譚彬彬 陳君
摘要:目的? 研究靶控輸注不同血漿濃度瑞芬太尼對(duì)依托咪酯麻醉效能的影響。方法? 選擇2018年12月~2019年10月我院擬于全憑靜脈麻醉下行頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)患者80例作為研究對(duì)象,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為R0、R1、R2、R3四組,R0組不使用瑞芬太尼,R1、R2、R3誘導(dǎo)開(kāi)始時(shí)先靶控輸注瑞芬太尼至血漿靶濃度為1、2、3 ng/ml,再以血漿濃度0.5 μg/ml為起點(diǎn)開(kāi)始靶控輸注依托咪酯,此后每分鐘增加依托咪酯的血漿靶濃度0.1 μg/ml直至患者意識(shí)消失及對(duì)電刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失。比較四組入室時(shí)、瑞芬太尼達(dá)靶濃度時(shí)、意識(shí)消失時(shí)和疼痛刺激反應(yīng)消失時(shí)心率(HR)和平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP),記錄四組意識(shí)消失及對(duì)疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí)依托咪酯的血漿濃度及腦電雙頻譜指數(shù)(BIS)值,通過(guò)Probit法計(jì)算依托咪酯血漿濃度的半數(shù)有效濃度(EC50)和患者的半數(shù)入睡BIS值(BIS50)。結(jié)果? ①R1組疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí)的MAP和HR高于意識(shí)消失時(shí),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);意識(shí)消失時(shí),R3組HR低于R0組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí),R3組MAP和HR低于R1組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。②意識(shí)消失時(shí),R0、R1、R2、R3組依托咪酯的EC50分別為0.80 μg/ml、0.72 μg/ml、0.65 μg/ml和0.58 μg/ml,BIS50分別為47、50、45、47;疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí),R1、R2、R3組依托咪酯的EC50分別為0.94 μg/ml、0.84 μg/ml和0.72 μg/ml,BIS50分別為54、49和52。結(jié)論? 靶控輸注1、2、3 ng/ml的瑞芬太尼可以呈劑量依賴(lài)性地降低手術(shù)患者意識(shí)消失和疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí)所需依托咪酯血漿濃度的EC50,提高依托咪酯的麻醉效能;另外,患者對(duì)疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí)的BIS50較意識(shí)消失時(shí)有所上升。
關(guān)鍵詞:依托咪酯; 瑞芬太尼; 靶控輸注
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R614.2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.15.031
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2020)15-0103-03
Abstract:Objective? To study the effect of target-controlled infusion of different plasma concentrations of remifentanil on the anesthetic efficacy of etomidate.Methods? From December 2018 to October 2019, 80 patients with internal carotid endarterectomy under total intravenous anesthesia in our hospital were selected as the research objects, and they were divided into R0, R1, R2, R3 according to the random number table method four groups, R0 group did not use remifentanil, at the beginning of R1, R2, and R3 induction, remifentanil was first target-controlled infusion to the plasma target concentration of 1, 2, 3 ng/ml, and then the plasma concentration was 0.5 μg/ml the target-controlled infusion of etomidate was started with ml as the starting point, and the target plasma concentration of etomidate was increased by 0.1 μg/ml every minute until the patient's consciousness disappeared and the body response to electrical stimulation disappeared. Compare the heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) when the four groups enter the room, when the target concentration of remifentanil reaches the target concentration, when the consciousness disappears, and when the pain response disappears. Record the four groups when the consciousness disappears and the body movement response to the pain stimulation disappears the plasma concentration of etomidate and the bispectral index (BIS) value of etomidate were calculated by the Probit method to calculate the half effective concentration (EC50) of etomidate plasma concentration and the BIS value (BIS50) of half of patients falling asleep. Results? ①The MAP and HR of the R1 group when the pain stimulus disappeared were higher than when the consciousness disappeared, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); when the consciousness disappeared, the HR of the R3 group was lower than the R0 group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); when the painful stimulation disappeared, the MAP and HR of the R3 group were lower than those of the R1 group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). ②When consciousness disappeared, the EC50 of etomidate in the R0, R1, R2, and R3 groups were 0.80 μg/ml, 0.72 μg/ml, 0.65 μg/ml and 0.58 μg/ml, respectively, and the BIS50 were 47, 50, 45, 47, respectively; The EC50 of etomidate in groups R1, R2, and R3 were 0.94 μg/ml, 0.84 μg/ml, and 0.72 μg/ml when the body movement response to pain stimulation disappeared, and the BIS50 was 54, 49, and 52, respectively.Conclusion? Target-controlled infusion of 1 ng/ml, 2 ng/ml, and 3 ng/ml remifentanil can dose-dependently reduce etomidate plasma concentration in patients undergoing surgery with disappearance of consciousness and painful stimuli. The EC50 improves the anesthetic efficacy of etomidate; in addition, the BIS50 of the patient when the patients body response to painful stimulation disappears is higher than when the consciousness disappears.
