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肺栓塞患者血栓定位與伴隨疾病、危險(xiǎn)因素、D二聚體、紅細(xì)胞分布寬度的關(guān)系

2020-09-02 06:29鄭卉
中國(guó)實(shí)用醫(yī)藥 2020年22期
關(guān)鍵詞:肺栓塞

鄭卉

【摘要】 目的 明確肺栓塞(PE)患者血栓定位與伴隨疾病、危險(xiǎn)因素、D二聚體、紅細(xì)胞分布寬度(RDW)的關(guān)系。方法 148例已確診的肺栓塞患者, 通過肺動(dòng)脈CT血管造影技術(shù)(CTPA)評(píng)估血栓的存在和結(jié)構(gòu)定位, 分析血栓定位與伴隨疾病、危險(xiǎn)因素、D二聚體、紅細(xì)胞分布寬度的關(guān)系。

結(jié)果 148例患者中, 血栓定位于右肺主動(dòng)脈的患者有56例(37.8%), 定位于左肺主動(dòng)脈的患者有26例(17.6%), 定位于雙側(cè)肺主動(dòng)脈的患者有66例(44.6%)。不同血栓定位患者的性別、惡性腫瘤、近期手術(shù)情況比較, 差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05)。使用CTPA技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)血栓定位于主肺動(dòng)脈的患者有46例(31.1%), 血栓定位于肺葉、節(jié)段或亞段血管動(dòng)脈的患者有102例(68.9%)。主肺動(dòng)脈及肺葉、節(jié)段或亞段血管動(dòng)脈栓塞患者的固定、近期手術(shù)、D二聚體、紅細(xì)胞分布寬度情況比較, 差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05)。主肺動(dòng)脈栓塞紅細(xì)胞分布寬度的ROC曲線下面積為0.72, 95%置信區(qū)間為(0.63, 0.81)。無(wú)主肺動(dòng)脈栓塞紅細(xì)胞分布寬度截?cái)嘀禐?5.25%, 該截?cái)嘀嫡故镜拿舾行詾?9.6%, 特異性為62.7%。

結(jié)論 血栓定位與手術(shù)固定、D二聚體水平、紅細(xì)胞分布寬度具有顯著相關(guān)性。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 肺栓塞;肺動(dòng)脈CT血管造影技術(shù);D二聚體;紅細(xì)胞分布寬度

DOI:10.14163/j.cnki.11-5547/r.2020.22.005

Correlation between thrombus location and concomitant diseases, risk factors, D-dimer, red blood cell distribution width in patients with pulmonary embolism? ?ZHENG Hui. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Fifthe Peoples Hospital, Qingdao 266000, China

【Abstract】 Objective? ?To investigate the correlation between thrombus location and concomitant diseases, risk factors, D-dimer, red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods? ?There were 148 patients diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, and the presence and anatomical localization of the thrombus were assessed via CT pulmonary angiography. The correlation between thrombus location and concomitant diseases, risk factors, D-dimer, red blood cell distribution width was analyzed. Results? ?Of the 148 patients, thrombus of 56 patients (37.8%) were located in the right pulmonary aorta, 26 patients (17.6%) in the left pulmonary aorta, and 66 patients (44.6%) in the bilateral pulmonary aorta. There was statistically significant difference in gender, malignant tumor and recent surgery of patients with different thrombus locations (P<0.05). Using CTPA technique, 46 patients (31.1%) with thrombus localized to the main pulmonary artery, and 102 patients (68.9%) with thrombus to the pulmonary lobe, segment, or sub-segment vascular artery. There were statistically significant differences in fixation, recent surgery, D-dimer and red blood cell distribution width in patients with thrombus localized to main pulmonary artery and pulmonary lobe, segment or sub-segmental vascular artery (P< 0.05). The area under the ROC curve of the distribution width of red blood cells without thrombus localized to main pulmonary artery was 0.72, and the 95% confidence interval was (0.63, 0.81). The cut-off value of the distribution width of red blood cells without thrombus localized to main pulmonary artery was 15.25%. The cut-off value showed a sensitivity of 69.6% and a specificity of 62.7%. Conclusion? ?The thrombus location was significantly correlated with surgical fixation, D-dimer level and red blood cell distribution width.

