孫雪?王虹?肖雙?柴立杰?楊拓
【摘要】Alarin最早于神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤神經(jīng)節(jié)中發(fā)現(xiàn),它是一種由25個(gè)氨基酸組成的調(diào)節(jié)肽。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Alarin參與人體許多病理生理過(guò)程,與疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。該文綜述了Alarin與冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟?。ü谛牟。?、肥胖癥、糖尿病、抑郁癥等關(guān)系的最新研究進(jìn)展,以及Alarin在血管活性作用、熱調(diào)節(jié)作用、生殖系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)作用、抗菌作用等方面的研究成果。隨著人類(lèi)對(duì)Alarin的逐步了解,推測(cè)Alarin這個(gè)功能復(fù)雜的調(diào)節(jié)肽未來(lái)可在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的疾病研究、藥物治療方面發(fā)揮強(qiáng)大的作用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】Alarin;血管活性肽;冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病;糖尿病;抑郁癥
Research progress on vasoactive peptide Alarin Sun Xue, Wang Hong, Xiao Shuang, Chai Lijie, Yang
Tuo. Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
Corresponding author, Wang Hong, E-mail: wanghong3721@ 163. com
【Abstract】Alarin was first identified in the gangliocytes of neuroblastic tumors, which is a regulatory peptide composed of 25 amino acids. Current research has found that Alarin is involved in many pathophysiological processes in the human body and is closely associated with the occurrence and development of diseases. In this article, the latest research progress on the relationship between Alarin and coronary heart disease, obesity, diabetes mellitus and depression, and the vasoactive, thermoregulatory, reproductive system, antibacterial effect of Alarin was reviewed. With the gradual understanding of Alarin, it is speculated that Alarin, a complex regulatory peptide, is likely to play a significant role in disease research and drug treatment in the field of medicine.
【Key words】Alarin;Vasoactive peptide;Coronary heart disease;Diabetes mellitus;Depression
甘丙肽家族目前有4位成員:甘丙肽、甘丙肽信息相關(guān)肽、甘丙肽樣肽和Alarin,Alarin是甘丙肽樣肽mRNA序列的第3外顯子被排除而獲得的多肽。靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)與嚙齒類(lèi)動(dòng)物Alarin的序列統(tǒng)一性僅有60%,猜測(cè)Alarin可能是進(jìn)化的新因子。Alarin的作用似乎是特殊Alarin受體介導(dǎo)的,而不與同源性甘丙肽競(jìng)爭(zhēng)甘丙肽受體。Alarin在下丘腦不同核團(tuán)及組織器官的表達(dá)奠定了它多種功能的基礎(chǔ),如參與復(fù)雜炎癥反應(yīng)、調(diào)節(jié)食物攝入、參與能量代謝、抗抑郁,還具有血管活性、參與生殖調(diào)節(jié)、抗菌等作用,本文對(duì)其與冠心病、肥胖癥、糖尿病、抑郁癥等疾病的關(guān)系作一綜述。
一、Alarin與冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟?。ü谛牟。?/p>
