【題目】
Some people say that the best way to improve public health is by increasing the number of sports facilities. Others, however, say that this would have little effect on public health and that other measures are required. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.(劍橋雅思9,test 3)
有人認(rèn)為,提升全民健康的最好辦法是增加體育設(shè)施數(shù)量,但也有人認(rèn)為這沒有什么用處,應(yīng)該找到其他辦法。討論雙方觀點(diǎn),并給出自己的觀點(diǎn)。
【解析】
本作文的命題模式是:為了解決……問題,最好的辦法是……。對于這類題目,老雅提出的思路是:首先論證題目中提出的辦法是有效的(或?qū)δ男┤耸怯行У?,在哪種情況下有效),然后討論這個(gè)方法的缺陷(比如沒有考慮到哪些情況),最后提出其他方法。
本題提出的問題是:提高全民健康的最佳辦法是不是增加體育設(shè)施的數(shù)量?按照以上思路,我們可以首先論證增加體育設(shè)施數(shù)量的確可以提高全民健康,但這種方式有問題(比如增加體育設(shè)施僅僅惠及那些對運(yùn)動感興趣的人),最后提出更好的解決方法(比如在公園設(shè)置運(yùn)動休閑器材,改善公共交通方式,提倡少吃高脂肪食品)。
【考官高分范文逐段分析】
第一段:A problem of modern societies is the declining level of health in the general population, with conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend. One possible solution is to provide more sports facilities to encourage a more active lifestyle.
本段是開頭段。先引入討論的大背景:當(dāng)今社會的問題之一是健康下降;然后提出:怎么解決這個(gè)問題有各種不同的意見,其中一個(gè)方法是提供更多體育設(shè)施。
語言方面,范文將背景介紹和問題的提出合成了一句,用with引導(dǎo)的短語連接,而將題目中提出的解決辦法單獨(dú)成一句。常規(guī)寫法是:背景單獨(dú)成一句,而問題和解決辦法合成一句,因此,我們可以這樣改寫開頭段:
A problem of modern societies is the declining level of health in the general population. There are conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend, one of which is to provide more sports facilities to encourage a more active lifestyle.
在這里,我們需要學(xué)習(xí)范文如何提供背景句以及行文如何對題目表述進(jìn)行改寫。題目說“有人認(rèn)為,提高全民健康的最好辦法是增加體育設(shè)施數(shù)量”,那么這個(gè)背景自然就是“現(xiàn)在大家的健康水平下降了”。從簡單的背景介紹很自然地切入要討論的話題,即如何解決這個(gè)問題。值得借鑒的表達(dá)法有:declining level of health(下降的健康水平)、conflicting views(相互沖突的觀點(diǎn))、tackle this worrying trend(應(yīng)對這種令人焦慮的趨勢)、provide more sports facilities(提供更多體育設(shè)施,題目表述是:increase the sports facilities)。
第二段:Advocates of this believe that todays sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either our work or our leisure time. If there were easy-to-reach local sports centres, we would be more likely to make exercise a regular part of our lives, rather than just collapsing in front of a screen every evening. The variety of sports that could be offered would cater for all ages, levels of fitness and interests: those with painful memories of PE at school might be happier in the swimming pool than on the football pitch.
