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非穩(wěn)定抗阻訓(xùn)練方法的釋義、結(jié)構(gòu)功能與應(yīng)用辨析

2020-12-23 06:53徐菁曾錦樹吳潤帆王國宇馬國東徐飛
關(guān)鍵詞:力量

徐菁 曾錦樹 吳潤帆 王國宇 馬國東 徐飛

The Interpretation, Structural Functionand Application Analysis of Instability Resistance Training

XU Jing 1, ZENG Jin-shu 1, WU Run-fan 1, WANG Guo-yu 2, MA Guo-dong 2, XU Fei 1

摘 要: 傳統(tǒng)抗阻訓(xùn)練因過于強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)展大肌肉群力量而忽視深層小肌肉群訓(xùn)練,難以滿足運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的需求。功能性訓(xùn)練通過增加“不穩(wěn)定性”以提高脊柱和骨盆穩(wěn)定性,以彌補(bǔ)傳統(tǒng)抗阻訓(xùn)練的不足,但難以解決訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度問題。近年來,通過構(gòu)建不穩(wěn)定支撐條件下結(jié)合抗阻訓(xùn)練的“非穩(wěn)定抗阻訓(xùn)練”方法被提出,已逐漸應(yīng)用于體能訓(xùn)練和康復(fù)領(lǐng)域。文章通過對(duì)非穩(wěn)定抗阻訓(xùn)練的方法釋義,在分析其原理、辨析其結(jié)構(gòu)功能的基礎(chǔ)上,綜述其應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練脫胎于功能訓(xùn)練,是方法的改良。其在強(qiáng)調(diào)訓(xùn)練動(dòng)作整合和“動(dòng)力鏈”的功能基礎(chǔ)上,采用更接近于專項(xiàng)練習(xí)和(或)提高訓(xùn)練難度的形式,以提高訓(xùn)練效率和效果。持續(xù)的非穩(wěn)定抗阻訓(xùn)練對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)有正向促進(jìn)作用,中等程度的非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練是安全有效的刺激方式。激活核心肌肉、增強(qiáng)主動(dòng)肌和拮抗肌之間的協(xié)調(diào)性、提高肌肉本體感覺是非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練提高運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的重要生理基礎(chǔ)。

關(guān)鍵詞: 非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練;核心肌力訓(xùn)練;運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn);力量;姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定;平衡能力

中圖分類號(hào):G808

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

文章編號(hào):1008-2808(2020)06-0078-08

Abstract:

Traditional resistance training (RT) places too much emphasis on promoting large muscle strength and ignoring deep small muscle training, which is difficult to meet the demand of sports training. Functional training (FT) improves stability of the spine and pelvis by adding ‘instability to remedy the shortcomings of traditional RT, but it is hard to promote training intensity. In recent years, the method of ‘Instability Resistance Training (IRT) combined with RT under unstable conditions has been proposed, and it gradually applied in the field of strength and conditioning training and rehabilitation. Through the interpretation of IRT method, the authors summarize its application research progress according to its principle and distinguish the structure and function. The results show that IRT is derived from FT and is an improving method. Based on emphasizing the integration of training special actions and the function of ‘kinetic chain, it adopts a form that is closer to special training and/or increases the training difficulty to improve training efficiency and the effectiveness. In addition, continuous IRT has a positive effect on sports performance. Moderate IRT is an effective and safe training method. Besides that, activating core muscles, enhancing coordination between active muscles and antagonistic muscles, and improving muscle proprioception are the important physiological foundations for IRT to improve sport performance.

Key words:

Instability resistance training;Core strength training; Sport performance;Strength; Posture control; Balance

