袁斐
在金庸的筆下,嘉興南湖被一再提及,甚至,有的故事背景一開始并不是南湖,后來在修改時(shí),特地把故事的背景改為了嘉興南湖。
有一句流傳甚廣的評(píng)論:“有華人的地方,就有金庸小說”。作為嘉興作家的代表人物之一,金庸如同其筆下的經(jīng)典人物東邪黃藥師一樣,“文才武功,琴棋書畫,算數(shù)韜略,以至醫(yī)卜星象,奇門五行,無一不會(huì),無一不精”,正是“千古文人俠客夢(mèng)”,15部36卷本的《金庸作品集》閎中肆外、地負(fù)海涵,編織出一個(gè)斑駁陸離、異彩紛呈的武俠世界,有如莊生蝶夢(mèng)、觀棋爛柯,令人暫消塵慮、洗卻霜華。
喜歡金庸作品的讀者同樣也忘不了,在金庸的筆下,嘉興南湖一再地出現(xiàn),讓人過目難忘。這一切的一切,追本溯源,還要從他少年時(shí)代在南湖求學(xué)說起。
徜徉在南湖煙雨里的初中生
金庸(本名查良鏞)生逢亂世,在那個(gè)“華北之大,已經(jīng)安放不下一張平靜的書桌”的年代,少年金庸在故鄉(xiāng)浙江海寧袁花鎮(zhèn)龍山小學(xué)堂度過了小學(xué)時(shí)光。1936年,他順利考入了嘉興中學(xué),第一次離開故鄉(xiāng)袁花,來到了美麗的南湖畔繼續(xù)求學(xué)。從此,南湖深深地鐫刻進(jìn)了他的生命中,一生不變。
嘉興中學(xué)的前身是嘉興府學(xué),1902年廢科舉建學(xué)堂,改為府中學(xué)堂,民國(guó)后改稱浙江省立第二中學(xué)、嘉興中學(xué),也就是現(xiàn)在的嘉興一中。1931年,留學(xué)日本的張印通擔(dān)任校長(zhǎng),因?yàn)槿苏?、辦學(xué)有方而聞名遐邇,匯聚了一大批有真才實(shí)學(xué)的名師大家。比如當(dāng)時(shí)金庸的班主任、國(guó)文老師王芝簃是北大的高材生,數(shù)學(xué)老師章克標(biāo)曾留學(xué)日本、主編開明書店數(shù)學(xué)教科書和《開明文學(xué)辭典》等書。
然而,隨著1937年“盧溝橋事變”爆發(fā),江南也安放不下一張平靜的書桌。緊接著盧溝橋的烽火,上海“八一三事變”爆發(fā)了,嘉興地近前線,海寧首先遭到了轟炸。伴隨著空襲警報(bào),少年金庸升入初二,一開始在掛了黑色窗簾的教室、防空洞中上課,后來更是跟隨學(xué)校撤退到10公里外的新塍鎮(zhèn)租借的臨時(shí)教室中上課,再也無法常常徜徉在南湖煙雨的美景中。后來,金庸在《射雕英雄傳》第35回“鐵槍廟中”還專門提及“新塍鎮(zhèn)小蓬萊”的地名以作紀(jì)念,它現(xiàn)已成為當(dāng)?shù)匦∮忻麣獾木包c(diǎn)。
1937年11月,校長(zhǎng)張印通帶著學(xué)生們開始了流亡生涯。有一次,孩子們走不動(dòng)了,張印通堅(jiān)持帶領(lǐng)大家連夜趕路到達(dá)集鎮(zhèn)才讓休息,后來才知道日本軍隊(duì)距離他們當(dāng)時(shí)的停留點(diǎn)不到10公里,如果不是張印通力排眾議繼續(xù)前進(jìn),后果真是不堪設(shè)想。少年金庸,小小年紀(jì)卻已經(jīng)深刻體會(huì)到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的殘酷與生命的脆弱。經(jīng)過數(shù)月的流亡,他們終于到達(dá)了麗水碧湖鎮(zhèn),在那里組成了杭嘉湖聯(lián)合中學(xué),得以在亂世中繼續(xù)學(xué)業(yè)。其間,金庸還和同學(xué)一起合編出版了《獻(xiàn)給投考初中者》,堪稱是國(guó)內(nèi)第一本教輔圖書。
然而,少年金庸當(dāng)時(shí)還不知道的是,他的母親徐祿和最小的胞弟,卻在逃難中因缺醫(yī)少藥病逝于余姚庵東鎮(zhèn),后來當(dāng)他得知,卻已經(jīng)是人事渺茫、相思無憑了。多年以后,他把這份對(duì)母親的眷戀寫入了《書劍恩仇錄》,借陳家洛回歸故鄉(xiāng)表達(dá)了自己深沉雋永的家國(guó)思念,更是在《倚天屠龍記》第三回借俞岱巖觀潮,紀(jì)念自己母親的埋骨之地……
南湖一別,親人難覓。南湖的煙雨不絕如縷,在金庸的心里“拂了一身還滿”,才下眉頭、卻上心頭。
沉醉于南湖情結(jié)中的小說家
洪七公高聲向黃藥師道:“藥兄,這南湖可還有個(gè)什么名稱?”黃藥師道:“又叫作鴛鴦湖?!焙槠吖溃骸昂冒?!怎么在這鴛鴦湖上,你女兒女婿小兩口鬧別扭,老丈人也不給勸勸?”
