劉辰庚 支楊 李瑩 趙越 路堯 王培昌
[摘要] 目的 通過小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床標(biāo)本檢測初步研究外泌體ATP結(jié)合盒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體A1(ABCA1)蛋白作為阿爾茨海默?。ˋD)診斷標(biāo)志物的價(jià)值。 方法 提取9月齡組APP/PS1 AD模型小鼠腦脊液(CSF)和血清外泌體分別進(jìn)行質(zhì)譜分析和ABCA1蛋白酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)檢測。將3、6、9月齡組APP/PS1小鼠CSF外泌體注射至3月齡組野生型(WT)小鼠的第三腦室后分別檢測0、2、4、6 h組血清和CSF外泌體ABCA1水平。檢測69例主觀認(rèn)知下降(SCD)組、43例輕度認(rèn)知障礙(MCI)組和35例癡呆期(DAT)組及30例對(duì)照組受試者的血清外泌體ABCA1水平。 結(jié)果 質(zhì)譜和ELISA結(jié)果示:3、6、9月齡組APP/PS1雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠CSF和血清外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平分別高于同月齡WT小鼠(P < 0.05);6月齡組APP/PS1雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠CSF和血清中外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平顯著高于3月齡組APP/PS1雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠(P < 0.05),9月齡組APP/PS1雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠CSF和血清中外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平顯著高于6月齡組APP/PS1雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠(P < 0.05)。外泌體注射后2、4、6 h組的WT小鼠血清外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平顯著升高(P < 0.05),4 h組最高;外泌體注射后2、4、6 h組的WT小鼠CSF外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平均顯著降低(P < 0.05),6 h組最低。SCD組與對(duì)照組血清外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);MCI組和DAT組血清外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平較對(duì)照組顯著升高(P < 0.05),且DAT組顯著高于MCI組(P < 0.05)。當(dāng)截?cái)嘀禐?.39時(shí),血清外泌體ABCA1蛋白診斷MCI的敏感度為72.5%,特異度為75.4%;當(dāng)截?cái)嘀禐?.52時(shí),血清外泌體ABCA1蛋白診斷DAT的敏感度為70.1%,特異度為69.2%;血清外泌體ABCA1對(duì)MCI和DAT的診斷效能顯著高于SCD(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 ABCA1蛋白外泌體可經(jīng)透過血腦屏障到達(dá)外周血而被有效檢測,其可作為AD診斷的候選標(biāo)志物,但在SCD的診斷中還需積累更多的研究數(shù)據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 阿爾茨海默病;外泌體;診斷;ATP結(jié)合盒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體A1
[中圖分類號(hào)] R742? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)10(a)-0006-05
The value of exosomal ABCA1 protein in the diagnosis of Alzheimer′s disease
LIU Chengeng1? ?ZHI Yang2? ?LI Ying1,3? ?ZHAO Yue1? ?LU Yao1? ?WANG Peichang1
1.Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medcial University, Beijing? ?100053, China; 2.Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Xicheng District Guangwai Hospital, Beijing? ?100055, China; 3.Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA Air Force Medical Characteristic Center, Beijing? ?100142, China
[Abstract] Objective To preliminary study the value of exosome ABCA1 protein as a diagnostic marker for Alzheimer′s disease (AD) through mouse experiments and clinical specimen detection. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum exosomes of APP/PS1 AD model mice in nine-month-old group were extracted and analyzed by mass spectrometry and ABCA1 protein detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After three, six, nine months old APP/PS1 mice cerebrospinal fluid exosomes were injected into the third ventricle of three-month-old wild type (WT) mice, serum and CSF of zero, two, four, six-hour-groups were detected respectively exosome ABCA1 level. Serum exosome ABCA1 levels were detected in 69 patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD group), 43 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI group) and 35 patients with dementia (DAT group) and 30 cases of control group. Results The results of mass spectrometry and ELISA showed that the levels of CSF and ABCA1 protein in serum of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice in three-month-old group, six-month-old group and nine-month-old group were higher than those of WT mice at the same month age (P < 0.05). CSF and serum exosomes ABCA1 protein of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice in six-month-old group were significantly higher than those in three-month-old group (P < 0.05). CSF and serum exosomes ABCA1 protein in nine-month-old APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were significantly higher than those in six-month-old APP/PS1 double transgenic mice (P < 0.05). The serum level of ABCA1 protein in WT mice was significantly increased in two, four and six hour-groups after exosomes injection (P < 0.05), and the highest level was found in four-hour group. The levels of ABCA1 protein in CSF exosomes of WT mice were significantly decreased in two, four and six hour-group after exosomes injection (P < 0.05), and the lowest in six-hour-group. There was no significant difference in ABCA1 protein between SCD group and control group (P > 0.05). The level of ABCA1 protein in serum of MCI group and DAT group was significantly higher than that of control group (P < 0.05), and that of DAT group was significantly higher than that of MCI group (P < 0.05). When the cut-off value was 0.39, the sensitivity and specificity of ABCA1 protein was 72.5% and 75.4% respectively, when the cut-off value was 0.52, the sensitivity and specificity of ABCA1 protein was 70.1% and 69.2% respectively in the diagnose of MCI. The diagnostic efficiency of ABCA1 protein in MCI and DAT was significantly higher than that in SCD (P < 0.05). Conclusion ABCA1 exosomes can pass through the blood-brain barrier and reach the peripheral blood, which can be used as a candidate marker for AD diagnosis. However, more research data need to be accumulated in the diagnosis of SCD.
