陳羽 熊娟
[摘要]殼多糖酶3樣蛋白1(CHI3L1)是一種不具有殼多糖酶活性的殼多糖酶樣蛋白(CLPs),近年來(lái),國(guó)際上關(guān)于CHI3L1與癌癥的關(guān)系的研究逐漸增多。CHI3L1在免疫應(yīng)答、炎癥和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)組成等方面都有重要作用,其可以調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤微環(huán)境影響腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)、轉(zhuǎn)移和對(duì)治療的反應(yīng)等。有研究者推薦CHI3L1成為一種新的腫瘤標(biāo)志物,用于預(yù)測(cè)腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及預(yù)后。目前,人們對(duì)CHI3L1及其與癌癥關(guān)系等方面的認(rèn)識(shí)還比較匱乏。本文從CHI3L1在癌癥發(fā)展中的作用機(jī)制、在人類癌癥中的表達(dá)情況、在癌癥發(fā)展中相關(guān)的信號(hào)通路、在治療癌癥中的研究?jī)r(jià)值等方面入手,收集近幾年國(guó)際上前沿的有關(guān)CHI3L1與癌癥的研究結(jié)果并進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié),旨在闡述CHI3L1在癌癥發(fā)展中的作用及應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
[關(guān)鍵詞]殼多糖酶3樣蛋白1;癌癥;應(yīng)用價(jià)值;腫瘤標(biāo)志物
[中圖分類號(hào)] R735.7 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)6(b)-0021-04
[Abstract] Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) is a chitinase like proteins (CLPs) without chitinase activity. In recent years, international researches on the relationship between CHI3L1 and cancer have gradually increased. CHI3L1 plays an important role in immune response, inflammation, and extracellular matrix composition, which can affect tumor growth, metastasis, and response to treatment by regulating the tumor microenvironment. Some researchers have recommended CHI3L1 as a new tumor marker for predicting the occurrence, development and prognosis of tumors. At present, people′s understanding of CHI3L1 and its relationship with cancer is not enough. This paper collects and summarizes the internationally advanced research results on CHI3L1 and cancer in recent years, from the aspects of ?the mechanism of CHI3L1 in cancer development, expression in human cancer, related signaling pathways in cancer development and research value in cancer treatment, so as to explain the role and application value of CHI3L1 in the development of cancer.
[Key words] Chitinase-3-like protein 1; Cancer; Application value; Tumor marker
殼多糖酶3樣蛋白1(chitinase-3-like protein 1,CHI3L1)從屬于糖苷水解酶18基因家族,是一種分泌型糖蛋白,分子量約為40 kDa,具有碳水化合物結(jié)合域,有類似凝集素的作用,在不同物種均有表達(dá)并發(fā)揮重要的生物學(xué)作用[1]。在人體內(nèi)多種細(xì)胞可表達(dá)CHI3L1,包括巨噬細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、軟骨細(xì)胞、滑膜細(xì)胞、成骨細(xì)胞和血管平滑肌細(xì)胞等,但對(duì)于其配體及其特性仍有待探索[2-4]。有研究表明,CHI3L1與癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān),其可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)一些生物過(guò)程,包括但不限于氧化損傷反應(yīng),細(xì)胞凋亡,Th1/Th2炎癥平衡和M2巨噬細(xì)胞分化等來(lái)發(fā)揮作用[5-6]。近年來(lái),有關(guān)CHI3L1與癌癥關(guān)系的研究逐年增多。
CHI3L1有結(jié)合多個(gè)受體的能力,可參與多種細(xì)胞反應(yīng)[7]。如,CHI3L1可以與晚期糖基化終產(chǎn)物受體(receptor of advanced glycation endproducts,RAGE)、白細(xì)胞介素-13受體α2鏈(interleukin-13 receptor α2 chain,IL-13Rα2)受體結(jié)合,誘導(dǎo)炎性小體激活,細(xì)胞凋亡,癌變和腫瘤血管生成[8],在免疫應(yīng)答、炎癥和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)組成等方面都有重要的作用,可以調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤微環(huán)境影響腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)、轉(zhuǎn)移和對(duì)治療的反應(yīng)等。因此,有研究者推薦CHI3L1可作為一種新的腫瘤標(biāo)志物,應(yīng)用于膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤、骨肉瘤、結(jié)直腸癌、肺腺癌、乳腺癌和宮頸癌等[9-12]。
1 CHI3L1在癌癥發(fā)展中的作用機(jī)制
CHI3L1可能通過(guò)免疫應(yīng)答和細(xì)胞因子來(lái)影響癌癥的生長(zhǎng)。研究表明,T細(xì)胞中CHI3L1的表達(dá)降低會(huì)激活Th1反應(yīng)并增加γ-干擾素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白細(xì)胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)的表達(dá),從而抑制肺轉(zhuǎn)移[6]。在胃癌和乳腺癌中,M2巨噬細(xì)胞分泌的CHI3L1可以激活I(lǐng)L-13Rα2并激活絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信號(hào)通路,從而促進(jìn)與癌癥進(jìn)展相關(guān)的金屬蛋白酶基因的表達(dá)[13]。
