金延鋒
嘉興南湖,自北宋以后湖畔就陸續(xù)興建園林,到明嘉靖二十六年(1547年),嘉興知府趙瀛疏浚市河,將挖出的河泥填入湖中,成一“厚五丈,廣二十丈”的小島,四面環(huán)水,俗稱湖心島。次年在島上建煙雨樓,形成景觀。1912年10月,孫中山曾來南湖游覽,并在煙雨樓假山前與各界人士合影留念。 1921年8月初,中國共產(chǎn)黨第一次全國代表大會(huì)在南湖的一艘游船上閉幕,宣告中國共產(chǎn)黨成立。南湖紅船,也因此見證了中國歷史上開天辟地的大事變,成為中國革命源頭的象征。
一
1921年7月23日,中國共產(chǎn)黨第一次全國代表大會(huì)在上海秘密舉行。國內(nèi)各地黨組織和旅日的黨組織共派出13名代表出席黨的第一次全國代表大會(huì)。他們是:上海的李達(dá)、李漢俊,武漢的董必武、陳潭秋,長沙的毛澤東、何叔衡,濟(jì)南的王盡美、鄧恩銘,北京的張國燾、劉仁靜,廣州的陳公博,旅日的周佛海,以及由陳獨(dú)秀指定的代表包惠僧。他們代表著全國58名共產(chǎn)黨員,為創(chuàng)建一個(gè)“為中國人民謀幸福、為中華民族謀復(fù)興”的全國統(tǒng)一政黨,齊聚上海法租界望志路106號(hào)(現(xiàn)興業(yè)路76號(hào))李漢俊之兄李書城的住宅內(nèi)。
7月30日晚,中共一大最后一次會(huì)議的會(huì)場突遭法國巡捕襲擾,會(huì)議被迫中斷。在代表們商量到何處續(xù)會(huì)時(shí),負(fù)責(zé)會(huì)務(wù)工作的李達(dá)夫人王會(huì)悟,提出到她的家鄉(xiāng)浙江嘉興南湖繼續(xù)開會(huì)。王會(huì)悟告訴代表們,嘉興距離上海不過百余里,兩個(gè)多小時(shí)的火車就能到,可以在一天之內(nèi)完成會(huì)議議題。南湖離嘉興火車站不遠(yuǎn),風(fēng)景秀麗,可以包一條游船,以游湖為名,在船上開會(huì),比較隱蔽、安全。王會(huì)悟的建議得到了大家的認(rèn)同,大家決定移師浙江嘉興南湖的游船上繼續(xù)開會(huì)。
南湖位于嘉興城南,歷來是江南著名的游覽勝地。三國時(shí)期,南湖稱陸渭池,到唐代改名南湖。唐以后又有滮湖、鴛鴦湖、馬場湖和東南湖之稱。后晉天福年間(936~945年),吳越國王錢镠第四子廣陵王錢元璙任中吳軍節(jié)度使時(shí),在湖畔筑賓舍。
北宋以后,湖畔陸續(xù)興建了一批園林,有潘師旦園、高氏圃、南湖草堂、列岫亭、水心亭、樂郊亭、勺園、顏家園、瓣香閣、秋水閣等。明嘉靖二十六年(1547年),嘉興知府趙瀛疏浚市河,將挖出的河泥填入湖中,形成一個(gè)“厚五丈,廣二十丈”的小島,四面環(huán)水,俗稱湖心島,全島面積17畝。次年在島上建煙雨樓,形成景觀。
清以后又相繼建成清暉堂、孤云簃、小蓬萊、來許亭、鑒亭、寶梅亭、東和西御碑亭等建筑,形成了以煙雨樓為主體的古園林建筑群,亭臺(tái)樓閣、假山回廊、古樹碑刻錯(cuò)落有致,是典型的江南園林。清順治七年(1650年),以吳偉業(yè)為首的江南士人在南湖舉行了十郡大社,湖上名人云集,連舟百艘。乾隆皇帝六次下江南,多次登臨南湖煙雨樓,一再賦詩,并親畫煙雨樓圖。民國元年(1912年)10月,孫中山曾到南湖游覽,并在湖中煙雨樓假山前與各界人士合影留念。現(xiàn)代許多著名文學(xué)家、詩人如茅盾、郁達(dá)夫、曹聚仁等都曾到南湖游覽,寫下了膾炙人口的詩篇和文章。那時(shí)南湖中有畫舫、精舫、唱曲船、絲網(wǎng)船、網(wǎng)船、擋板船、小洋船、公渡船等數(shù)種,以供載游客游湖。
