趙穩(wěn)?汪延生?王小凡?周霞?湯萍?徐軍?劉明
【摘要】目的 探討乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)、腫瘤標志物與肺泡蛋白沉著癥(PAP)患者病情嚴重程度的關系。方法 收集57例PAP患者的臨床資料,分析血清LDH水平與肺功能指標、血清LDH水平與腫瘤標志物、腫瘤標志物與疾病嚴重程度評分(DSS)的相關性。結果 PAP患者血清LDH水平與PaO2(r = -0.42,P = 0.001)、一氧化碳彌散(r = -0.73,P < 0.001)、FEV1 (r = -0.40,P = 0.004)呈負相關。PAP患者的神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(NSE)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、癌抗原153(CA153)和細胞角蛋白19片段CYFRA21-1均高于正常上限(P均< 0.05)。PAP患者的NSE(rs = 0.39,P = 0.003)、CEA(rs = 0.55,P < 0.001)、CA153(rs = 0.48,P < 0.001)、CYFRA21-1(rs = 0.44,P = 0.001)水平與DSS均呈正相關。結論 PAP患者血清中LDH與肺功能指標呈負相關,腫瘤標志物NSE、CEA、CA153和CYFRA21-1升高并與病情嚴重程度呈正相關,LDH和腫瘤標志物水平可能反映了PAP患者的病情嚴重程度。
【關鍵詞】肺泡蛋白沉著癥;乳酸脫氫酶;腫瘤標志物;疾病嚴重程度評分
Correlation between lactate dehydrogenase, tumor markers and the severity of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Zhao Wen, Wang Yansheng, Wang Xiaofan, Zhou Xia, Tang Ping, Xu Jun, Liu Ming. Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
Corresponding author, Liu Ming, E-mail: mingliu128@ hotmail. com
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the correlation between lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tumor markers and the severity of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Methods Clinical data of 57 PAP patients were retrospectively analyzed. The correlation between serum LDH level and pulmonary function, serum LDH level and tumor markers, and tumor markers and disease severity score (DSS) were analyzed. Results In PAP patients, the serum level of LDH was negatively correlated with PaO2 (r = -0.42, P = 0.001), carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) (r = -0.73, P < 0.001) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (r = -0.40, P = 0.004), respectively. In PAP patients, the neuron-specific enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 153 (CA153) and CYFRA21-1 were significantly higher than the upper limits (all P < 0.05). The NSE(rs = 0.39, P = 0.001), CEA (rs = 0.55, P < 0.001), CA153 (rs = 0.48, P < 0.001) and CYFRA21-1 (rs = 0.44, P = 0.001) were positively correlated with DSS. Conclusions The serum level of LDH is negatively correlated with lung function indexes in PAP patients. The serum levels tumor makers such as of NSE, CEA, CA153 and CYFRA21-1 are significantly elevated and positively correlated with the severity of the disease in PAP patients. LDH and tumor makers can reflect the severity of PAP.
【Key words】Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis;Lactate dehydrogenase;Tumor marker;
Disease severity score
肺泡蛋白沉著癥(PAP)最早報道于1958年,是一種罕見的、以表面活性脂質和蛋白質在肺泡內異常聚集的、引起呼吸功能不全的綜合征。該病主要影響中年人,男女發(fā)病率約為2∶1,主要表現(xiàn)為咳嗽、進行性勞累性呼吸困難等。血液中腫瘤標志物通常是應用單克隆抗體檢測的糖蛋白,可用于腫瘤輔助診斷、評估腫瘤治療反應和監(jiān)測腫瘤復發(fā)等。既往研究顯示,PAP患者外周血中腫瘤標志物水平明顯升高,腫瘤標志物水平可能反映疾病的嚴重程度[1]。不同腫瘤標志物在PAP患者中的表達水平可能不一樣,其作用在PAP患者也會有差異。為此,本研究回顧性分析4種腫瘤標志物在PAP患者的表達情況,現(xiàn)報告如下。
對象與方法
一、研究對象