另有研究表明,CHI3L1相關(guān)信號(hào)通路與癌癥發(fā)展直接相關(guān)。在膽管癌細(xì)胞系中,CHI3L1通過(guò)蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)/細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinases,ERK)介導(dǎo)途徑,促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和遷移[14]。下調(diào)CHI3L1的表達(dá)可以降低前列腺癌侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生率,相反其過(guò)表達(dá)會(huì)增加細(xì)胞錨定非依賴性生長(zhǎng)能力,導(dǎo)致更多侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生[15]。
氧化應(yīng)激也可能是CHI3L1影響癌癥進(jìn)展的一種潛在機(jī)制。Ma等[16]研究表明,CHI3L1可以通過(guò)增加活性氧和氧化性DNA損傷,促進(jìn)結(jié)腸炎相關(guān)癌進(jìn)展。
此外,CHI3L1在癌癥的血管生成和腫瘤微環(huán)境的調(diào)節(jié)中具有促進(jìn)作用。癌癥相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞分泌的CHI3L1可以介導(dǎo)乳腺癌的生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移[17]。CHI3L1還可能通過(guò)使機(jī)體產(chǎn)生免疫抑制微環(huán)境來(lái)誘導(dǎo)癌癥發(fā)展。如,CHI3L1可以調(diào)節(jié)2型免疫,包括促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞募集和轉(zhuǎn)變,從而使腫瘤進(jìn)展和轉(zhuǎn)移[17]。突變型CHI3L1的表達(dá)會(huì)減少乳腺癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和血管形成[18]。此外,在人膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞血管生成和腫瘤特征形成方面,血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)可能與CHI3L1有協(xié)同作用[19]。有研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)CHI3L1在宮頸癌患者中可誘導(dǎo)血管生成和血管生成擬態(tài)形成[18]。而在廣泛期小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞中,CHI3L1可通過(guò)對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞和炎癥因子的調(diào)節(jié),介導(dǎo)腫瘤的侵襲和進(jìn)展[20]。在神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤中,茴香霉素誘導(dǎo)的CHI3L1表達(dá)降低可以使癌癥侵襲性特征減弱[21]。此外,信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)抑制劑可調(diào)節(jié)CHI3L1表達(dá)來(lái)抑制膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞系的生長(zhǎng)[22]。
2人類癌癥中CHI3L1的表達(dá)情況
CHI3L1在多種癌癥患者組織或血漿中的表達(dá)增加。Wang等[23]報(bào)道過(guò)在非小細(xì)胞肺癌組織中,CHI3L1的表達(dá)顯著上調(diào)。有研究者建議將其作為一種預(yù)后不良的腫瘤標(biāo)志物。在人類膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤患者中,CHI3L1表達(dá)水平較高的生存率較差[19]。最近的一項(xiàng)研究表明,在腦室下區(qū)Ⅱ型膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中CHI3L1的表達(dá)率為58%(77個(gè)樣本中有45例)[24]。在人星形細(xì)胞瘤組織中CHI3L1也為高表達(dá)水平[12]。在人乳頭狀甲狀腺癌組織中CHI3L1也表達(dá)增加,且其表達(dá)水平與腫瘤大小、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲有關(guān)[25]。在黑色素瘤患者中CHI3L1表達(dá)與預(yù)后不良相關(guān),在這個(gè)研究中值得注意的是,腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞表達(dá)CHI3L1的水平顯著高于黑色素瘤細(xì)胞[26]。在膽管癌患者中血清CHI3L1升高往往意味著存活期變短,但癌細(xì)胞本身僅表達(dá)低水平CHI3L1[14]。CHI3L1在早期子宮內(nèi)膜癌中也有表達(dá),并推薦作為高?;颊叩念A(yù)后標(biāo)志物[27]。在結(jié)腸直腸癌患者中??蓹z測(cè)到CHI3L1,但在健康個(gè)體的結(jié)腸中很少有CHI3L1的表達(dá),Johansen等[28]推薦其作為預(yù)測(cè)患結(jié)腸直腸癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的生物標(biāo)志物。
與之前提到的研究報(bào)道結(jié)果相反,在Thorn等[29]的研究中,腫瘤細(xì)胞/基質(zhì)CHI3L1表達(dá)高比值與骨肉瘤患者較長(zhǎng)的總體生存成正相關(guān)。另有研究表明,血清學(xué)CHI3L1與發(fā)生第二原發(fā)癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性[30]。這些結(jié)果表明CHI3L1在不同腫瘤細(xì)胞和微環(huán)境中的表達(dá)不盡相同。
因此,CHI3L1與腫瘤不良預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系仍沒(méi)有定論,亟需進(jìn)一步研究CHI3L1表達(dá)水平與癌癥預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。
3癌癥發(fā)展中CHI3L1相關(guān)的信號(hào)通路
CHI3L1具有調(diào)節(jié)癌癥微環(huán)境和免疫應(yīng)答的作用。有研究表明CHI3L1在Th2細(xì)胞中顯著增高,調(diào)節(jié)多種細(xì)胞因子表達(dá),包括IL-2、IFN-γ和IL-4[6]。