【Key words】 Pulmonary embolism; CT pulmonary angiography; D-dimer; Red blood cell distribution width

肺栓塞是由于血栓在血管中形成可部分或完全阻塞肺動(dòng)脈循環(huán)的一種十分嚴(yán)重的心肺疾病[1-3]。肺栓塞的發(fā)生被認(rèn)為是與各種危險(xiǎn)因素具有密不可分的關(guān)系。對(duì)于懷疑肺栓塞的患者, 臨床上、實(shí)驗(yàn)室和影像學(xué)結(jié)果都應(yīng)該仔細(xì)研究。因?yàn)榉嗡ㄈ颊叩呐R床診斷特異性差, 客觀地診斷性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果被要求應(yīng)用于肺栓塞的診斷[4]。CTPA越來越多的應(yīng)用于懷疑肺栓塞的一線研究診斷工具。肺栓塞的程度通過受血栓影響最鄰近血管的結(jié)構(gòu)水平普遍展現(xiàn)出來[5]。對(duì)于一個(gè)明確診斷的疑似肺栓塞的患者, D二聚體是一個(gè)應(yīng)該被評(píng)估和確定的指標(biāo)。血清D二聚體的檢測(cè)提供纖維蛋白溶解片段的信息。D二聚體分析特異性較低, 但對(duì)于大部分疑似血栓栓塞的患者具有較高的靈敏度和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值[6]。紅細(xì)胞分布寬度是紅細(xì)胞大小變異性的定量指標(biāo)。這個(gè)參數(shù)早期從全血計(jì)數(shù)獲得而來, 后來被公認(rèn)為是無(wú)效紅細(xì)胞生成的指標(biāo)[7]。一些研究也建議紅細(xì)胞分布寬度與心血管和肺疾病, 如肺栓塞有關(guān)[8-13]。該研究主要目的是評(píng)估肺栓塞患者血栓定位與危險(xiǎn)因素、伴隨疾病、D二聚體水平和紅細(xì)胞分布寬度關(guān)系。

1 資料與方法

1. 1 一般資料 回顧性選取本院2017年7月~2018年6月就診使用CTPA法確診肺栓塞的患者148例。同時(shí)收集和檢測(cè)患者的伴隨疾病、危險(xiǎn)因素、D二聚體水平、CTPA和紅細(xì)胞分布寬度。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):近期手術(shù)、肺炎、感染、布魯氏菌病、腦炎、偏癱、手術(shù)后長(zhǎng)時(shí)間(>72 h)固定患者。

1. 2 CTPA 使用16排多截面CT(Somatom Emotion 16-slice; CT2012E-Siemens AG, Berlin and Munchen, Germany)掃描患者胸廓, 患者靜脈注射造影劑但不影響呼吸。

1. 3 D二聚體檢測(cè) 血樣樣本移送到醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科。D二聚體含量使用全自動(dòng)化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫分析檢測(cè), 試劑由深圳市新產(chǎn)業(yè)生物公司提供。

1. 4 紅細(xì)胞分布寬度 使用全血檢測(cè)確定。血液分析使用LH750 全血計(jì)數(shù)儀(Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA)檢測(cè)。

1. 5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差( x-±s)表示, 采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示, 組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn), 非正態(tài)分布采用χ2檢驗(yàn);采用ROC曲線描述主肺動(dòng)脈栓塞紅細(xì)胞分布寬度的最佳截?cái)嘀邓健<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2. 1 血栓定位肺栓塞患者的分布情況 148例患者中, 男83例(56.1%), 女65例(43.9%);年齡18~81歲, 平均年齡(53.8±16.8)歲。固定(18.2%, 27/148)和近期手術(shù)(14.2%, 21/148)是最常見的危險(xiǎn)因素。慢性阻塞性肺疾?。?2.3%, 33/148)是最常見的伴隨疾病。血栓定位于右肺主動(dòng)脈的患者有56例(37.8%), 定位于左肺主動(dòng)脈的患者有26例(17.6%), 定位于雙側(cè)肺主動(dòng)脈的患者有66例(44.6%)。不同血栓定位患者的性別、惡性腫瘤、近期手術(shù)情況比較, 差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05) ;平均年齡、年齡>65歲、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、固定、D二聚體、紅細(xì)胞分布寬度情況比較, 差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。