目前很多研究均認(rèn)為Alarin與冠心病具有相關(guān)性。在微血管小動(dòng)脈、小靜脈以及較大血管的平滑肌細(xì)胞層中均有Alarin的表達(dá),冠心病發(fā)病機(jī)制的各個(gè)學(xué)說(shuō)均認(rèn)為平滑肌細(xì)胞參與其中,在冠心病動(dòng)脈斑塊破裂,平滑肌細(xì)胞遷移、增殖、損傷的同時(shí),循環(huán)Alarin的水平受其影響。多種炎癥因子與冠心病的關(guān)系成為當(dāng)前研究熱點(diǎn),甘丙肽家族中的成員包括Alarin都密切參與了多種炎癥過(guò)程的調(diào)控,Alarin作為一種新型炎癥因子,也參與了冠心病的發(fā)生與發(fā)展[1]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瘦素及其他很多飲食調(diào)控因子與冠心病均有相關(guān)性,另外一項(xiàng)研究也認(rèn)為代謝綜合征患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變進(jìn)展速度更快,Alarin是已知調(diào)節(jié)食物攝取的因子,也參與了冠心病的過(guò)程[2-3]。
戴紅艷等[4]研究表明,冠心病患者血漿Alarin水平高于健康對(duì)照組,Alarin水平與冠心病病變的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),隨冠心病病變支數(shù)、冠狀動(dòng)脈病變積分(Gensini積分)的升高,Alarin水平明顯升高。但AMI患者與穩(wěn)定性心絞痛患者Alarin水平比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。有研究聯(lián)合脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2、YKL-40、胱抑素C(CysC)、高敏-CPR(hs-CPR)等炎癥因子研究冠心病患者血漿Alarin水平,結(jié)果也證實(shí)冠心病病情嚴(yán)重程度與Alarin具有相關(guān)性,且Alarin表達(dá)水平與hs-CPR呈明顯正相關(guān)[5-6]。賈二娟[5]將冠心病患者進(jìn)行Killip分級(jí),結(jié)果顯示隨患者心功能的惡化,血漿Alarin水平具有升高趨勢(shì)。
但是目前關(guān)于對(duì)Alarin的研究?jī)H限于其與冠心病具有相關(guān)性,具體作用機(jī)制、與冠心病預(yù)后的關(guān)系仍未知,Alarin在將來(lái)有可能成為同CysC、hs-CPR等用于判斷冠心病患者疾病嚴(yán)重程度、推測(cè)預(yù)后的重要炎癥指標(biāo)。
有研究者認(rèn)為Alarin的抗抑郁作用機(jī)制可能是恢復(fù)了TrkB受體介導(dǎo)的ERK和AKT信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路(TrkB-雷帕霉素)的活性。Alarin作用于TrkB受體,可以提高ERK和AKT水平,進(jìn)而增加雷帕霉素及其下游信號(hào)核糖體蛋白S6激酶和真核起始因子4E結(jié)合蛋白1調(diào)節(jié)蛋白的活性,最終加快突觸可塑性所需的突觸后密度蛋白95和突觸前蛋白突觸素I等突觸蛋白的翻譯,改善突觸可塑性,發(fā)揮抗抑郁作用[21-22]。Alarin還可以使小鼠前額葉皮層和海馬的腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子mRNA表達(dá)上調(diào),BDNF可以通過(guò)激活ERK信號(hào)通路使下游的cAMP反應(yīng)結(jié)合原件蛋白(CREB)的表達(dá),CREB也能參與突觸的形成,進(jìn)而改善抑郁樣癥狀。
七、Alarin與生殖系統(tǒng)
Alarin對(duì)生殖系統(tǒng)也有調(diào)節(jié)作用。在雄性大鼠體內(nèi)注射Alarin,對(duì)其性行為沒(méi)有影響,但Alarin能顯著提高大鼠的黃體生成素(LH)水平,研究者還發(fā)現(xiàn)藍(lán)斑內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)Alarin免疫反應(yīng),其可參與調(diào)節(jié)飲食攝取及生殖等生理活動(dòng)。予大鼠靜脈注射Alarin也可顯著增加LH水平,目前認(rèn)為此結(jié)果是Alarin通過(guò)對(duì)下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸的調(diào)節(jié)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)向大鼠側(cè)腦室注射Alarin可以顯著刺激大鼠LH的分泌,注射氨基末端缺失的肽片段Ala3-25對(duì)LH水平?jīng)]有影響,注射氨基末端缺失的肽片段Ala6-25Cys可以降低血漿LH水平。可見(jiàn)Alarin的氨基末端對(duì)其調(diào)節(jié)LH的分泌至關(guān)重要。
八、Alarin的抗菌活性
研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)Alarin可通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞膜出血對(duì)大腸埃希菌等革蘭陰性菌產(chǎn)生抗菌活性,但是目前認(rèn)為它對(duì)革蘭陽(yáng)性菌無(wú)任何抗菌效果,推測(cè)Alarin 肽鏈的氨基末端對(duì)其發(fā)揮抗菌作用十分重要,但具體作用機(jī)制尚待研究[23]。
九、Alarin與其他
