山東

推理判斷題在閱讀理解中所占的比重較大，2017 年全國卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 中各有4、5、6個題考查，2018年全國卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 中各有5、8、4 個題考查，2019 年全國卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 中各有5 個題考查。此題型考查考生通過上下文的字面意思來推測其隱含的文意以及對作者寫作目的、文章出處或文中人物的觀點、態(tài)度或意圖等進行正確判斷的能力，即“領會字里行間的弦外之音” 的能力。推理判斷題考查的是一種較高水平的邏輯思維能力，要求考生能領會閱讀的字面含義和內(nèi)涵，把已知和未知的信息有機結合，經(jīng)過合理分析和整合形成一定的觀點或評價，既應該斟酌細節(jié)又要考慮通篇文章的主旨大意，從而水到渠成地做出合理的推斷。

實際上在平日考練中，筆者通過多次的錯題統(tǒng)計發(fā)現(xiàn)，在四種閱讀題型中，推理判斷題的出錯比重是最高的，學生受某種思維局限，其理解往往出現(xiàn)偏差，導致失分。下面以高考題中的推理判斷題為例，從題干分類、選項中的陷阱和解題思路三個方面詳細總結并分析，知己知彼，練就“順應性思維”，即“順應作者的思維”，從而準確解題。

一、推理判斷題的分類

1.推斷隱含意義（hidden meanings）

What is...expected to do?

What can we learn from Paragraph __________?

It can be inferred from the text that__________.

標志性詞語：expect，infer，indicate，suggest，imply，conclude，be supposed to 等。

2.推斷作者及文中人物的觀點、態(tài)度、情感、品性（opinion,attitude,emotion,characteristic）

What does the author think of ...?

What’s the author’s attitude towards ...?

In the author’s opinion,__________.

Sb.thinks that __________.

What do we know/ learn about sb./ sth.in the passage?

How did...feel about...?

標志性詞語：according to the writer，attitude，think of，opinion，consider，learn from，know from，feel about 等。

3.推斷寫作目的（purpose,intention）

What is the author’s main purpose in writing this passage?

In the passage the author wants to tell__________.

The article is intended to __________.

標志性詞語：purpose，intend to，show，design，want 等。

4.推斷文章出處（article source）和讀者對象（potential readers）

Where would this passage most probably appear?

The passage is most likely a part of __________.

Who is the passage intended for?

Who are the potential readers of the passage?

Who will get interested in the passage?

標志性詞語：be taken from，appear，a part of，be taken out of，potential readers，target readers，interested 等。

5.推斷上下文內(nèi)容（context）

The next paragraph would most probably deal with__________.

The paragraph preceding this one would most likely discuss __________.

The paragraph following this passage would most likely be about __________.

標志性詞語：following，preceding，discuss，happen 等。

二、推理判斷題的六大解題陷阱

推理判斷題是為了考查考生能否讀懂文章中字里行間的隱含含義，能否以文章中所敘述的事實為依據(jù)，經(jīng)過自己的思考和判斷作出客觀的推理和結論。因此，命題者為了達到這個考查目的，常常設置一些干擾項，沒讀懂文章的學生很容易受其“迷惑”而“誤入歧途”，掉入命題者精心設置的“陷阱”。

陷阱一：所選項背離了文章的主題思想。

【例1】（2019 年全國卷Ⅰ，B 篇）26.We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to _________.

A.help students see their own strengths

B.assess students’ public speaking skills

C.prepare students for their future jobs

D.inspire students’ love for politics

考生根據(jù)第一段的“With shining dark eyes,he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.”會誤選B“評價學生的公共演講技能”，而本篇文章的主題是“人與自我（學習與生活）”；主要講述了教師Whaley 通過組織學生演講來增強其自信的教學實踐，B 項與此主題相悖。根據(jù)題干中“Whaley’s project”應定位在倒數(shù)第二段最后兩句“Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast（夸耀）about themselves.”，應選A。

陷阱二：所選項是原文事實的簡化復述,未經(jīng)過推理。

【例2】（2019 年全國卷Ⅱ，B 篇）27.Why does the author like doing volunteer work?

A.It gives her a sense of duty.

B.It makes her very happy.

C.It enables her to work hard.

D.It brings her material rewards.

考生根據(jù)第五段第二句“However,if others benefit in the process,and I get some reward too,does it really matter where my motivation lies?”會誤選D，而D 項直接簡單復述了原文“I get some reward”。根據(jù)第四段第二、三句“That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more:Connecting to the community（社區(qū)） as you freely give your time，money,skills，or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good.”其中的關鍵字眼“That relief is coupled...a real joy...feels so good”可以推測出作者愿意做志愿工作的理由，應選B。

陷阱三：所選項是主觀臆斷，而非根據(jù)文章客觀敘述。

【例3】（2018 年全國卷Ⅰ，D 篇）32.What does the author think of new devices?

A.They are environment-friendly.

B.They are no better than the old.

C.They cost more to use at home.

D.They go out of style quickly.

科技說明文里面往往摻雜著一些專業(yè)術語，導致文章生澀難懂，若考生缺乏耐心仔細研讀，容易根據(jù)常識主觀判斷而錯選。本題易錯選項是C 和D。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“That’s bad news for the environment -and our wallets -as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.”可知舊設備既不環(huán)保又費錢，從而推理出新設備是環(huán)保的、省錢的，應選A。

陷阱四：所選項推理過度或以偏概全。

【例4】（2019 年全國卷Ⅰ，D 篇）32.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?

A.Unkind. B.Lonely.

C.Generous. D.Cool.