二
1921年8月3日上午,一大代表們從上海坐火車,于10時(shí)半到達(dá)嘉興火車站。先行到達(dá)的王會(huì)悟,帶領(lǐng)大家到渡口獅子匯乘擺渡船進(jìn)入湖心島,然后再登上事先租好的一條游船。
這是一條單夾弄絲網(wǎng)船,長約16米,寬3米,內(nèi)有前艙、中艙、房艙和后艙。后艙內(nèi)設(shè)有榻榻床可供臨時(shí)休息,船檐和柱上均刻有精美花紋。中艙內(nèi)有一張桌子、幾把椅子和茶具;艙正面有對聯(lián)“龍船祥云陽寶日,鳳載梁樹陰場月”及“湖光彩月”匾;艙內(nèi)壁和屏風(fēng)上雕刻著“張松獻(xiàn)圖”“夜戰(zhàn)馬超”“漁樵耕讀”等戧金髹飾圖案。船后備有廚灶,并有一條小拖梢船,為擺渡接客、采辦貨物之用。中國共產(chǎn)黨第一次全國代表大會(huì)最后一次會(huì)議于3日上午11時(shí)在游船的中艙內(nèi)舉行。
當(dāng)天上午,湖面上游船不多,代表們叫船主把船撐到比較偏僻的水域。王會(huì)悟坐在船頭望風(fēng)。開會(huì)時(shí)還特意把帶來的麻將牌倒在桌上,以掩人耳目。中午,代表們在船上吃午飯,酒菜是事先預(yù)訂的。下午,湖上游船逐漸增多,湖面上到處是留聲機(jī)唱京戲的聲音,一派喧鬧。
下午5時(shí)左右,湖上出現(xiàn)了一條小汽艇,大家以為是政府的巡邏船,便暫時(shí)停止了開會(huì)。后來才知道是私人游艇,于是又繼續(xù)開會(huì)。
由于上海會(huì)場出事的緣故,代表們都主張縮短開會(huì)時(shí)長,決定“以一日之長開完大會(huì)”。在會(huì)上,大家都很少作長篇大論的發(fā)言,而是集中研討急需解決的具體問題。會(huì)議審議并通過了中國共產(chǎn)黨綱領(lǐng)和《關(guān)于當(dāng)前實(shí)際工作的決議》。黨的綱領(lǐng)共15條,前3條系黨綱性質(zhì),后12條是組織章程。綱領(lǐng)首先確定黨的名稱為“中國共產(chǎn)黨”,明確提出要把工人、農(nóng)民和士兵組織起來,并確定黨的根本政治目的是實(shí)行社會(huì)革命。會(huì)議通過的《關(guān)于當(dāng)前實(shí)際工作的決議》,對開展工人運(yùn)動(dòng)的組織工作和宣傳工作作了具體規(guī)定。會(huì)議還討論了中國共產(chǎn)黨成立宣言。
最后,大會(huì)通過無記名投票,選舉陳獨(dú)秀、張國燾、李達(dá)組成黨的全國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)即中央局,陳獨(dú)秀任中央局書記,張國燾任組織主任,李達(dá)任宣傳主任。
下午6時(shí)許,會(huì)議完成了全部議程。至此,中國共產(chǎn)黨第一次全國代表大會(huì)在浙江嘉興南湖的一條游船上勝利閉幕,莊嚴(yán)宣告中國共產(chǎn)黨的誕生。大會(huì)閉幕時(shí),全體代表緊張而激動(dòng)地握緊雙手,興奮地低聲喊:第三國際萬歲!世界勞工萬歲!共產(chǎn)主義萬歲!中國共產(chǎn)黨萬歲!