定量PCR檢測(cè)到Alarin mRNA在人類(lèi)眼組織如視網(wǎng)膜和脈絡(luò)膜的表達(dá),且在視網(wǎng)膜血管及固有脈絡(luò)膜神經(jīng)元的周?chē)磉_(dá)較強(qiáng)。推測(cè)Alarin可能與免疫防御、眼部血流的調(diào)節(jié)、房水產(chǎn)生相關(guān),具有保護(hù)眼健康的作用[24]。最新發(fā)現(xiàn),Alarin在腸上皮中多分布于腸內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞和Paneth細(xì)胞中,可能參與不同的生理過(guò)程[25]。Alarin在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的某些腫瘤如室管膜瘤和脈絡(luò)叢腫瘤中也存在高表達(dá),目前不除外Alarin參與腫瘤的發(fā)生。Santic等(2006年)提出在未分化神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤組織中未發(fā)現(xiàn)Alarin的免疫反應(yīng)及mRNA表達(dá),認(rèn)為Alarin是神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤組織中神經(jīng)節(jié)分化程度的標(biāo)志,可能成為預(yù)測(cè)疾病嚴(yán)重程度及預(yù)后的新指標(biāo)。
十、展 望
目前研究?jī)H限于證實(shí)Alarin與多種疾病具有相關(guān)性,但對(duì)其復(fù)雜的病理生理機(jī)制了解甚少,有待進(jìn)一步研究。Alarin氨基末端結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)其活性的影響至關(guān)重要,Alarin的拮抗劑Ala6-25Cys可以幫助我們進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)Alarin及其特異性受體,它們?cè)谏矬w各類(lèi)疾病的潛在靶點(diǎn)與治療方面密切相關(guān),可能具有重要的生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究?jī)r(jià)值。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
[1] 王建旗, 史旭波, 馬長(zhǎng)生, 袁彪.炎癥預(yù)測(cè)和預(yù)防動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心血管事件的研究進(jìn)展.心血管病學(xué)進(jìn)展,2018,39(5):687-690.
[2] 湯磊樂(lè), 黃卓山, 董睿敏, 溫哲琦, 陳璘. 代謝綜合征及其成分對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈病變進(jìn)展的作用. 新醫(yī)學(xué),2017,48(5):332-337.
[3] Pan WW,Myers MG . Leptin and the maintenance of elevated body weight. Nat Rev Neurosci,2018,19(2):95-105.
[4] 戴紅艷, 邢明青, 孫文娟, 王守東, 丁華民.冠心病患者血漿Alarin水平變化及其與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變嚴(yán)重程度的關(guān)系.中國(guó)動(dòng)脈硬化雜志,2014,22(6):574-578.
[5] 賈二娟. 冠心病病人血漿Lp-PLA2、YKL-40、Alarin、CysC的表達(dá)及意義. 中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心腦血管病雜志,2018,16(6):776-778.
[6] 李祥. 冠心病患者血漿Alarin水平變化及其與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變嚴(yán)重程度的關(guān)系.中外醫(yī)學(xué)研究,2015,13(28):65-66.
[7] 王凱興,高麗,崔艷. Alarin對(duì)心血管功能的影響.心臟雜志,2016,28(6):666-670.
[8] Wang Q, Deng FX, Zhu DW. Superoxide anions modulate the effects of alarin in the paraventricular nucleus on sympathetic activity and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.Neuropeptides,2020,80(10):2021-2029.
[9] 張利,戴紅艷,孫文娟,于普艷,丁華民,曲彥.肥胖癥病人空腹血漿alarin水平及其相關(guān)因素分析.齊魯醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2014,29(4):320-322.
[10] 李曼琴,李驕陽(yáng),謝麗. 循環(huán)Alarin在肥胖兒童中的水平及與胰島素抵抗的相關(guān)性. 中國(guó)當(dāng)代兒科雜志,2019,21(10): 983-986.