這是《射雕英雄傳》第34回“島上巨變”里的文字,故事的地點(diǎn)是南湖煙雨樓。在《射雕英雄傳》中,嘉興南湖是最為重要的一個(gè)場(chǎng)景,是全書情節(jié)起承轉(zhuǎn)合的“神經(jīng)中樞”。江南七怪和丘處機(jī)相識(shí)嘉興醉仙樓,郭靖和楊康18歲時(shí)也是約在此比武;嘉興煙雨樓中東邪、西毒、全真七子、金國(guó)武士等人大戰(zhàn),高潮迭起、精彩不斷……
其實(shí)在《射雕英雄傳》的開篇,金庸就寫到了嘉興:“嘉興府是浙西大城,絲米集散之地,自來就十分繁盛,古稱秀州,五代石晉時(shí)改名嘉禾郡,南宋時(shí)孝宗誕生于此,即位后改名嘉興,意謂龍興之也。地近京師臨安,市肆興旺?!睂?duì)于江南風(fēng)土人情,他筆下閃爍著高光:“城中居民人物溫雅,販夫走卒,形貌亦多俊秀不俗,心中暗暗稱羨……見那女子(韓小瑩)大約十七八歲年紀(jì),身形苗條,大眼睛,長(zhǎng)睫毛,皮膚如雪,正是江南水鄉(xiāng)的俊美人物。”
南湖畔少年時(shí)的求學(xué)經(jīng)歷,一幕幕的南湖地理風(fēng)物,像一幅幅畫卷在小說家金庸腦海中轉(zhuǎn)換著。在《射雕英雄傳》第2回“江南七怪”中,他想起了南湖畔醉仙樓登高望遠(yuǎn)看到的風(fēng)景:“這醉仙樓正在南湖之旁,湖面輕煙薄霧,幾艘小舟蕩漾其間,半湖水面都浮著碧油油的菱葉,他放眼觀賞,頓覺心曠神怡?!边€有“天下之冠”的南湖菱:“當(dāng)?shù)啬虾杏钟幸豁?xiàng)名產(chǎn),是綠色的沒角菱,菱肉鮮甜嫩滑,清香爽脆,為天下之冠,湖中菱葉特多。其時(shí)正當(dāng)春深,碧水翠葉,宛若一泓碧琉璃上鋪滿了一片片翡翠?!?/p>
當(dāng)年,金庸在南湖畔徜徉時(shí),應(yīng)該還品嘗過“聞?wù)f西施曾一掐,至今顆顆爪痕添”的醉李:“這嘉興是古越名城,所產(chǎn)李子甜香如美酒,因此春秋時(shí)這地方稱為槜李。當(dāng)年越王勾踐曾在此大破吳王闔閭,正是吳越之間交通的孔道?!?/p>
嘉興南湖因地處嘉興城南而得名,與西南湖合稱鴛鴦湖,兩湖相連形似鴛鴦交頸,古時(shí)湖中常有鴛鴦棲息,因此又名鴛鴦湖。清代學(xué)者俞樾《春在堂集》記載了一件事:“康熙四十一年(1702年),嘉興開河,新橋下開出船一艘,深埋河底,不敢掘而止。金明寺范蠡湖內(nèi)亦有船一艘,半在城內(nèi),半在城外鴛鴦湖,相傳范大夫之舟也?!倍?,嘉興西南湖邊上還有范蠡湖公園,相傳西施死于此而墓葬湖中,因而范蠡湖還有西施冢之稱。湖西北岸筑有水軒一座,即西施妝臺(tái),為歇山頂抬梁式建筑,內(nèi)原有范蠡和西施塑像。妝臺(tái)北面墻中有“少伯祠”白玉石匾一塊,系清光緒八年(1882年)夏立,妝臺(tái)東側(cè)湖上有西施石雕像及“沉魚”二字。
在金庸的筆下,南湖被一再提及,甚至,有的故事背景一開始并不是南湖,后來在修改時(shí),特地把故事的背景改為了嘉興南湖。1959年5月20日,金庸在香港創(chuàng)辦《明報(bào)》,開始連載“射雕三部曲”其二《神雕俠侶》。小說開篇第一章“風(fēng)月無情”以歐陽修的《蝶戀花·越女采蓮秋水畔》開始,緊接著直接點(diǎn)出時(shí)間地點(diǎn):“一陣輕柔婉轉(zhuǎn)的歌聲,飄在煙水蒙蒙的湖面上。歌聲發(fā)自一艘小船之中,船里五個(gè)少女和歌嘻笑,蕩舟采蓮?!瓡r(shí)當(dāng)南宋理宗年間,地處嘉興南湖。節(jié)近中秋,荷葉漸殘,蓮肉飽實(shí)。”楊過自幼在南湖畔游蕩,因李莫愁至此尋仇陸展元夫婦,在機(jī)緣巧合下與歐陽鋒、郭靖黃蓉相會(huì),進(jìn)而發(fā)生了后面精彩的故事。