一湖煙波悄無聲,紅船見證大事變。一個(gè)新的革命火種已經(jīng)在沉沉黑夜的中國大地上點(diǎn)燃起來了。
三
一個(gè)政黨誕生于一條小船。這條游船因而獲得了一個(gè)永載中國革命史冊的名字——紅船。多年以后,毛澤東這樣評(píng)價(jià)游船上的這一幕歷史:“自從有了共產(chǎn)黨,中國革命的面貌就煥然一新了?!?/p>
為了紀(jì)念中國共產(chǎn)黨第一次全國代表大會(huì)在嘉興南湖勝利閉幕這一重大歷史事件,1959年,黨中央和浙江省委決定建立嘉興南湖革命紀(jì)念館,并仿制一條當(dāng)年一大開會(huì)的游船。
紀(jì)念館建館的中心是“船”,由于當(dāng)年南湖的游船在抗日戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)期已經(jīng)絕跡,南湖革命紀(jì)念館籌建委員會(huì)成立后,立即組織工作人員在嘉興、無錫等地進(jìn)行走訪調(diào)查,基本弄清了當(dāng)年開會(huì)時(shí)那艘游船的式樣和內(nèi)部裝飾情況,并據(jù)此仿制成一條雙夾弄絲網(wǎng)船的模型。
為了盡可能真實(shí)再現(xiàn)當(dāng)年會(huì)議場景,1959年3月,籌建委的同志帶著紀(jì)念船模型前往北京,想請中共中央主席毛澤東和中共中央政治局委員、中華人民共和國副主席董必武審定。但很不巧,毛澤東和董必武都外出視察工作了。在有關(guān)人員的指點(diǎn)下,籌建委的同志找到了居住在北京的王會(huì)悟,請她幫助審看。
當(dāng)王會(huì)悟看到家鄉(xiāng)來人,特別是看到中共一大南湖會(huì)議的船模時(shí),激動(dòng)萬分。王會(huì)悟用手輕輕地?fù)崦?,眼神專注地觀察著,生怕漏掉一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。仔細(xì)地看完后,王會(huì)悟說,這只船模同當(dāng)年一大開會(huì)的那艘船挺像,就是太大了,還要再小點(diǎn),是單夾弄絲網(wǎng)船。
聽了王會(huì)悟的意見,籌建委的同志信心倍增,立即返回嘉興,重新制作了一條單夾弄絲網(wǎng)船模型。然后將這條船模連同有關(guān)資料一起寄往北京,請毛澤東和董必武最終審定。
船模和材料一同送到了毛澤東手里,毛澤東看后說:董老記性比我好,請董老審定。董必武看了送審的船模,很快作出批示:船基本就這樣,但大船后面還有一條小船,是保衛(wèi)人員坐的,萬一發(fā)生情況,我們還可以撤退。
籌建委的同志又把董老的批示告訴王會(huì)悟,王會(huì)悟證實(shí)董老所言不差。這樣,才有了大船后面拖著一條小船的模型,還原了真實(shí)的歷史場景。
1959年10月1日,新中國成立10周年之際,南湖革命紀(jì)念館在湖心島的煙雨樓正式誕生,負(fù)責(zé)嘉興南湖中共一大會(huì)址的保護(hù)、開放和管理。按當(dāng)年一大開會(huì)游船仿制的中共一大會(huì)議紀(jì)念船,也同時(shí)向觀眾展出,并永久陳列在煙雨樓前萬福橋旁的水面上。
這條中共一大會(huì)議紀(jì)念船后來被人們稱為南湖“紅船”。1962年6月30日,《浙江日報(bào)》刊發(fā)了方牧、薛家柱的詩《南湖抒情》,詩中寫到:“……/1921年7月/一艘紅船離碼頭——/千里天空風(fēng)起云涌/萬頃波濤浪遏飛舟/……”
這是迄今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)的最早見于報(bào)端的有關(guān)“紅船”的稱謂。此后,越來越多的媒體以及普通百姓把中共一大會(huì)議紀(jì)念船稱作“紅船”?,F(xiàn)在,只要提起南湖紅船,人們就知道,她和上海黨的一大會(huì)址一樣,是中國共產(chǎn)黨誕生的地方,“是我們黨夢想起航的地方”。
四
南湖紅船,從她展出之日起就引人關(guān)注。特別是2005年以來,成千上萬的人從全國各地來到南湖,瞻仰紅船,參觀展覽,接受教育。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì),從1959年10月1日至2019年年底,前往嘉興瞻仰南湖紅船的人數(shù)已經(jīng)超過3130多萬人次。
新中國成立以來,黨和國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都非常關(guān)心嘉興南湖。1964年4月5日,一大代表董必武視察南湖,并再次登上南湖紅船,仔細(xì)察看紅船后,題詩一首:“革命聲傳畫舫中,誕生共黨慶工農(nóng)。重來正值清明節(jié),煙雨迷蒙訪舊蹤。”1991年3月18日,全國人大常委會(huì)原委員長彭真登臨紅船說:“這船不大,但前途遠(yuǎn)大,有了這艘船,才誕生了社會(huì)主義中華人民共和國。”
鄧小平、江澤民、胡錦濤、習(xí)近平等黨和國家主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人,對南湖紅船和南湖革命紀(jì)念館更是關(guān)心備至,或瞻仰紅船,或親筆題詞,勉勵(lì)人們“沿著南湖紅船開辟的革命航道奮勇前進(jìn)”。1985年,鄧小平為南湖革命紀(jì)念館題寫?zhàn)^名。1991年和2003年,江澤民兩次視察南湖,1993年2月24日還為紀(jì)念館題詞:“發(fā)揚(yáng)黨的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng),堅(jiān)持黨的基本路線,努力奪取建設(shè)有中國特色社會(huì)主義的新勝利”。2001年5月2日,胡錦濤視察南湖,并題詞留念。2005年6月21日,時(shí)任中共浙江省委書記習(xí)近平在《光明日報(bào)》發(fā)表署名文章《弘揚(yáng)“紅船精神”走在時(shí)代前列》,首次提出“紅船精神”,并系統(tǒng)闡述了“紅船精神”的歷史及現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,將“紅船精神”的科學(xué)內(nèi)涵概括為“開天辟地、敢為人先的首創(chuàng)精神,堅(jiān)定理想、百折不撓的奮斗精神,立黨為公、忠誠為民的奉獻(xiàn)精神”。2017年10月31日,在黨的十九大閉幕一周之際,中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習(xí)近平帶領(lǐng)中共中央政治局常委專程從北京前往上海和浙江嘉興,瞻仰上海中共一大會(huì)址和浙江嘉興南湖紅船,并重申了“紅船精神”及其科學(xué)內(nèi)涵,要求全黨“要結(jié)合時(shí)代特點(diǎn),大力弘揚(yáng)紅船精神”。
秀水泱泱,紅船依舊;時(shí)代變遷,精神永恒。當(dāng)年,承載著民族希望的小小的紅船,如今已經(jīng)變成承載著14億多中國人民希望的巨輪;當(dāng)年只有58名黨員的中國共產(chǎn)黨,如今已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為擁有9000多萬黨員的世界第一大黨。
世上再?zèng)]有第二條船,能像南湖紅船一樣享有如此尊譽(yù)。
(本文圖片由嘉興市南湖名勝發(fā)展有限公司提供)
The first national congress of the Communist Part of China (CPC) convened in Shanghai secretly on July 23, 1921. Present at the congress were 13 deputies on behalf of 58 members of the CPC. On the evening of July 30, the congress was interrupted by the visitation of French policemen as the venue of the congress was in the French concession. Then it was proposed that the congress could safely resume on the South Lake in Jiaxing, about 100 kilometers west of Shanghai. The proposal was accepted. On the morning of August 3, the deputies left Shanghai by train. Shortly after their arrival at Jiaxing railway station around 10:30, they boarded a pleasure boat that had been rented. The boat was 16 meters long and 3 meters wide. The last session of the first national congress of the CPC started on the boat around 11 oclock. The deputies adopted a number of historic documents, elected the leadership, and declared the birth of the CPC. The boat witnessed the birth of a political party that eventually transformed China.