傳統(tǒng)抗阻訓(xùn)練因過于強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)展大肌肉群力量,缺乏深層小肌肉群的針對(duì)性訓(xùn)練,不利于核心穩(wěn)定性的發(fā)展和動(dòng)力鏈整體力量的發(fā)揮,已難以滿足運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的需求,所以核心力量訓(xùn)練的重要性突顯。核心力量訓(xùn)練是功能訓(xùn)練的一種重要表現(xiàn)形式和手段,能彌補(bǔ)傳統(tǒng)力量訓(xùn)練方法功能單一的不足,在訓(xùn)練和康復(fù)等領(lǐng)域被廣泛應(yīng)用。功能訓(xùn)練的本質(zhì)主要在于增加了“不穩(wěn)定因素”,有利于提高脊柱和骨盆穩(wěn)定性、改善技術(shù)動(dòng)作穩(wěn)定性、提高姿勢(shì)控制和平衡能力。近年來,在功能訓(xùn)練的“不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)”基礎(chǔ)上,出現(xiàn)了一種結(jié)合自重或負(fù)重抗阻訓(xùn)練的新方法,被稱為“非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練”(Instability Resistance Training, IRT),逐漸應(yīng)用于體能訓(xùn)練和康復(fù)領(lǐng)域。但因?yàn)樵摲椒ㄒM(jìn)國內(nèi)的時(shí)間較短,“非穩(wěn)定”和“抗阻負(fù)荷”兩大特征與訓(xùn)練效果的關(guān)系以及科學(xué)原理等都缺乏系統(tǒng)研究。所以本文在解析非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練方法的基礎(chǔ)上,分析其結(jié)構(gòu)功能并梳理了相關(guān)應(yīng)用研究的進(jìn)展,以期為運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練和損傷預(yù)防等方面提供參考。

1 非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練方法釋義

支撐面穩(wěn)定性改變、動(dòng)作對(duì)稱性失衡、出現(xiàn)預(yù)期外的外力造成機(jī)體內(nèi)部或外部力量失衡等都會(huì)造成“非穩(wěn)定”狀態(tài)。從訓(xùn)練手段角度而言,可通過專業(yè)器材,如平衡板(Wobble Boards)、瑞士球或BOSU球、懸掛鏈(Suspended Chains)、泡沫軸(Foam Rollers)以及彈力帶(Bands)等實(shí)施非穩(wěn)定訓(xùn)練? [1] 。此外,利用雪地、水、沙地和礫石等也可以構(gòu)建非穩(wěn)定訓(xùn)練的條件? [2] 。綜上,利用各種條件構(gòu)建的不穩(wěn)定支撐面,結(jié)合對(duì)抗阻力(外部阻力或自重阻力),用于調(diào)動(dòng)軀干深層肌肉、加強(qiáng)核心肌肉力量和姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定性(平衡能力)的訓(xùn)練方法,統(tǒng)稱為非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練(IRT)? [2-4] ,如圖1所示。

非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練(IRT)一般應(yīng)用于運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)和增強(qiáng)體能,主要通過構(gòu)建非穩(wěn)定條件(包括特異性器械)結(jié)合傳統(tǒng)抗阻訓(xùn)練和自重訓(xùn)練等方式。盡管運(yùn)動(dòng)員在力量訓(xùn)練中能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)大力量的抗阻訓(xùn)練,但實(shí)際運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中因?yàn)榉€(wěn)定狀態(tài)被破壞,造成大力量抗阻訓(xùn)練所獲得的能力難以發(fā)揮。而因?yàn)楹诵牧α康娜狈?,在不穩(wěn)定情況下容易導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈的破壞,四肢肌肉承受壓力增大而出現(xiàn)代償動(dòng)作,導(dǎo)致受傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。因此,通過非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練方法,提高機(jī)體對(duì)不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的適應(yīng)性和軀干穩(wěn)定性,可能有利于增強(qiáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)。但該方法引進(jìn)國內(nèi)的時(shí)間較短,在其結(jié)構(gòu)功能理論和實(shí)際應(yīng)用方面還需要系統(tǒng)梳理。

2 非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練的結(jié)構(gòu)功能與科學(xué)原理

2.1 結(jié)構(gòu)功能

基于“系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)決定系統(tǒng)功能”視角,非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練的特定功能訴求決定了訓(xùn)練目標(biāo)和內(nèi)容,進(jìn)而決定了訓(xùn)練實(shí)施的客觀性。那么,非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練主要包括什么樣結(jié)構(gòu)功能和功能性訴求呢?從概念界定而言,非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)調(diào)的是不穩(wěn)定表面、阻力負(fù)荷、軀干部位深層肌肉激活、姿勢(shì)控制(平衡)等核心內(nèi)容(見表1)。