原先《神雕俠侶》的故事并非由嘉興南湖發(fā)端,地點(diǎn)是在湖州菱湖,金庸封筆后花費(fèi)10年時(shí)間修改,一招“乾坤大挪移”把湖州菱湖改成了嘉興南湖。
金庸是寫情的高手,或激越剛烈,恰直上云霄,生死不渝;或哀婉凄惻,如瀟湘夜雨,綿無絕期,《神雕俠侶》全書以風(fēng)月開篇,南湖秀美的煙雨風(fēng)光實(shí)在是絕佳背景;另外,《神雕俠侶》以“寫情”為主題,被譽(yù)為“情書”,以情花的“入口甘甜,回味苦澀,情之為物,正是如此”比喻愛情,切中肯綮;而嘉興南湖舊稱鴛鴦湖,更是別有寓意,楊過斷臂、小龍女失貞,正是一對(duì)“苦命鴛鴦”。
在小說家金庸的筆下,南湖閃耀著五彩的光芒,南湖情結(jié)不思量、自難忘。作為成年人我們自然懂得,故鄉(xiāng)在一個(gè)人的生命中意味著什么、有多么重要。南湖是金庸的故鄉(xiāng),他把少年生命中的一草一木、一景一物、一事一人都寫進(jìn)了小說,甚至草灰蛇線、伏脈千里,起承轉(zhuǎn)合處若合符節(jié)、令人拍案。這是小說家的“大境界”,是大作家的“小歡喜”。
忘不了南湖家國(guó)情的大師兄
“當(dāng)年遭寇難,失哺意彷徨。母校如慈母,育我厚撫養(yǎng)?!睍r(shí)隔55年后,在嘉興一中90周年校慶的時(shí)候,“大師兄”金庸終于回到母校,寫下了當(dāng)年亂世求學(xué)的那段經(jīng)歷,感念當(dāng)年的恩深情重。
嘉興地處吳越交界之處,東海、太湖之間,是名副其實(shí)的江河湖??v橫匯聚之所,再加上天下無雙的錢塘潮,終于催生出一代武林文宗金庸。嘉興的文化精神,既有吳人的秀雅精致,又有越人的爽朗倔強(qiáng),形成了溫和圓潤(rùn)、精致和諧的傳統(tǒng),思想就像是“沒有角”的南湖菱一樣,圓潤(rùn)內(nèi)斂;行動(dòng)卻又像粽子一樣,抓得緊,不放松。在金庸的筆下,在金庸的精神世界里,南湖并非只有溫情脈脈的秀美柔情,更有俠骨錚錚的鏗鏘勇猛。
可以說,《射雕英雄傳》若是缺少了“江南七俠”這幾位嘉興人的串聯(lián)延續(xù),后來的“鐵馬秋風(fēng)塞北”與“杏花春雨江南”是不可能經(jīng)緯交織、縱橫捭闔的。更為關(guān)鍵的是,江南七俠雖然武功未臻一流,但絕對(duì)無愧于“為國(guó)為民,俠之大者”的大俠標(biāo)準(zhǔn),正是他們,培養(yǎng)除了一代武林盟主“北俠”郭靖。即使是溫柔嫻靜如程英、陸無雙這樣的嘉興姑娘,也會(huì)為了一份心中縹緲的期待,在南湖畔癡癡地等待,歷霜華而不變,雖憔悴而不改……
1940年,在省里聯(lián)合高中讀書的金庸發(fā)表了一篇“壁報(bào)”文章,他模仿《愛麗絲漫游奇遇記》自稱“阿麗絲”,諷刺當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)民黨派到學(xué)校的訓(xùn)導(dǎo)主任沈乃昌為“眼鏡蛇”,在校師生無不拍手稱快。當(dāng)時(shí)的金庸可謂是“一事能狂便少年”,但是事情的后果卻是非常嚴(yán)重,按照金庸自己的話說:“那是生死系于一線的大難”。國(guó)民黨政府在學(xué)校里實(shí)行嚴(yán)格的思想管控制度,訓(xùn)導(dǎo)主任權(quán)力極大,金庸被勒令退學(xué)開除學(xué)籍,幸虧張印通多方斡旋,最終金庸被轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)到衢州一中繼續(xù)高中學(xué)業(yè)。后來,金庸在嘉興一中90周年校慶時(shí),出資捐建了一座張印通銅像,并在銅像前深深鞠躬,正是對(duì)少年時(shí)代這一事件的感恩與回報(bào)。