In 1959, the CPC Central Committee and the CPC Zhejiang Committee jointly decided to set up the South Lake Revolutionary Memorial Museum in Jiaxing in commemoration of the birth of the CPC and remake the pleasure boat on which the first national congress of the CPC concluded.
The organizing committee of the reconstruction immediately ran into a huge difficulty. Pleasure boats on the South Lake stopped operating and then disappeared during Chinas War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the 1930s and the 1940s. The committee set up a taskforce to do some research. After some field studies in both Jiaxing and Wuxi, a city in Jiangsu, where the original boat was made, it became clear what the original pleasure boat looked like. A small boat model was constructed on the basis of the research results.
In March 1959, the model was brought to Beijing for Mao Zedong and Dong Biwu, two top CPC leaders who had attended the first national congress on the boat. Unfortunately, Mao and Dong were on inspection tours outside of Beijing. So the boat model was sent to Wang Huiwu for a review. Wang was wife of Li Da, a deputy attending the first national congress of CPC, and was the person who suggested South Lake and rented the boat in 1921. Wang took a close look at the model and commented that it resembled the boat, that the size should be smaller, and that the design wasnt correct. A new boat model was made based on the advices and suggestions of Wang. After viewing the boat model Mao said let Dong Biwu made the review decision as Dong had better memory. Dong confirmed that it essentially looked like the original boat in 1921, but there was a smaller boat tagging along on which some bodyguards were deployed. Wang Huiwu agreed that there was a smaller boat tagging along for a team of bodyguards.
On October 1959, which marked the 10th anniversary of the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, the South Lake Revolutionary Memorial Museum, situated on an isle in the South Lake, officially became operational. The replica of the original pleasure boat was moored nearby.
On June 30, 1962, Zhejiang Daily published a poem by Fang Mu and Xue Jiazhu. The poem portrayed the pleasure boat as the red boat. Research proves that this is the first description of the red boat in writing. The phrase “Red Boat” was soon adopted by the media and the public as a symbol of revolution that transformed China.
The Red Boat of the South Lake has been attracting national attention since October 1959. Incomplete data indicates that more than 31 million people visited the museum and the boat from 1959 to 1967 and from 1982 to 2019. No data of visitors is available from 1967 to 1982. Among millions of visitors are top leaders of the state and the party including Dong Biwu, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping.
The small red boat in 1921 announced the birth of the CPC carrying a hope of the national renaissance and now the CPC is a huge ship carrying the hope of more than 1.4-billion Chinese people. The CPC had 58 members when it was founded and now it is the worlds biggest political party with 90 million party members. Politically, no other boat in the world is comparable with the Red Boat of the South Lake.