[Key words] Alzheimer′s disease; Exosome; Diagnosis; ATP-binding cassette transporter A1
阿爾茨海默病(AD)是一種以神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞進(jìn)行性損傷和凋亡為主要細(xì)胞學(xué)表現(xiàn)的退行性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病,臨床表現(xiàn)主要為進(jìn)行性的記憶、語言和認(rèn)知能力障礙。隨著我國人口老齡化進(jìn)程的加快,AD患病人數(shù)的絕對(duì)值呈升高趨勢,我國AD患病人數(shù)已超800萬,65歲以上人群患病率為4%~6%。AD的發(fā)展一般可分為主觀認(rèn)知下降(SCD)、輕度認(rèn)知障礙(MCI)和癡呆期(DAT)?,F(xiàn)已證實(shí),DAT患者腦組織已經(jīng)發(fā)生了不可逆的損傷,且尚無有效的治療藥物,故在損傷相對(duì)可逆且可進(jìn)行有效醫(yī)療干預(yù)的SCD和MCI時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療疾病尤為重要[1-3]。本研究應(yīng)用質(zhì)譜技術(shù)檢測上述3個(gè)疾病階段受試者和小鼠模型的血清和腦脊液(CSF)標(biāo)本外泌體蛋白的表達(dá),并就呈升高趨勢的ATP結(jié)合盒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體A1(ABCA1)在AD診斷中的臨床價(jià)值做初步研究。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
隨機(jī)選取2018年5月—2019年10月就診于首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院、北京市西城區(qū)廣外醫(yī)院和中國人民解放軍空軍總醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科的受試者共177例,其中SCD組受試者69例,男36例,女33例,平均年齡(61.2±5.2)歲;MCI組受試者43例,男22例,女21例,平均年齡(66.7±5.6)歲;DAT組受試者35例,男18例,女17例,平均年齡(70.8±6.2)歲。另隨機(jī)選取表面健康受試者30例為對(duì)照組,男15例,女15例,平均年齡(65.2±6.1)歲。所有受試者的診斷均依據(jù)相關(guān)指南[3-5],未接受降血脂治療。對(duì)照組受試者排除神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)、肝腎及心腦血管疾病,未接受降血脂治療。所有受試者于上午空腹抽取靜脈血,為盡量避免血細(xì)胞外泌體釋放的影響,標(biāo)本靜置30 min血細(xì)胞凝集后立即以3000 g離心7 min分離血清,血清標(biāo)本置于液氮保存,在進(jìn)行ABCA1檢測前僅允許凍融一次。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
3、6、9月齡組APP/PS1雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠[SPF級(jí)飼養(yǎng),生產(chǎn)許可證號(hào):SYXK(京)2014-0029]及3、6、9月齡組野生型(WT)小鼠購自中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物研究所,使用腦立體定位儀(Stoelting,美國伊利諾伊,型號(hào):51600)于前囟前2.0 mm、中縫旁2.0 mm、硬膜下4 mm處抽取CSF[6];使用眼球摘除法留取全血,靜置30 min血細(xì)胞凝集后立即以3000 g離心7 min分離血清。按照下文所述提取外泌體,將CSF和血清外泌體送中國北京百奧公司進(jìn)行外泌體蛋白質(zhì)譜分析。同時(shí),使用立體定位儀將9月齡小鼠CSF中提取的外泌體PBS懸液100 μL注射至3月齡WT小鼠的第三腦室,分別于0、2、4、6 h留取CSF和血清(分別為0、2、4、6 h組)。標(biāo)本保存于液氮,在進(jìn)行ABCA1檢測前僅允許凍融一次。每組標(biāo)本量為5份。以上研究方案已通過首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院倫理審核。
1.3 外泌體提取
使用快速血清/體液外泌體提取試劑盒(Umibio,中國上海,貨號(hào):UR52141)進(jìn)行CSF和血清外泌體的提取,CSF標(biāo)本的上樣量為200 μL,血清的上樣量為100 μL,嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明書的操作進(jìn)行。用于小鼠注射的外泌體重懸于100 μL的PBS中,用于蛋白檢測的外泌體使用細(xì)胞膜蛋白與細(xì)胞漿蛋白提取試劑盒(百奧萊博,中國北京,貨號(hào):YT042)按說明書操作提取總蛋白。