血管生成是CHI3L1影響癌癥進(jìn)程的另一可能機(jī)制。CHI3L1通過(guò)激活粘著斑激酶(focal adhesion kinase,F(xiàn)AK)和ERK-1/ERK-2活性從而使VEGF和血管生成增加[19]。特別是膜受體syndecan-1和整合素αvβ5作為觸發(fā)分子引發(fā)CHI3L1信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)。CHI3L1與RAGE結(jié)合并誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞增殖,其中ERK1/2-MAPK途徑在RAGE-CHI3L1下游信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)中起作用[19]。
已發(fā)現(xiàn)CHI3L1在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤衍生的細(xì)胞系U87和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中直接誘導(dǎo)VEGF和VEGF受體2的表達(dá)[19,31]。還有研究表明,在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤患者中腫瘤血管穩(wěn)定性和通透性與CHI3L1表達(dá)相關(guān)[32]。
此外,CHI3L1可使U87細(xì)胞中磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide-3 kinae,PI3K)-AKT途徑激活[19,31],并能與巨噬細(xì)胞中的IL-13Rα2結(jié)合[7]。這些信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑能夠增強(qiáng)射線抗性減少腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡,并且在黑素瘤肺轉(zhuǎn)移中起到重要作用[19,31]。
CHI3L1在小細(xì)胞肺癌循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞中高表達(dá),有報(bào)道顯示,通過(guò)上調(diào)上游刺激因子-1(upstream stimulatory factor 1,USF1)使CHI3L1表達(dá)減少可以抑制肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移[33]。在人成纖維細(xì)胞中,CHI3L1有類胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子-1的作用,能增加基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-1的表達(dá)和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)重塑[34]。這些研究表明CHI3L1可通過(guò)血管生成和炎癥相關(guān)的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤微環(huán)境和基質(zhì)反應(yīng)性。
4 CHI3L1用于治療癌癥的研究
依據(jù)相關(guān)研究結(jié)果,CHI3L1有希望成為治療癌癥的新靶點(diǎn)。已證實(shí),咖啡因可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)氧化應(yīng)激來(lái)抑制CHI3L1,減少結(jié)腸炎相關(guān)癌的腫瘤進(jìn)展[16]??Х纫蛲ㄟ^(guò)抑制CHI3L1/AKT和PI3K信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮對(duì)炎癥性腸病的保護(hù)作用[35]。此外,通過(guò)對(duì)CHI3L1的抑制作用,咖啡因可減少氧化造成的DNA損傷。因此,有研究者建議將CHI3L1作為結(jié)腸炎相關(guān)癌的治療靶點(diǎn)。在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤患者中,CHI3L1的表達(dá)下調(diào)可增加患者對(duì)PI3K/AKT抑制劑的敏感性[36]。CHI3L1的另一種抑制劑茶堿,也被證實(shí)具有抗腫瘤活性。茶堿可使細(xì)胞周期G1期阻滯和血管生成素-2的下調(diào),從而抑制人直腸癌細(xì)胞的增殖[37]。
在Chiang等[38]的研究中,CHI3L1通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)一種特殊的蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)干擾紫杉醇的抗腫瘤作用,減少人卵巢癌細(xì)胞的凋亡。在腦腫瘤模型中,抗CHI3L1抗體聯(lián)合放射治療,是抑制腫瘤血管形成和進(jìn)展的協(xié)同治療方法[31]。這些研究表明,CHI3L1是一個(gè)治療耐藥性癌癥的潛在靶點(diǎn)。
CHI3L1靶向治療用于抑制腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移方面,目前已有不少研究。在肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移中,CHI3L1與小干擾RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)結(jié)合后可顯著增強(qiáng)抗腫瘤免疫力,如可增強(qiáng)Th1和細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞(cytotoxic lymphocyte,CTL)的免疫應(yīng)答和抑制黑素瘤肺轉(zhuǎn)移[6]。另一項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道顯示,CHI3L1與乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)[39]。甲殼素[β-(1-4)-聚-N-乙?;鵇-葡糖胺]可通過(guò)產(chǎn)生IFN-γ和減少趨化因子2和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9表達(dá)來(lái)阻斷CHI3L1的作用并抑制乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移。上述研究表明,CHI3L1誘導(dǎo)的血管生成與癌細(xì)胞抗藥(射線)性相關(guān)。還有研究表明,CHI3L1的下調(diào)減少了肺腫瘤的發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移[33]。
5小結(jié)
癌癥作為21世紀(jì)人類的主要死亡原因之一,現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)一直在尋找治療癌癥的有效方法。而CHI3L1因其在免疫應(yīng)答、炎癥和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)組成等方面的重要作用,對(duì)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)、轉(zhuǎn)移和對(duì)治療的反應(yīng)等都有重要影響,有希望成為治療癌癥的一個(gè)重要靶點(diǎn),用于抑制腫瘤進(jìn)展、轉(zhuǎn)移等方面。針對(duì)CHI3L1的新型治療方法或?qū)榘┌Y的治療開(kāi)辟一條新的道路。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
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(收稿日期:2019-12-10 ?本文編輯:任秀蘭)