應(yīng)明確的是,非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練不是理論的創(chuàng)新,而是方法的改良。其脫胎于功能訓(xùn)練,在強(qiáng)調(diào)訓(xùn)練動(dòng)作、動(dòng)作的整合和“動(dòng)力鏈”的功能基礎(chǔ)之上,采用更接近于專項(xiàng)練習(xí)和(或)提高訓(xùn)練難度的形式,以提高訓(xùn)練效率和效果。所以其結(jié)構(gòu)功能,對(duì)內(nèi),主要目的是穩(wěn)定性、協(xié)調(diào)性和抗阻負(fù)荷之間的統(tǒng)一;而對(duì)外,主要目的是提高軀干、核心肌肉的激活、提高肌肉在非穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下的力量與耐力、達(dá)到更好地控制姿勢(shì)的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡能力(見圖2)。所以,非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練需要在核心概念基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)核心穩(wěn)定性,以及從上述結(jié)構(gòu)功能方面為訓(xùn)練和康復(fù)提供有效的方法指導(dǎo)。

2.2 科學(xué)原理

傳統(tǒng)的抗阻訓(xùn)練發(fā)展力量素質(zhì),主要是通過增加肌肉橫截面積和提高神經(jīng)肌肉協(xié)調(diào)性來實(shí)現(xiàn)力量增加? [5] 。在完成運(yùn)動(dòng)技術(shù)和發(fā)力過程中,核心肌群的重要作用在于向四肢傳遞力量形成有序的“動(dòng)力鏈”,動(dòng)力鏈的形成也有利于募集軀干深層肌肉穩(wěn)定支撐并參與運(yùn)動(dòng)。構(gòu)建非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練條件后(見圖1),完成動(dòng)作/負(fù)荷時(shí)實(shí)際上是完

成不對(duì)稱的抗阻負(fù)荷,這會(huì)導(dǎo)致身體力矩變小? [3,6-7] 。而非對(duì)稱的肩上推舉和臥推比穩(wěn)定條件下的訓(xùn)練更容易激活后背部豎脊肌(P<0.05)? [8] 。已證實(shí),中度負(fù)荷的非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練對(duì)核心和四肢肌肉的激活程度顯著高于傳統(tǒng)抗阻訓(xùn)練(P<0.05),所以觀察到非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練過程中即使肌肉產(chǎn)生相對(duì)較小的力量或爆發(fā)力,也能保證快、慢肌纖維的有效激活? [9] 。

在專項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)技術(shù)中,單塊或單關(guān)節(jié)肌肉幾乎不可能完成動(dòng)作,所以機(jī)體穩(wěn)定性訓(xùn)練的重要性和必要性就突顯出來。對(duì)個(gè)人健康和功能表現(xiàn)而言,核心肌肉的激活與肌肉協(xié)調(diào)性同樣重要,甚至更重要? [3] 。但各運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目的技術(shù)動(dòng)作很多都是單側(cè)形式,而且很少以穩(wěn)定慢速發(fā)力(功率輸出)為主。所以,從實(shí)踐角度而言,非穩(wěn)定性和非對(duì)稱性的抗阻訓(xùn)練比對(duì)稱性和穩(wěn)定性的抗阻訓(xùn)練有更好的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,所以個(gè)體需在盡量接近實(shí)戰(zhàn)的非穩(wěn)定環(huán)境中進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練? [10] 。

在非穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下,軀干穩(wěn)定的深層肌肉(腹橫肌、多裂肌等)會(huì)對(duì)姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定做出預(yù)期性的調(diào)整,主要是通過調(diào)節(jié)軀干穩(wěn)定肌肉和四肢運(yùn)動(dòng)肌肉的激活程度來實(shí)現(xiàn)? [11-12] ,現(xiàn)有證據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),在非穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下,運(yùn)動(dòng)肌肉的激活程度顯著低于軀干穩(wěn)定肌? [13-14] 。所以當(dāng)軀干穩(wěn)定肌呈現(xiàn)明顯的反射延遲時(shí),運(yùn)動(dòng)員腰背部損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增加? [15] 。此外,針對(duì)肌肉本體感覺的訓(xùn)練(姿勢(shì)控制、技術(shù)訓(xùn)練等)可以提高肌肉傳入神經(jīng)反饋信號(hào)的靈敏度? [16-17] ,從而顯著提高軀干穩(wěn)定肌的激活程度? [18] 。所以核心肌群的有效激活可能是非穩(wěn)定性狀態(tài)下能夠提高運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的重要生理機(jī)制。