金庸的祖上門戶科第鼎盛,當(dāng)時(shí)稱為“一門七進(jìn)士,叔侄五翰林”,被康熙御筆親題“唐宋以來巨族,江南有數(shù)人家”。然而雍正四年(1726年)的一場(chǎng)文字獄“維止案”,查氏家族由盛轉(zhuǎn)衰。金庸在《鹿鼎記》第一回中,詳細(xì)講述了這段家族秘辛,筆下涌動(dòng)的卻是一份驕傲與自豪。這份執(zhí)著敬事、不忘初心的性情,與南湖的精神息息相關(guān)。是南湖畔的求學(xué)與流亡,給了他少年的成長(zhǎng),伴隨他一生的堅(jiān)守。比如,金庸在《東南日本》發(fā)表文章,批判“人比黃花瘦”的“搖尾乞憐”,提出在抗戰(zhàn)的大背景下,一切吟風(fēng)弄月、缺乏戰(zhàn)斗精神的思想都是不可取的。乃至后來令他在香港聲名鵲起的《明報(bào)》社論,以及為香港回歸多方奔走、殫精竭慮,也是延續(xù)了這份俠義的薪火。
大約與《神雕俠侶》故事同時(shí)代的南宋詞人蔣捷《虞美人》詞曰:“少年聽雨歌樓上,紅燭昏羅帳。壯年聽雨客舟中,江闊云低、斷雁叫西風(fēng)。而今聽雨僧廬下,鬢已星星也。悲歡離合總無情,一任階前、點(diǎn)滴到天明?!卑殡S著時(shí)間的流逝,年華老去,但一直未變的是一份濃釅的鄉(xiāng)愁,是那忘不了的家國(guó)情。從少年游學(xué)的初中生,到壯年游世的小說家,再到老年游藝的大師兄,金庸與南湖唇齒相依,從未分離。
所以,在金庸的第一部小說《書劍恩仇錄》中,當(dāng)“鴛鴦刀”駱冰因被捕的愛侶輾轉(zhuǎn)反側(cè),午夜聽雨難眠,心中想起的是嘉興南湖邊最美好的回憶:“當(dāng)年與丈夫新婚后第三日,奉了老當(dāng)家之命,到嘉興府搭救一個(gè)被土豪陷害的寡婦,功成之后,兩人夜半在南湖煙雨樓上飲酒賞雨。”
金庸先生1948年離開故鄉(xiāng),2018年駕鶴西去,寓居香港整整70年,在香江的雨夜里,他寫下:“文泰來手?jǐn)y新婦,刀擊土豪首級(jí),打著節(jié)拍,縱聲高歌,此情此景,寒窗雨聲中都兜上心來?!笨赡欠菘煲舛鞒?、狂歌縱酒的青春,最美的記憶,確實(shí)是和小說里的一樣,在嘉興,在南湖。
這正是:
Louis Cha (1924-2018) is better known by his penname Jin Yong, the author of 15 Wuxia novels. The novels have a widespread following in Chinese-speaking areas at home and abroad. More than 100 million copies of his 15 works have been sold worldwide. The world of kungfu masters is a fantasy that has fascinated one generation of readers after another.
