺(jué)出汗綜合征,影響修復(fù)效果。異體ADM主要是豬等哺乳動(dòng)物的真皮去除易引起免疫排斥反應(yīng)的細(xì)胞成分后得到的真皮替代品,具有無(wú)毒、無(wú)免疫原性等優(yōu)點(diǎn),可用于修復(fù)各種原因所致的軟組織缺損,異種ADM是借助組織工程技術(shù)在體外人工構(gòu)建的以膠原纖維為主要成分的新型生物醫(yī)用修復(fù)材料,其內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的微孔徑能保證良好的滲透性以便于血管生長(zhǎng)以及營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的滲入,促進(jìn)移植物成活[14-15]。相關(guān)研究顯示[16-17],異種、異體ADM在頜面部軟組織缺損修復(fù)中具有較好的修復(fù)效果,與本研究結(jié)果相一致。

綜上,異種ADM、異體ADM和自體皮瓣在頜面部軟組織缺損的修復(fù)中均具有較好的移植物成活率,且異種ADM和異體ADM能夠減輕患者術(shù)后疼痛程度,減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,縮短住院時(shí)間,提高患者美容效果滿(mǎn)意率,手術(shù)方式的選擇需依據(jù)患者具體情況進(jìn)行選擇。

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[13]劉坤,閆廣鵬,陳俊文,等.小腸黏膜下層預(yù)防腮腺良性腫瘤術(shù)后味覺(jué)出汗綜合征的療效觀察[J].口腔醫(yī)學(xué)研究,2019,35(8):772-775.

[14]Stefanini M,Rendon A.Porcine-derived acellular dermal matrix for buccal soft tissue augmentation at single implant sites: a 1-year follow-up case series[J].Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent,2020, 40(1):121-128.

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[16]唐修俊,李豐,魏在榮,等.異體脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)聯(lián)合自體刃厚皮移植修復(fù)供瓣區(qū)20例[J].中華燒傷雜志,2015,31(3):226.

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[收稿日期]2020-01-07

本文引用格式:胡瓊方,胡永瓊,梅時(shí)友.異種脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)、異體脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)與自體皮瓣修復(fù)頜面部軟組織缺損療效對(duì)比[J].中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué),2020,29(7):61-64.

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