非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練利用不穩(wěn)定表面,通過加強(qiáng)主動(dòng)肌和拮抗肌同步收縮來維持肢體平衡,從而達(dá)到保護(hù)和加強(qiáng)關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定的效果? [19] 。肌肉同步收縮過程中,肌肉反應(yīng)時(shí)縮短、對(duì)四肢肌肉的控制增強(qiáng),關(guān)節(jié)硬度(Joint Stiffness)提高以并保證身體姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定? [20- 21] 。綜上,除提高核心部位肌肉激活程度外,增強(qiáng)姿勢(shì)控制和平衡穩(wěn)定性有關(guān)主動(dòng)肌和拮抗肌之間的協(xié)調(diào)也是非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練的重要生理機(jī)制? [22] 。

3 非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練的應(yīng)用

非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練主要由穩(wěn)定訓(xùn)練和抗阻訓(xùn)練兩部分構(gòu)成,訓(xùn)練過程中既要完成既定或可變的抗阻負(fù)荷/阻力形式的練習(xí)任務(wù),也要應(yīng)對(duì)姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定/平衡破壞的挑戰(zhàn)。肌肉肥大和神經(jīng)適應(yīng)(神經(jīng)-肌肉之間的協(xié)調(diào))是力量和爆發(fā)力增長(zhǎng)的重要制約因素? [21] ,所以應(yīng)用非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練提高運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn),應(yīng)該重視肌肉功能表現(xiàn)和姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定和平衡能力方面的訓(xùn)練和機(jī)制。

3.1 對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的影響

有研究認(rèn)為,對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員而言穩(wěn)定條件下的自由負(fù)重是發(fā)展力量的最有效方式,非穩(wěn)定抗阻訓(xùn)練對(duì)發(fā)展專項(xiàng)所需的核心穩(wěn)定性、平衡能力和本體感覺可能沒有效果? [23] 。因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)員在不穩(wěn)定條件下訓(xùn)練時(shí)力量和爆發(fā)力顯著減弱? [23] ,平均力量和爆發(fā)力降低29.3%? [24] 。但最新研究顯示,并不是所有的非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練都會(huì)導(dǎo)致力量顯著降低:在瑞士球上進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)臥推,受試者力量、爆發(fā)力和速度減弱6%~10%(P>0.05)? [25] ,而9周非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練能夠顯著提高膝關(guān)節(jié)本體感覺(提高44.7%)? [1] 。分析認(rèn)為,這可能與負(fù)重抗阻訓(xùn)練時(shí),瑞士球被壓縮后出現(xiàn)的扁平狀態(tài),能夠提供相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的支撐平臺(tái)有關(guān),而訓(xùn)練全程都是非穩(wěn)定點(diǎn)支撐(如TRX訓(xùn)練)? [3-4,19] 。

因?yàn)榉欠€(wěn)定支撐面導(dǎo)致發(fā)力不完全或發(fā)力方式改變,觀察到力量、爆發(fā)力、速度呈不同程度的下降,是正?,F(xiàn)象,但肌肉、關(guān)節(jié)的本體感覺卻得到增強(qiáng)。而運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)是運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的綜合體現(xiàn),從現(xiàn)有研究證據(jù)來看,非穩(wěn)定訓(xùn)練有助于改善肌肉功能指標(biāo)和肌肉工作效率,持續(xù)非穩(wěn)定抗阻訓(xùn)練后對(duì)提高運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)有正向促進(jìn)作用,如表2所示。