2. 2 CTPA確診的主肺動(dòng)脈和肺葉、節(jié)段或亞段血管動(dòng)脈栓塞患者的分布情況 由于血栓影響最鄰近血管的解剖學(xué)水平, 使用CTPA技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)血栓定位于主肺動(dòng)脈的患者有46例(31.1%), 血栓定位于肺葉、節(jié)段或亞段血管動(dòng)脈的患者有102例(68.9%)。16例(34.8%)主肺動(dòng)脈栓塞患者和32例(31.4%)肺葉、節(jié)段或亞段血管動(dòng)脈栓塞患者的年齡>65歲。主肺動(dòng)脈及肺葉、節(jié)段或亞段血管動(dòng)脈栓塞患者的固定、近期手術(shù)、D二聚體、紅細(xì)胞分布寬度情況比較, 差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05) ;平均年齡、性別、年齡>65歲、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、惡性腫瘤情況比較, 差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。

2. 3 主肺動(dòng)脈栓塞紅細(xì)胞分布寬度值的ROC曲線情況 主肺動(dòng)脈栓塞紅細(xì)胞分布寬度的ROC曲線下面積為0.72, 95%置信區(qū)間為(0.63, 0.81)。無(wú)主肺動(dòng)脈栓塞紅細(xì)胞分布寬度截?cái)嘀禐?5.25%, 該截?cái)嘀嫡故镜拿舾行詾?9.6%, 特異性為62.7%。見表3。

3 討論

肺栓塞通常是由于系統(tǒng)血管形成血栓, 部分或者完全阻塞肺主動(dòng)脈, 影響血液流動(dòng)導(dǎo)致的。肺栓塞發(fā)生的范圍較大, 從大量無(wú)癥狀血栓[14]到大量血栓導(dǎo)致的休克或心臟驟停均會(huì)出現(xiàn)[15]。

根據(jù)血栓解剖學(xué)定位的研究, 血栓定位在右肺、左肺和兩側(cè)均有, 分別占36%、18%和45%[16, 17]。關(guān)于血栓的數(shù)量, 65%的患者展示出多樣性[3-6]血栓[17]。Simsek等[18]報(bào)道血栓定位于兩側(cè)主肺動(dòng)脈占70.7%, 而單側(cè)主肺動(dòng)脈血栓占29.3%。男性單側(cè)主肺動(dòng)脈血栓定位于右肺占60.5%。根據(jù)作者的研究, 血栓定位于右主肺動(dòng)脈占37.8%, 而雙側(cè)主肺動(dòng)脈血栓占44.6%。

根據(jù)作者的研究, 關(guān)于血栓鄰近定位, 血栓定位于主肺動(dòng)脈患者有46例(31.1%), 肺葉、節(jié)段或亞段血管動(dòng)脈的患者有102例(68.9%)。Gülcü等[19]檢查31例患者, 通過CTPA確認(rèn)血栓定位于主肺動(dòng)脈占30.8%。Sen等[20]檢測(cè)主肺動(dòng)脈定位血栓占172例患者的30%。Perrier等[21]報(bào)道主肺動(dòng)脈定位血栓占研究患者的32%。

根據(jù)國(guó)際合作肺栓塞登記表[22], 肺栓塞相關(guān)預(yù)后因素包括年齡70歲以上、惡性腫瘤、充血性心力衰竭和慢性呼吸功能不全。根據(jù)作者的研究, 最經(jīng)常遇到的伴隨疾病是慢性阻塞性肺疾?。?2.2%)和惡性腫瘤(10.1%)。