1.4 ABCA1檢測
使用人和小鼠ABCA1酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)試劑盒(Bio-Swamp,中國湖北,貨號(hào):MU30899)檢測受試者和小鼠樣本中ABCA1的OD值,使用人和小鼠CD63 ELISA檢測試劑盒(CUSABIO,中國湖北,貨號(hào):CSB-E14107h)檢測受試者和小鼠樣本中CD63的OD值。使用CD63作為內(nèi)參計(jì)算樣本中ABCA1的相對(duì)含量。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 21.0中文版統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析和接受者操作特性曲線(ROC)分析。計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用重復(fù)測量方差分析和單因素方差分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 質(zhì)譜結(jié)果及驗(yàn)證
蛋白質(zhì)譜結(jié)果顯示,3、6、9月齡組APP/PS1雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠CSF和血清外泌體ABCA1水平分別高于同組WT小鼠(P < 0.05);6月齡組APP/PS1雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠CSF和血清中外泌體ABCA1顯著高于3月齡組APP/PS1雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠(P < 0.05),9月齡組APP/PS1雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠CSF和血清中外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平顯著高于6月齡組APP/PS1雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠(P < 0.05)。ELISA實(shí)驗(yàn)得到了與蛋白質(zhì)譜一致的結(jié)果。見圖1。
與3月齡組比較,*P < 0.05;與6月齡組比較,$P < 0.05;與同組WT小鼠比較,#P < 0.05。WT:野生型
2.2 小鼠外泌體注射實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果
外泌體注射后2、4、6 h組的WT小鼠血清外泌體ABCA1水平較0 h組顯著升高,且高于CSF外泌體ABCA1水平(P < 0.05),4 h組最高;外泌體注射后2、4、6 h組的WT小鼠CSF外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平均顯著降低(P < 0.05),6 h組最低。見圖2。
2.3 受試者血清外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平檢測結(jié)果
SCD組與對(duì)照組血清外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);MCI組和DAT組血清外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平較對(duì)照組顯著升高(P < 0.05),且DAT組顯著高于MCI組(P < 0.05),MCI組高于SCD組(P < 0.05)。見圖3。
SCD:主觀認(rèn)知下降;MCI:輕度認(rèn)知障礙;DAT:癡呆期;ABC1:ATP結(jié)合盒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體A1
2.4 ROC和診斷效能分析結(jié)果
當(dāng)截?cái)嘀禐?.39時(shí),血清外泌體ABCA1蛋白診斷MCI的敏感度為72.5%,特異度為75.4%;當(dāng)截?cái)嘀禐?.52時(shí),血清外泌體ABCA1診斷DAT的敏感度為70.1%,特異度為69.2%;血清外泌體ABCA1對(duì)MCI和DAT的診斷效能顯著高于SCD(P < 0.05)。見表1。
3 討論
