康中琴 吳曉英
[摘要]目的 分析骨科住院患者醫(yī)院感染的臨床特征與危險(xiǎn)因素,為降低骨科醫(yī)院感染發(fā)生率提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。方法 選取2017年9月1日~2018年8月31日于我院骨科住院的3542例患者作為監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)象,將其分為創(chuàng)傷(1295例)、關(guān)節(jié)(1075例)、脊柱(1172例)三個(gè)專業(yè)組,分析骨科住院患者醫(yī)院感染的臨床特點(diǎn)及危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果 骨科住院患者醫(yī)院感染發(fā)生率(例次發(fā)生率)為1.67%(1.89%);創(chuàng)傷組的醫(yī)院感染例次發(fā)生率為2.93%,高于關(guān)節(jié)組的1.58%和脊柱組的1.02%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。醫(yī)院感染部位構(gòu)成前3位為下呼吸道(32.84%)、手術(shù)部位(31.34%)、泌尿道(20.90%);病原菌中革蘭陰性菌、革蘭陽(yáng)性菌、真菌分別占50.00%、46.00%、4.00%,前3位病原菌為金黃色葡萄球菌(24.00%)、大腸埃希菌(20.00%)、鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌(12.00%)。感染者與未感染者的年齡≥65歲、性別、低蛋白血癥、基礎(chǔ)疾病≥2種、牽引制動(dòng)、手術(shù)、使用呼吸機(jī)、入住ICU、中心靜脈置管、留置尿管情況比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);進(jìn)一步多因素非條件Logistic回歸分析顯示,男性、低蛋白血癥、基礎(chǔ)疾病≥2種、入住ICU、中心靜脈置管、留置尿管為骨科患者醫(yī)院感染的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 骨科住院患者醫(yī)院感染具有以下呼吸道和手術(shù)部位感染為主、革蘭陰性菌及革蘭陽(yáng)性菌感染比例相當(dāng)、創(chuàng)傷患者醫(yī)院感染率較高的特點(diǎn),存在上述一種或多種危險(xiǎn)因素的骨科住院患者發(fā)生醫(yī)院感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大,應(yīng)積極治療低蛋白血癥、基礎(chǔ)疾病,規(guī)范并減少侵入性操作等,以降低醫(yī)院感染率。
[關(guān)鍵詞]骨科;住院患者;醫(yī)院感染;監(jiān)測(cè);危險(xiǎn)因素
[中圖分類號(hào)] R181.3 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)6(b)-0180-04
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors of nosocomial infection in hospitalized patients in orthopedic department, so as to provide scientific basis for reducing the incidence of nosocomial infection in orthopedic. Methods A total of 3542 patients who hospitalized in the orthopedic department from September 1, 2017 to August 31, 2018 in our hospital were selected as the monitoring objects and divided into three specialized groups: the trauma group (1295 cases), the joint group (1075 cases) and the spine group (1172 cases). The clinical characteristics and risk factors of nosocomial infection in orthopedic inpatients were analyzed. Results The incidence rate of nosocomial infection of orthopedic inpatients was 1.67% (the case number infection rate was 1.89%). The incidence rate of case number nosocomial infection in the trauma group was 2.93%, which was higher than that in the joint group (1.58%) and spine group (1.02%), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The top three infection sites were lower respiratory tract (32.84%), surgical site (31.34%) and urinary tract (20.90%). Gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria and fungi accounted for 50.00%, 46.00%, and 4.00%, respectively. The top three pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (24.00%), Escherichia coli (20.00%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (12.00%). The differences between the infected and uninfected patients in age (over 65 years old), gender, hypoproteinemia, basic diseases (more than 2 kinds), traction brake, surgery, use of ventilator, admission to ICU, central vein catheterization and indwelling catheter were statistically significant (P<0.05). Further multivariate unconditional Logistic regression analysis showed that male, hypoproteinemia, basic diseases (more than 2 kinds), admission to ICU, central vein catheterization and indwelling catheter were independent risk factors of nosocomial infection in orthopedic patients (P<0.05). Conclusion The nosocomial infection of orthopedic inpatients has the following characteristics: the mainly infection sites are lower respiratory tract and surgical site, the proportion of gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria is similar, and the nosocomial infection rate in trauma patients is higher. The risk of nosocomial infection of orthopedic inpatients with one or more of the above risk factors is higher. The hypoproteinemia and basic diseases should be actively treated, and invasive operation should be standardized and reduced, in order to reduce the nosocomial infection rate.
本研究結(jié)果顯示,基礎(chǔ)疾病≥1種與骨科住院患者醫(yī)院感染無(wú)關(guān),與文獻(xiàn)[19-20]報(bào)道不符,可能與研究對(duì)象年齡偏大、基礎(chǔ)疾病患病率高以及患者基礎(chǔ)疾病控制較好有關(guān)。手術(shù)、牽引制動(dòng)、年齡≥65歲、使用呼吸機(jī)在本研究中雖不是獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但單因素分析顯示這4個(gè)因素與骨科住院患者醫(yī)院感染有較強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性,仍需要醫(yī)護(hù)人員重視骨科患者圍術(shù)期管理、臥床與高齡患者呼吸功能鍛煉、呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎預(yù)防等醫(yī)院感染防控措施。
綜上所述,骨科住院患者醫(yī)院感染具有以下呼吸道和手術(shù)部位感染為主、革蘭陰性菌及陽(yáng)性菌感染比例相當(dāng)、創(chuàng)傷患者醫(yī)院感染發(fā)生率較高的特點(diǎn),存在上述一種或多種危險(xiǎn)因素的骨科住院患者發(fā)生醫(yī)院感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大,醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)勸導(dǎo)患者戒煙,積極治療基礎(chǔ)疾病與低蛋白血癥,規(guī)范并減少侵入性操作等,以降低骨科患者醫(yī)院感染發(fā)生率。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-01 ?本文編輯:任秀蘭)