肺栓塞被發(fā)現(xiàn)與促使患者形成血栓的老年性疾病, 如充血性心力衰竭、髖部骨折、休克、增加凝血潛在因素和限制性血液流動(dòng)息息相關(guān)[23, 24]。根據(jù)作者的研究, 48患者(32.4%)年齡>65歲, 但年齡和血栓定位無(wú)必然聯(lián)系。主肺動(dòng)脈血栓患者年齡均值相對(duì)較高, 但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。在危險(xiǎn)因素中, 長(zhǎng)時(shí)間固定和近期手術(shù)的患者可顯著增加肺栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。關(guān)于肺栓塞危險(xiǎn)因素, Gülcü等[19]報(bào)道固定(41.9%)和近期手術(shù)(32.3%)。根據(jù)作者的研究, 作者的鑒定危險(xiǎn)因素中固定占18.2%, 而近期手術(shù)占14.2%。血栓通常定位于穩(wěn)定性患者的肺主動(dòng)脈, 通常發(fā)現(xiàn)在具有近期手術(shù)史的右側(cè)肺部。據(jù)報(bào)道D二聚體水平與血栓定位存在相關(guān)性, D二聚體水平在部分和大血栓與亞段血管血栓存在差異[25]。另有研究報(bào)道鄰近定位血栓患者血清D二聚體水平比遠(yuǎn)端定位血栓更高, 但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)[26]。Ghanima等[27]報(bào)道血清D二聚體水平和最近段血栓定位存在一定聯(lián)系。根據(jù)作者的研究, 發(fā)現(xiàn)血栓定位和D二聚體水平具有明顯關(guān)聯(lián)。另外, 作者認(rèn)為主肺動(dòng)脈定位血栓D二聚體均值明顯高于其他動(dòng)脈分支血栓的患者。

大量研究認(rèn)為紅細(xì)胞分布寬度可能與心血管疾病[8-11]和肺部疾病[12, 13]存在聯(lián)系。兩個(gè)研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)紅細(xì)胞分布寬度與肺栓塞有聯(lián)系。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)升高的紅細(xì)胞分布寬度是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的早期肺栓塞相關(guān)死亡率的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)[13, 28]。最近, 在兩個(gè)病例對(duì)照研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)靜脈血栓與紅細(xì)胞分布寬度存在一定聯(lián)系[29, 30]。在作者的研究中, 發(fā)現(xiàn)紅細(xì)胞分布寬度在肺栓塞患者中顯著升高, 而且紅細(xì)胞分布寬度和血栓定位存在明顯關(guān)聯(lián)。主肺動(dòng)脈定位血栓患者紅細(xì)胞分布寬度均值顯著升高。作者的結(jié)果認(rèn)為紅細(xì)胞分布寬度在主肺動(dòng)脈定位血栓和其他動(dòng)脈分支血栓存在差異。

作者的研究存在一定局限。這是一個(gè)回顧性研究, 選取的患者是通過醫(yī)院計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)篩選的住院肺栓塞患者。對(duì)于某些患者數(shù)據(jù)存在不足, 那是由于研究患者數(shù)量存在限制的原因。另外限制的因素是CTPA陽(yáng)性肺栓塞患者的選取, 排除其他途徑而非CTPA方法確診的肺栓塞患者。

最后, 作者發(fā)現(xiàn)主肺動(dòng)脈血栓栓塞的患者占肺栓塞患者的31.1%。另外, 作者認(rèn)為近端血栓定位與D二聚體水平和紅細(xì)胞分布寬度存在顯著的關(guān)聯(lián)。

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[26] Sen N, Ermis H, Altinkaya N, et al. Pulmonary Embolism in Young and Elderly Patients: Clinical Characteristics, Laboratory and Instrumental Findings and Differences Between Age Groups. Turk Toraks Dergisi, 2010, 11(4):160-166.

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[28] Ozsu S, Abul Y, Gunaydin S, et al. Prognostic Value of Red Cell Distribution Width in Patients With Pulmonary embolism. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2014, 20(4):365-370.

[29] Cay N, Unal O, Kartal MG, et al. Increased level of red blood cell distribution width is associated with deep venous thrombosis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 2013, 24(7):727-731.

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[收稿日期:2020-02-12]

作者單位: 266000 青島市第五人民醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科

通訊作者:尹飛

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