隨著我國人口老齡化的不斷演進(jìn),AD在老年人群中發(fā)病率、死亡率和致殘率逐漸升高的特點(diǎn),對(duì)其陪護(hù)和治療的過程給患者本人及家庭和社會(huì)帶來較大壓力[7-8]。同時(shí),AD對(duì)腦組織造成的損傷為不可逆的過程,目前尚無有效的藥物對(duì)其進(jìn)行治療和逆轉(zhuǎn),患者一旦進(jìn)入癡呆期就只能進(jìn)行對(duì)癥治療和支持性治療。而對(duì)于SCD和MCI患者,如果能及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),則有較為系統(tǒng)的方法對(duì)其進(jìn)行早期干預(yù),以阻止或延緩其進(jìn)入DAT期,故對(duì)AD早期發(fā)現(xiàn)顯得尤為關(guān)鍵[9-11]。
AD的發(fā)病機(jī)制多樣,目前主流的有淀粉樣蛋白學(xué)說、基因?qū)W說、tau蛋白學(xué)說和脂質(zhì)代謝學(xué)說等。在脂質(zhì)代謝學(xué)說中,載脂蛋白ApoE4占有重要地位,其在淀粉樣蛋白生成及tau蛋白磷酸化中均發(fā)揮作用[12-13]。與ApoE4類似,ABCA1廣泛分布在包括腦組織的各個(gè)組織器官,其可在消耗腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)膽固醇等脂質(zhì)進(jìn)行由細(xì)胞內(nèi)向細(xì)胞外的運(yùn)輸,在脂質(zhì)代謝中具有重要作用[14-15]。已有研究表明,ABCA1能與ApoE4相互作用,并作為淀粉樣蛋白清除通道的組成部分,故ABCA1表達(dá)的改變可能參與AD的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過程[11]。APP/PS1模型小鼠主要的造模原理即為促使淀粉樣蛋白的過量沉積,故本課題組發(fā)現(xiàn)其外泌體ABCA1表達(dá)出現(xiàn)顯著性改變可能是由于淀粉樣蛋白代謝異常所導(dǎo)致。外泌體是細(xì)胞主動(dòng)分泌的微小囊泡,其中攜帶了細(xì)胞向外界傳遞的物質(zhì)及生物學(xué)信息,已有研究表明,這類信息可通過外泌體的攜帶由一個(gè)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移至另一個(gè)細(xì)胞或由一個(gè)組織傳遞至另一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)隔組織,且這個(gè)過程可能是主動(dòng)和特異的[16]。外泌體本身為膜性結(jié)構(gòu),其具備多種細(xì)胞膜和細(xì)胞內(nèi)細(xì)胞器膜的膜蛋白成分,ABCA1作為一種膜蛋白,可能是在外泌體生成的階段即被細(xì)胞主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)裝載到外泌體膜上向外界分泌;但其分泌的增加可能導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞本身ABCA1的減少,由于ABCA1在脂代謝中的作用,可能導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂代謝的某些障礙,從而參與AD的發(fā)生和發(fā)展進(jìn)程[17-19]。
長期以來,腦脊液的β-淀粉樣蛋白和tau蛋白被認(rèn)為是AD診斷的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,由于其檢測對(duì)象為CSF,臨床應(yīng)用相對(duì)有限,尋找血液、尿液等無創(chuàng)檢查的AD生物標(biāo)志物是目前的研究熱點(diǎn)[20-21]。檢測小鼠腦室注射實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,高ABCA1外泌體的腦室注射可導(dǎo)致外周血外泌體中ABCA1蛋白水平的升高,提示其來自于CSF,即高ABCA1外泌體可經(jīng)透過血腦屏障到達(dá)外周血而被有效檢測,這對(duì)于無創(chuàng)檢測而言是十分有利的。同時(shí),受試者的檢測結(jié)果表明隨著AD的進(jìn)展,其血清外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平逐步升高,提示其可作為AD診斷和分期的標(biāo)志物。本研究結(jié)果提示,血清外泌體ABCA1蛋白水平在SCD組受試者中升高并不顯著,其原因可能是SCD是一個(gè)較為漫長的疾病演進(jìn)過程,部分患者可能處于疾病極早期階段,亦或是由非AD類型的SCD患者影響所導(dǎo)致的假陰性[22],值得進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上,小鼠高ABCA1外泌體可透過血腦屏障到達(dá)外周血而被有效檢測,可作為AD診斷的候選標(biāo)志物,但在SCD的診斷中還需積累更多的研究數(shù)據(jù)。
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(收稿日期:2020-03-10)