Key words:Etomidate;Remifentanil;Target-controlled infusion
目前,全憑靜脈麻醉(total intravenous anesthesia,TIVA)已普遍用于臨床,而靶控輸注(TCI)技術(shù)可以更加精確、可靠的進(jìn)行調(diào)控麻醉深度,防止麻醉深淺不當(dāng)帶來(lái)的不良后果。依托咪酯對(duì)呼吸循環(huán)的抑制作用小,并且誘導(dǎo)和蘇醒迅速,現(xiàn)已有研究表明TCI 依托咪酯恒定靶血漿濃度(Cp)0.5 μg /ml 時(shí),內(nèi)嵌Arden 藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)TCI系統(tǒng)的精確度符合臨床要求[1],且手術(shù)期間靶控輸注依托咪酯對(duì)國(guó)人的腎上腺皮質(zhì)功能沒(méi)有明顯影響[2],因而其在臨床應(yīng)用日益廣泛;另一方面,瑞芬太尼憑借其特殊的藥理學(xué)特性也成為最常與其它藥物聯(lián)合用于靶控輸注的超短效阿片類(lèi)藥物。本研究選擇我院80例頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)患者,觀察不同靶控濃度瑞芬太尼對(duì)依托咪酯麻醉效能的影響,旨在為臨床合理用藥提供參考,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料? 選擇2018年12月~2019年10月天津環(huán)湖醫(yī)院擬于全憑靜脈麻醉下行頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)患者80例作為研究對(duì)象,本研究經(jīng)天津環(huán)湖醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者及家屬已簽署知情同意書(shū)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡18~65歲;②ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí);③體重指數(shù)(BMI)18~30 kg/m2。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)前應(yīng)用影響實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的鎮(zhèn)痛催眠藥;②有中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病病史,心肺或肝腎功能不全以及酒精藥物濫用史。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將研究對(duì)象分為R0、R1、R2、R3四組,各20例。四組性別、年齡、身高及體重比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見(jiàn)表1。
1.2方法? 患者術(shù)前不用任何藥物,入室后面罩吸氧,于左肘靜脈建立靜脈通路,輸注氯化鈉注射液6 ml/kg,局麻下行左撓動(dòng)脈穿刺置管,監(jiān)測(cè)直接動(dòng)脈血壓,應(yīng)用Philips監(jiān)護(hù)儀監(jiān)測(cè)平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、心率(HR)。經(jīng)充分酒精脫脂后與患者前額部放置BIS傳感器并與BIS VISTA監(jiān)護(hù)儀(Aspect公司,美國(guó))連接,保證信號(hào)質(zhì)量指數(shù)>95%,電極阻抗<5 kΩ。于患者右前臂尺測(cè)距腕部5 cm和10 cm處經(jīng)酒精脫脂后連接兩個(gè)心電電極片,與TOF-Watch SX電刺激儀(Organon公司,荷蘭)連接以備進(jìn)行ETS。誘導(dǎo)時(shí)使用TCI-Ⅰ型輸注泵(北京思路高高科技有限公司)靶控輸注瑞芬太尼(批號(hào): 80B11021)的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)為Minto模型,依托咪酯(批號(hào): 20180501)的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)采用Arden模型。通過(guò)靶控輸注使R0、R1、R2、R3組患者的瑞芬太尼血漿濃度分別達(dá)到0、1、2、3 ng/ml,再以血漿靶濃度0.5 μg/ml為起點(diǎn)開(kāi)始靶控輸注依托咪酯,每分鐘增加0.1 μg/ml,直至患者意識(shí)消失(意識(shí)消失的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為睫毛反射消失,對(duì)口頭指令無(wú)反應(yīng),對(duì)輕拍輕推無(wú)反應(yīng)),然后給予R1、R2、R3組患者100 Hz,60 mA,5 s的強(qiáng)直電刺激,若患者出現(xiàn)體動(dòng)反應(yīng),則繼續(xù)以每分鐘0.1 μg/ml的速度增加依托咪酯的血漿靶濃度直至體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失。記錄相應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)后實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束,按常規(guī)方法誘導(dǎo)并完成手術(shù)。給藥過(guò)程中如果出現(xiàn)呼吸抑制則給予面罩人工輔助通氣。若患者HR<50次/min或MAP ? 60 mmHg時(shí)立即停止瑞芬太尼和依托咪酯輸注,給予阿托品或麻黃素對(duì)癥處理并退出研究;如果在靜脈輸注依托咪酯的過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重肌顫,則立即停止輸注依托咪酯并退出研究。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)? 比較四組患者入室靜臥5 min后(基礎(chǔ)值)、瑞芬太尼達(dá)靶濃度時(shí)、意識(shí)消失時(shí)和疼痛刺激反應(yīng)消失時(shí)心率(HR)和平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP),記錄四組意識(shí)消失及對(duì)疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí)依托咪酯的血漿濃度及腦電雙頻譜指數(shù)(BIS)值,通過(guò)Probit法計(jì)算依托咪酯血漿濃度的半數(shù)有效濃度(EC50)和患者的半數(shù)入睡BIS值(BIS50)。