3.2 對(duì)肌肉激活的影響

肌肉激活的重要意義在于喚醒、激活肌肉中的本體感受器,從而調(diào)整肌肉工作狀態(tài),提高肌肉的發(fā)力意識(shí)與運(yùn)動(dòng)感覺。多項(xiàng)研究顯示,傳統(tǒng)抗阻訓(xùn)練(70%~80%1RM)與非穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下的自重訓(xùn)練相比,豎脊肌激活程度更高? [31-33] 。所以總體而言,非穩(wěn)定條件下運(yùn)動(dòng)或抗阻訓(xùn)練,相較于穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下的抗阻訓(xùn)練而言更有利于肌肉激活? [2-3,14] 。Behm等(2016)發(fā)現(xiàn),非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練使最高可提高軀干肌肉激活程度的47.3%? [3] 。而在非穩(wěn)定性條件下進(jìn)行臥推、俯臥撐和深蹲能顯著激活核心肌群,從而有效提高肌肉控制能力? [14] 。水中運(yùn)動(dòng)/訓(xùn)練也能很好地提高軀干肌肉的激活程度? [2] 。上述眾多研究證據(jù),可能是教練員和運(yùn)動(dòng)員重視非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練的重要原因。但最新研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),BOSU球肩上推舉與穩(wěn)定條件下相比,腹直肌、腹橫肌、腹內(nèi)斜肌的激活程度更高,腹外斜肌和豎脊肌的肌肉活動(dòng)則沒有顯著變化? [29] 。所以,非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練可能存在肌肉特異性,但究竟是不同的訓(xùn)練動(dòng)作,還是不同的抗阻訓(xùn)練負(fù)荷導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)選擇性肌肉激活的情況,目前尚不明確。

而其他研究證據(jù)顯示,不穩(wěn)定性與肌肉激活程度并不呈正比,非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練在刺激肌肉激活程度加強(qiáng)的同時(shí),也會(huì)降低姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定性? [2] 。甚至不穩(wěn)定性過高反而會(huì)顯著降低肌肉激活程度:Behm等測(cè)試了受試者在不同的非穩(wěn)定條件下訓(xùn)練時(shí)不同肌肉的激活情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)瑞士球坐姿伸膝和踝跖屈時(shí)肌肉的肌電,發(fā)現(xiàn)極度不穩(wěn)定條件下股四頭肌和腿部伸膝肌力分別下降了40.3%和70.5%;而中度不穩(wěn)定情況下運(yùn)動(dòng),踝跖屈肌和脛骨前肌肌力分別下降20.2%和3%? [20] 。分析認(rèn)為,過高的非穩(wěn)定性條件(難度過大)出現(xiàn)的發(fā)力困難會(huì)直接輸出力量下降的現(xiàn)象,力量不足會(huì)導(dǎo)致動(dòng)作技術(shù)變形而造成動(dòng)力鏈被破壞、骨骼和組織的壓力增加而出現(xiàn)其他肌肉代償?shù)默F(xiàn)象,從而改變上下肢力矩和力量的傳遞,核心肌肉力量的紐帶作用被破壞很可能是過度非穩(wěn)定訓(xùn)練導(dǎo)致肌力下降的主要原因。

所以,從現(xiàn)有證據(jù)來看,極度不穩(wěn)定條件下訓(xùn)練可能會(huì)阻礙力量和爆發(fā)力素質(zhì)的提高,中、低程度的非穩(wěn)定抗阻訓(xùn)練就能夠增加軀干和四肢肌肉的激活? [34-35] 。從應(yīng)用有效性和安全性角度考慮,為達(dá)到適宜的肌肉激活程度,非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練中的“非穩(wěn)定性”條件,并非越高越好,而維持在中等程度應(yīng)該是較好的選擇。

3.3 對(duì)姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定和平衡能力的影響

從非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練的要素與內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)(見表1)可以看出,其主要結(jié)構(gòu)性內(nèi)容是構(gòu)建非穩(wěn)定支撐條件,然后在訓(xùn)練專項(xiàng)性和特殊性原則的指導(dǎo)下,以貼近專項(xiàng)動(dòng)作發(fā)力特征并致力于更好地解決速度和穩(wěn)定的矛盾,最終為提高運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)或功能能力服務(wù)。但因?yàn)閷?duì)核心訓(xùn)練和運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)關(guān)系方面的認(rèn)識(shí)誤區(qū)和偏差,在實(shí)踐應(yīng)用中,容易出現(xiàn)過度重視核心力量、追求短期訓(xùn)練效應(yīng)而忽視姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定和平衡訓(xùn)練的現(xiàn)象。