[11] 焦倩,黎艷,袁早送,李艷紅,李莉.初診2型糖尿病患者血漿Alarin水平及其與糖脂代謝、胰島素抵抗的關(guān)系.廣西醫(yī)學(xué),2019,41(23):2961-2964.
[12] Fang X, Zhang T, Yang M, Li L, Zhang C, Hu W, Fan X, Liu H, Zhu Z, Liu D, Zheng H, Gu H, Liu R, Yang G. High circulating alarin levels are associated with presence of metabolic syndrome. Cell Physiol Biochem,2018,51(5):2041-2051.
[13] Hu W, Fan X, Zhou B, Li L, Tian B, Fang X, Xu X, Liu H, Yang G, Liu Y. Circulating alarin concentrations are high in patients with type 2 diabetes and increased by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment: an consort-compliant study. Medicine,2019,98(28):e16428.
[14] Guo L, Fang P, Yu M, Shi M, Bo P, Zhang Z. Central alarin ameliorated insulin resistance of adipocytes in type 2 diabetic rats. J Endocrinol,2014,223(3):217-225.
[15] Zhang Z, Wu Y, Sheng S, Guo L, He B, Fang P, Shi M, Bo P, Zhu Y. Intracerebroventricular injection of alarin increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. PLoS One,2015,10(10):e0139327.
[16] Mikó A, Balla P, Tenk J, Balaskó M, Soós S, Székely M,
Brunner S, Kofler B, Pétervári E. Thermoregulatory effect of alarin, a new member of the galanin peptide family. Temper-ature,2014,1(1):51-56.
[17] Roth J. A paradoxical role for alarin in the nervous control of energy homeostasis and thermoregulation: orexigenic but hypermetabolic. Temperature,2014,2(1):49-50.
[18] Tyczewska M, Milecka P, Szyszka M, Celichowski P, Jopek K, Komarowska H, Malendowicz LK, Ruciński M. Expression profile of Galp, alarin and their receptors in rat adrenal gland.Adv Clin Exp Med, 2019, 28(6):737-746.
[19] Wang M, Chen Q, Li M, Zhou W, Ma TF, Wang Y, Gu S. Alarin-induced antidepressant-like effects and their relationship with hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in mice.Peptides,2014,56:163-172.
[20] Zhuang F, Zhou X, Gao X, Lou D, Bi X, Qin S, Sun C, Ye P, Wang Y, Ma T, Li M, Gu S. Cytokines and glucocorticoid receptors are associated with the antidepressant-like effect of alarin. Peptides,2016,76:115-129.
[21] Wang M, Zhou W, Zhou X, Zhuang F, Chen Q, Li M, Ma T, Gu S. Antidepressant-like effects of alarin produced by activation of TrkB receptor signaling pathways in chronic stress mice. Behav Brain Res,2015,280:128-140.
[22] Zhuang F, Li M, Gao X, Wang Y, Wang D, Ma X, Ma T, Gu S. The antidepressant-like effect of alarin is related to TrkB-mTOR signaling and synaptic plasticity.Behav Brain Res,2016,313:158-171.
[23] Wada A, Wong PF, Hojo H, Hasegawa M, Ichinose A, Llanes R, Kubo Y, Senba M, Ichinose Y. Alarin but not its alternative-splicing form,GALP (Galanin-like peptide) has antimicrobial activity. Biochemical and biophysical research communications,2013,434(2):223-227.
[24] Schr?dl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Bruckner D, Krefft K, Kofler B, Brandtner H, Reitsamer HA. Alarin in cranial autonomic ganglia of human and rat. Exp Eye Res,2015,131:63-68.
[25] Jabari S, Schr?dl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Kofler B, Brehmer A. Alarin in different human intestinal epithelial cell types. Histochem Cell Biol,2019,151(6):513-520.
(收稿日期:2020-07-01)
(本文編輯:楊江瑜)