本段論證增加體育設(shè)施的確可以讓人們更多參加鍛煉。本段論證的思路是:1. 由于生活方式和工作原因,人們不再進(jìn)行很多體育鍛煉;2. 如果增加體育設(shè)施,人們更有可能去鍛煉,而不是坐在家里;3. 如果增加體育設(shè)施,能讓所有人都參加鍛煉。以上三個(gè)要點(diǎn)的關(guān)系是:第2點(diǎn)是第1點(diǎn)的結(jié)果(因?yàn)椴诲憻?,所以如果有體育設(shè)施,人們更可能去鍛煉),第3點(diǎn)是對第2點(diǎn)的深化(增加體育設(shè)施會讓哪些人鍛煉)。
具體論證中,大家可以學(xué)習(xí)本段中是如何將干巴巴的想法具體化和生動化的:“生活方式”具體化為sedentary lifestyle,即“久坐的生活方式”(這里也體現(xiàn)了詞匯幅度);“工作原因”具體化為stressful working conditions,即“緊張的工作條件”;“如果增加體育設(shè)施”具體化為if there were easy-to-reach local sports centers,即“如果有就近可用的體育場所”;“而不是坐在家里”具體化為rather than just collapsing in front of a screen every evening,即“而不是每天晚上都癱坐在電視前”;“所有人”具體化為“all ages, levels of fitness, and interests”,即“所有年齡、所有健康狀況和興趣”。此外,為了證明增加體育設(shè)施會讓所有人都參加運(yùn)動,還舉了一個(gè)生動的例子:... those with painful memories of PE at school might be happier in the swimming pool than on the football pitch.(……那些對學(xué)校體育課有痛苦記憶的人,可能更喜歡在游泳池里而不是在足球場上。)這里的舉例是針對“興趣”的,我們也可以針對“年齡”來舉例,比如:... those who have been too old to play basketball can have a great time in playing bowling.(……那些年紀(jì)太大不能打籃球的人可以開心地玩保齡球。)
第三段:However, there may be better ways of tackling this problem. Interest in sport is not universal, and additional facilities might simply attract the already fit, not those who most need them. Physical activity could be encouraged relatively cheaply, for example by installing exercise equipment in parks, as my local council has done. This has the added benefit that parents and children often use them together just for fun, which develops a positive attitude to exercise at an early age.
本段論述“增加體育設(shè)施”這個(gè)建議存在的問題,然后提出其他辦法。本段的論證思路是:1. 先寫主題句:還有更好的辦法來解決問題(1句);2. 有些人不喜歡運(yùn)動,增加體育設(shè)施可能只對那些本來身體就好的人有好處(1句);3. 應(yīng)該在公園安裝體育器材,讓人們隨時(shí)鍛煉(1句),同時(shí)如果父母帶孩子去公園邊玩邊鍛煉,還可以培養(yǎng)孩子們對體育的積極態(tài)度(1句)。以上三個(gè)要點(diǎn)的關(guān)系是:第1點(diǎn)是主題句;第2點(diǎn)指出之前方法的缺陷(不能吸引所有人去參加體育運(yùn)動);第3點(diǎn)提出并簡要討論新方法及其作用。
本段的論述含有很多生活經(jīng)驗(yàn),使抽象的寫作變得有趣和生動起來。比如,as my local council has done(正如我所在地方政府所做的那樣);再比如,parents and children often use them together just for fun(父母和孩子經(jīng)常一起使用這些器材,只為開心)。此外,本段每一個(gè)相互關(guān)聯(lián)的idea都是用一句來表達(dá)的,非常簡潔到位。
本段的高分詞匯有:Interest in sport is not universal...(比較:Not all people are interested in sport.)、additional facilities(比較:more facilities)和install exercise equipment(比較:put exercise equipment)。
第四段:As well as physical activity, high tax penalties could be imposed on high-fat food products, tobacco and alcohol, as excessive consumption of any of these contributes to poor health. Even improving public transport would help: it takes longer to walk to the bus stop than to the car.
本段繼續(xù)提出代替“增加體育設(shè)施”的其他辦法。1. 給高脂肪食品和煙酒加稅,讓人們減少此類攝入;2. 改善公共交通。以上兩點(diǎn)是并列關(guān)系,即兩個(gè)不同的建議。每一條建議用一句話表達(dá),并給出理由。其中“加稅”的理由是“過多食用這些產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)致健康問題”;“改善公共交通”的理由是“去車站走的路比去自己車庫走的路要遠(yuǎn)”。大家這里可以學(xué)習(xí)如何給每一條建議提供一個(gè)簡潔的理由。
本段的高分詞匯有: high tax penalties could be imposed (比較:put) on high-fat food products…和excessive consumption of any of these contributes to poor health(比較:too much consumption of any of these leads to poor health)。
第五段:In my opinion, focusing on sports facilities is too narrow an approach and would not have the desired results. People should be encouraged not only to be more physically active but also to adopt a healthier lifestyle in general.
本段為結(jié)尾段。1. 對題目中的問題明確表明態(tài)度:只增加體育設(shè)施是不夠的;2. 總結(jié)前面提到的新辦法:鼓勵(lì)人們多運(yùn)動(對應(yīng)公園設(shè)施建議),并采納更健康的生活方式(對應(yīng)食品和公交建議)。大家可以學(xué)習(xí)本結(jié)尾段如何在更高層次上來總結(jié)前面提到的具體建議,這樣可以避免重復(fù)表達(dá)。
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