實(shí)際上,姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定和平衡能力與力量、爆發(fā)力的提升之間是相互促進(jìn)的關(guān)系,而姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定與平衡能力也是核心穩(wěn)定性的重要結(jié)構(gòu)性基礎(chǔ)和要素。Kean等(2016)發(fā)現(xiàn),大學(xué)生受試者5周無阻力的平衡板訓(xùn)練后,靜態(tài)平衡成績(jī)提高33%的同時(shí),原地垂直縱跳高度竟然也增長(zhǎng)了9%? [36] 。此外,對(duì)青少年冰球運(yùn)動(dòng)員進(jìn)行搖擺板的針對(duì)性訓(xùn)練后,發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)員靜態(tài)平衡得分和最大滑行速度顯著相關(guān)? [37] 。上述研究結(jié)果提示,姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定和平衡訓(xùn)練有助于提高運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)。分析認(rèn)為,主要原因可能是姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定和平衡訓(xùn)練減少了運(yùn)動(dòng)技術(shù)發(fā)力過程中的姿勢(shì)晃動(dòng),有利于提高肌肉發(fā)力和力量傳遞效率,所以有助于運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的提高。因?yàn)槎鄶?shù)情況下,人體是在一個(gè)倒立鐘擺系統(tǒng)模型下完成技術(shù)動(dòng)作,在肌肉發(fā)力時(shí),如果不考慮不同個(gè)體肌肉絕對(duì)力量和差異的情況下,相對(duì)條件下個(gè)體的姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定和平衡能力直接或間接影響到不同工作肌肉之間的工作效率和運(yùn)動(dòng)單位的募集,所以在訓(xùn)練比賽實(shí)踐中,通常會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)單項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)素質(zhì)近似的運(yùn)動(dòng)員,在完成復(fù)雜專項(xiàng)技術(shù)動(dòng)作的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)差別較大。

而運(yùn)動(dòng)員進(jìn)行針對(duì)性的非穩(wěn)定抗阻訓(xùn)練后,功能表現(xiàn)提高31.5%(最大力量、爆發(fā)力、最好沖刺成績(jī)顯著提高),跌倒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著降低,姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定性和平衡能力提高105%? [3] ;姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定和平衡能力提高的同時(shí)垂直縱跳、最大速度也顯著提高? [36-37] 。上述研究證實(shí)了姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定和平衡能力在非穩(wěn)定訓(xùn)練中重要結(jié)構(gòu)要素的地位。因?yàn)槎哂幸粋€(gè)重要的交叉區(qū)域就是肌肉本體感覺,而在肌肉本體感覺訓(xùn)練方面,非抗阻姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定和平衡訓(xùn)練的針對(duì)性更強(qiáng)、也更有效? [21,38] 。所以,建議在非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練的準(zhǔn)備期和訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃實(shí)施過程中,應(yīng)重視姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定和平衡能力的訓(xùn)練,這不僅有利于提高運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn),也有利于預(yù)防運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷? [7,39] 。

4 結(jié) 語

非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練是指在構(gòu)建的不穩(wěn)定支撐條件下進(jìn)行抗阻訓(xùn)練,更接近于專項(xiàng)練習(xí)和提高訓(xùn)練難度的一種訓(xùn)練方法。雖然非穩(wěn)定支撐面導(dǎo)致肌肉輸出功率有一定程度的下降(表現(xiàn)為力量、爆發(fā)力、速度下降),但也有利于肌肉激活,而持續(xù)的非穩(wěn)定抗阻訓(xùn)練對(duì)提高運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)有正向促進(jìn)作用。目前來看,中等程度的非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練是安全有效的刺激方式。在強(qiáng)調(diào)訓(xùn)練動(dòng)作整合和“動(dòng)力鏈”的功能基礎(chǔ)之上,非穩(wěn)定性抗阻訓(xùn)練提高核心部位肌肉激活程度、增強(qiáng)主動(dòng)肌和拮抗肌之間的協(xié)調(diào)性、提高肌肉本體感覺是提高運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的重要生理機(jī)制。

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力量
自然的力量
堅(jiān)持的力量
麥嘜力量 (一)
孤獨(dú)的力量
水姑娘,力量大
懷疑一切的力量
愛的力量
馬航MH370空中搜救力量
從自然中吸取力量