2010年9月至2018年9月在廣州醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院和深圳大學總醫(yī)院住院的57例PAP患者,均經(jīng)肺泡灌洗液、高分辨率CT(HRCT)和(或)組織病理學確診為PAP,并排除合并感染、特發(fā)性肺纖維化、肺氣腫、肺結核和腫瘤者。所有患者在入院時已經(jīng)簽署知情同意書。
二、研究方法
收集所有患者的醫(yī)療記錄?;颊哔Y料包括完整的病史、體格檢查、血氣分析、血常規(guī)、血清生化、HRCT檢查。
三、肺功能檢查
所用患者入院后用德國耶格綜合檢測系統(tǒng)進行肺功能檢測,患者肺功能測定包括FEV1、一氧化碳彌散量(DLCO)。
四、血清腫瘤標志物檢測
入院時使用自動電化學發(fā)光免疫測定系統(tǒng)檢測患者血清中腫瘤標志物水平,正常上限神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(NSE)25 μg/L、癌胚抗原(CEA)5.0 μg/L、癌抗原153(CA153)35.0 kU/L、細胞角蛋白19片段CYFRA21-1 3.3 μg/L。
五、疾病嚴重程度評分(DSS)
根據(jù)患者入院后血氣分析中PaO2和有無癥狀評估DSS:1分為無癥狀且PaO2≥70 mm Hg,2分為有癥狀且PaO2≥70 mm Hg,3分為60 mm Hg≤PaO2 < 70 mm Hg,4分為50 mm Hg≤PaO2 < 60 mm Hg[2-3]。
六、統(tǒng)計學處理
使用SPSS 20.0分析數(shù)據(jù),GraphPad Prism 5繪圖。正態(tài)分布的計量資料以表示,組間比較采用單樣本t檢驗和獨立樣本t檢驗;非正態(tài)分布的計量資料以中位數(shù)(下四分位數(shù),上四分位數(shù))表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗。計數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,無序分類資料采用χ2檢驗或Fisher確切概率法,等級資料采用秩和檢驗。正態(tài)分布連續(xù)變量相關性采用Pearson相關分析,等級資料相關性采用Spearman秩相關分析。P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
結果
一、男性與女性PAP患者的一般情況及臨床特征比較
57例PAP患者中男32例、女25例,年齡20 ~ 67歲,發(fā)病時最常見的癥狀為氣促、咳嗽,少數(shù)患者查體可有Velcro音。男性PAP患者中吸煙者比例高于女性,男性PAP患者肺功能DLCO也低于女性(P均< 0.05),見表1。
二、PAP患者血清LDH水平與PAP患者肺功能指標的相關性分析
PAP患者LDH水平與PaO2(r = -0.42,P = 0.001)、DLCO(r = -0.73,P < 0.001)、FEV1(r = -0.40,P = 0.004)均呈負相關,見圖1。
三、PAP患者外周血腫瘤標志物水平與正常上限的比較
57例患者均行外周血腫瘤標志物檢測,以腫瘤標志物的正常上限為對照值,結果顯示PAP患者腫瘤標志物NSE[(32.9±5.9)μg/L vs. 25.0 μg/L,
P = 0.013]、CEA[(11.0±6.7)μg/L vs. 5.0 μg/L,P < 0.001]、CA153[(84.8±75.2)kU/L vs. 35.0 kU/L,P < 0.001]、CYFRA21-1[(16.8±14.3)μg/L vs. 3.3 μg/L,P < 0.001]均高于正常上限,見圖2。
四、PAP患者腫瘤標志物水平與DSS的相關性分析
57例PAP患者中,DSS 1分8例、2分18例、3分17例、4分14例,NSE(rs = 0.39,P = 0.003)、CEA(rs = 0.55,P < 0.001)、CA153(rs = 0.48,P < 0.001)、CYFRA21-1(rs = 0.44,P = 0.001)水平與DSS均呈正相關,見圖3。
討論
PAP是一種病因未明的少見疾病[4]。本研究顯示,PAP患者發(fā)病時最常見的癥狀為氣促、咳嗽,少數(shù)患者查體可有Velcro音,男性PAP患者中吸煙者比例高于女性,男性PAP患者肺功能DLCO也低于女性。由于PAP患者臨床癥狀不典型,診斷主要依據(jù)HRCT和支氣管肺泡灌洗或經(jīng)纖維支氣管鏡肺活組織檢查,但有關PAP患者病情進展的監(jiān)測指標尚未明確。LDH在胞漿內含量豐富,當細胞受損或死亡時可釋放至細胞外。本研究中,患者血清LDH與肺功能指標PaO2、DLCO、FEV1均呈負相關,與既往報道相符[5]。
腫瘤標志物NSE、CEA、CA153、CYFRA21-1有助于腫瘤患者的診斷和預后監(jiān)測[6-7]。近年研究顯示,腫瘤標志物在腫瘤以外的其他疾病中也會升高,可反映疾病的嚴重程度[8-9]。Hirakata等(1995年)首先在6例PAP患者血清中發(fā)現(xiàn)CEA、CYFRA21-1升高,F(xiàn)ang等[1]在34例PAP患者血清中發(fā)現(xiàn)了NSE、鱗狀細胞癌抗原(SCC)明顯升高。本研究中,腫瘤標志物NSE、CEA、CA153、CYFRA21-1在PAP患者外周血中均高于正常上限,提示這些腫瘤標志物可能與PAP患者病情有關。DSS是依據(jù)患者存在的癥狀和PaO2降低程度進行評分[3]。研究顯示,DSS可反映PAP患者的病情嚴重程度,DSS評分越高,PAP患者病情越嚴重[8]。本研究中,PAP患者血清中NSE、CEA、CYFRA21-1升高,并均與DSS相關,因此NSE、CEA、CYFRA21-1可能反映疾病嚴重程度,這與既往研究結果一致[1, 10-11]。本研究還顯示,CA153在PAP患者中升高,并可能反映病情嚴重程度,這并未見其他研究報道。
腫瘤標志物在PAP患者外周血中升高的原因尚不清楚??赡芤驗镻AP發(fā)病機制涉及肺泡上皮細胞損傷及修復,肺泡上皮細胞是肌成纖維細胞的重要來源[12]?;罨姆闻萆掀ぜ毎湍技难仔约毎舍尫艔娦Ъ毎蜃尤鏣NF-α、TGF-β和IFN-γ等[13-15]。這些炎癥因子通過獨立的信號途徑誘導表位過度表達,過表達的表位可能導致血清腫瘤標志物水平升高[16-17]。另外,PAP根據(jù)其發(fā)病機制可分為原發(fā)性、繼發(fā)性和先天性,不同類別PAP的腫瘤標志物是否一致在本研究未能進行區(qū)分,這將在日后進一步研究中確定。
綜上所述,PAP患者血清中LDH與肺功能指標呈負相關,腫瘤標志物NSE、CEA、CA153和CYFRA21-1升高并與病情嚴重程度呈正相關,LDH和腫瘤標志物水平可能反映了PAP患者的病情嚴重程度。
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(收稿日期:2020-03-02)
(本文編輯:林燕薇)