Louis Cha was a native of Haining, a county-level city of Jiaxing, a prefecture-level city in northern Zhejiang. In 1936, he graduated from a primary school in his hometown and enrolled into what is now known as the First Middle School of Jiaxing. The predecessor of the school was a government-sponsored school in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) for those who were preparing themselves for taking imperial examinations at different levels. After the imperial examination system was dropped in 1902, it became a middle school. Then it became Jiaxing Middle School.
In 1937, the Chinese War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in full scale. Haining was bombed frequently as it was close to Shanghai. Louis Cha took classes in the classroom where windows were all blocked by black curtains and in air-raid shelters. Then the school was vacated to Xincheng Town, about 10 kilometers from the school in Jiaxing. It was just the beginning of the long exile of young Louis Cha. As he retreated step by step into the southwest of Zhejiang, he went to middle schools in Lishui and Quzhou respectively. Eventually he ended up in Chongqing, the nations war-time capital in the southwest of China, where he spent a short time studying at a university.
Jin Yong set some of his Wuxia novels in Jiaxing in general and South Lake of Jiaxing in particular. Some most important plots of The Legend of the Condor Heroes are set at the Misty Rain Pavilion on the South Lake. Jin Yong wrote the novel in Hong Kong from 1955 to 1957, so far away from Jiaxing. Jiaxing appears at the beginning of the novel, one of Jin Yongs best known Wuxia stories, thanks to the 59-episode television adaptation screened in 1983 in Hong Kong and later on the mainland. Jiaxing, its natural and cultural beauty, its people, and its past appear in his novel fondly and sentimentally and fuse seamlessly with his imagination and fiction and nostalgia. His description of the views seen from the Misty Rain Pavilion is obvious.ly from the memory of his visit to the South Lake.
From the novel, the reader can easily deduce that Louis Cha was apparently familiar with two unique delicacies of Jiaxing. The water caltrop of the South Lake is special. Unlike other common species with four barbed spines, the water caltrop in the South Lake is relatively round without four 1-cm barbed spines. In the second chapter of The Legend of the Condor Heroes, there is a long description of the South Lake water caltrop. Another unique thing of Jiaxing is Zui Plum. And Louis Cha must have been familiar with the fruit. Zuili was a place where the Yue State and the Wu State staged a fierce battle in a long warr against each other more than 2,000 years ago. What makes the plum fruit different from ordinary species is that it has a light slender scar-like impression on the skin and the scar is said to be the nail impression of Xi Shi the Beauty.
Louis Cha was so obsessed with the South Lake that it appeared in some other novels. He began to serialize The Return of the Condor Heroes in Ming Pao, a newspaper he founded and operated in Hong Kong on January 1, 1957. The novel installments ended on May 19, 1959. The story begins on a lake in Huzhou, a prefecture to the west of Jiaxing. Louis Cha stopped writing novels in 1972. In 1982 he began to modify the novels. In one modification he made in The Return of the Condor Heroes, he reset the beginning of the story at the South Lake of Jiaxing. In The Book and the Sword, the first book Louis Cha wrote and serialized in The New Evening Post in Hong Kong from February 1955 to September 1956, a big part of the story is set in Haining and Jiaxing. In The Deer and the Cauldron, his last Wuxia novel serialized in Ming Pao from October 1969 to September 1972, Jin Yong gave a detailed account of his ancestors who were framed and persecuted in a case in 1726. The Zha family began to come down in the world from then on.