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法? 應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),重復(fù)測(cè)量資料的比較采用方差分析。通過(guò)Probit法計(jì)算兩個(gè)效應(yīng)點(diǎn)時(shí)依托咪酯效應(yīng)室濃度的EC50和患者的BIS50及各自的95%置信區(qū)間(95%CI),EC50和BIS50比較采用u檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1四組血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)比較? R1組疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí)的MAP和HR高于意識(shí)消失時(shí),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);意識(shí)消失時(shí),R3組HR低于R0組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí),R3組MAP和HR低于R1組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.2四組意識(shí)消失和對(duì)疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí)的EC50和BIS50比較? R0、R1、R2、R3組患者意識(shí)消失時(shí)和疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí)依托咪酯的EC50依次降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);各組患者對(duì)疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí)的BIS50高于意識(shí)消失時(shí)的BIS50,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
3討論
依托咪酯在產(chǎn)生麻醉作用的同時(shí)可保持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,呼吸抑制作用弱,并且具有特殊的腦保護(hù)作用。研究表明[3],與丙泊酚TCI復(fù)合瑞芬太尼麻醉比較,BIS指導(dǎo)依托咪酯TCI復(fù)合瑞芬太尼用于3 h內(nèi)非心臟手術(shù)麻醉時(shí),血液動(dòng)力學(xué)更平穩(wěn),無(wú)明顯注射痛。另外,依托咪酯麻醉誘導(dǎo)及術(shù)中持續(xù)靜脈輸注均不明顯影響手術(shù)患者術(shù)后相關(guān)生化指標(biāo)[4]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,患者意識(shí)消失和對(duì)疼痛刺激反應(yīng)消失時(shí)的HR和MAP均在正常范圍之內(nèi),也證明了依托咪酯具有的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)。
TCI技術(shù)中藥物的EC50類(lèi)似于吸入麻醉藥最低肺泡有效濃度(MAC),其位于量效反應(yīng)曲線的中點(diǎn),能敏感地反映藥物效應(yīng)的變化,是研究藥物效能的理想指標(biāo)。單獨(dú)使用阿片類(lèi)藥物不能使患者意識(shí)消失,但阿片類(lèi)鎮(zhèn)痛藥物可以明顯降低靜脈麻醉藥的EC50[5,6],從而增強(qiáng)靜脈麻醉藥的作用。本次研究顯示,R0、R1、R2、R3組患者意識(shí)消失時(shí)和疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí)依托咪酯的EC50依次降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);各組患者對(duì)疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí)的BIS50高于意識(shí)消失時(shí)的BIS50,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。說(shuō)明無(wú)論是使患者意識(shí)消失還是對(duì)疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí),靶控輸注瑞芬太尼都可以使依托咪酯血漿靶濃度的EC50降低,并且降低程度隨瑞芬太尼靶控濃度的增加而增強(qiáng),提示瑞芬太尼可以呈劑量依賴(lài)性的增強(qiáng)依托咪酯的麻醉效能。在臨床麻醉工作中,應(yīng)該充分發(fā)揮聯(lián)合用藥的優(yōu)勢(shì),合理用藥,降低麻醉藥物的副作用,提高經(jīng)濟(jì)性,避免過(guò)度用藥。Lysakowski C等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瑞芬太尼與異丙酚合用可以使患者在較高的BIS值時(shí)意識(shí)消失,而本研究中R2、R3組患者意識(shí)消失時(shí)的BIS50小于R0組,表明合用瑞芬太尼并不能使依托咪酯使患者意識(shí)消失時(shí)的BIS值升高。本研究中意識(shí)消失后的患者在受到疼痛刺激時(shí)BIS值會(huì)出現(xiàn)增高,提示疼痛刺激可能會(huì)對(duì)BIS值產(chǎn)生影響,這與之前的研究結(jié)果一致[8]。
綜上所述,靶控輸注1、2、3 ng/ml的瑞芬太尼可以呈劑量依賴(lài)性地降低手術(shù)患者意識(shí)消失和疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí)所需依托咪酯血漿濃度的EC50,提高依托咪酯的麻醉效能;另外,患者對(duì)疼痛刺激體動(dòng)反應(yīng)消失時(shí)的BIS50較意識(shí)消失時(shí)有所上升。
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收稿日期:2020-06-23;修回日期:2020-07-06
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