考生根據(jù)第一段第二句“I was the queen of the playground.”會誤選D“很酷的”，而此句只是陳述了作者在同學中的受歡迎度，以偏概全，忽略了第一段首句“During the rosy years of elementary school（小學）,I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,which allowed me to keep my high social status.”，根據(jù)此句可知，應選C。

陷阱五：所選項偷換概念。

【例5】（2019 年全國卷Ⅲ，B 篇）24.What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?

A.It promoted the sales of artworks.

B.It attracted a large number of visitors.

C.It showed ancient Chinese clothes.

D.It aimed to introduce Chinese models.

考生根據(jù)第三段的第一句“Earlier this year，the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art，...”會誤選C，C 項把原文中的“fashionable”替換成了“ancient”，語義發(fā)生了相反的變化，考生往往會忽視類似的修飾性的關鍵信息的變化，導致誤選。根據(jù)本段最后一句“The exhibition had record attendance，showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.”可知，應選B。

陷阱六：所選項邏輯關系顛倒，如因果倒置、手段與目的倒置等。

【例6】（2018 年全國卷Ⅲ，C 篇） 28.Wang’s winning of the prize means that Chinese architects are_______.

A.following the latest world trend

B.getting international recognition

C.working harder than ever before

D.relying on foreign architects

考生根據(jù)第一段“...many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.” 會誤選C，而根據(jù)第二段第一句“Their efforts have been proven fruitful.”可知，中國建筑師的努力已經(jīng)被證明是富有成效的，C 項是中國建筑師獲得普利策建筑獎的原因，而非獲獎的意義，即C 項屬于因果倒置。根據(jù)第二段“Their efforts have been proven fruitful....He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.”可推斷出B 項正確，中國建筑師獲獎意味著中國建筑獲得了國際認可。

三、解題思路

考生在平日備考中要多注意從整體上把握語篇內(nèi)容，判斷文章體裁，通過分析文章結構找到主題段，定位主題句，再分析其他各段與主題之間的關系，理清文章脈絡和結構；還應學會理解字里行間的隱含意義，在已知信息與未知信息之間架起橋梁，領會字里行間的“弦外之音”。具體方法如下：

1.根據(jù)體裁和主題進行推斷。推斷文章出處的題目應著重從體裁和主題內(nèi)容來分析，也可結合語言風格來分析。

【例7】（2019 年全國卷Ⅰ，C 篇） 31.Where is this text most likely from?

A.A diary. B.A guidebook.

C.A novel. D.A magazine.

本題考查推測文章出處。本文是一篇科技說明文，通過分析文章可知是總分結構。第一段引出主題，介紹了目前市場上用于保護私人電子空間的生物測量技術存在的問題，即價格昂貴。第二段是主題段，第一句是主題句，主要介紹了Georgia Tech 團隊發(fā)明了一種智能鍵盤，能解決以上提到的問題，然后說明其工作原理。根據(jù)文章的體裁和主題以及客觀嚴謹?shù)恼Z言風格，可推測本文屬于科普類文章，應選D，即（科學）雜志。

2.根據(jù)作者的觀點推斷。此方法適用于推斷作者及文中人物的觀點、態(tài)度、情感等。觀點和態(tài)度一般分為三類：支持或樂觀、反對或悲觀、中立或客觀。解答此類題目應多注意行文中的措辭，特別是具有感情色彩的形容詞。

【例8】（2017 年全國卷Ⅰ，B 篇）27.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event?

A.It’s unexpected. B.It’s beautiful.

C.It’s humorous. D.It’s discouraging.

本題考查推測作者的情感和態(tài)度。本文是一篇記敘文，講述了作者作為一位志愿者成功救助一只落在地上的貓頭鷹幼鳥的故事。最后一段陳述了救助結果“A nervous night to be sure,but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all!The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings.I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active.And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — LUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.”根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容及作者使用的表示美好結果的詞語“smile on us all”“healthy and active”“the greatest sight”等可準確推斷出B 項正確。

3.根據(jù)描述進行推斷。在推理事件的走向或上下文的某種邏輯關系時，應根據(jù)文中的描述并順應作者的寫作思路進行符合邏輯的推斷，最終判斷是順承關系、對比關系還是因果關系等。

【例9】（2015 年湖北卷，E 篇）70.What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?

A.Problems with the book.

B.Brooks’s life experiences.

C.Death of the characters.

D.Brooks’s translation skills.

本題考查推斷上下文內(nèi)容。根據(jù)最后一段“On the whole,Brooks’s story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would expect,his writing is mostly clear and,to be fair,some chapters stand out above the rest.I enjoyed,for instance,the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters,the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.”尤其從最后兩句中的“the more serious problems”和“These problems”可知，作者對存在的問題進行了詳細的描述，提出了自己的疑問。由此可以推斷下一段應該圍繞著書中的“problems”展開。因此A 項正確。

4.根據(jù)題干定位信息處來推斷。此方法適用于推斷隱含含義或?qū)懽髂康?。有些題干給出了比較充分的信息，考生可在其指引下定位文中相關信息處，找到關鍵句，問題就會迎刃而解。

【例10】（2019 年全國卷Ⅱ，D 篇）33.What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?

A.To strengthen teacher-student relationships.

B.To sharpen students’ communication skills.

C.To allow students to experience zero gravity.

D.To link space technology with school education.

本題考查文中所提到的項目的目的。根據(jù)題干中的“the purpose of the HUNCH program”可定位到原文第二段第一句“HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.”句意為“HUNCH 的設計目的是將高中教室與NASA 的工程師聯(lián)系在一起。”“high school classrooms” 對應D 項的“school education”，“NASA engineers”對應“space technology”，“connect with”對應“l(fā)ink with”。因此D 項正確。

5.根據(jù)逆向思維來推斷。此方法適用于推斷隱含含義?？忌筛鶕?jù)題干問題和作者陳述進行反推，從而得出正確的結論。

【例11】（2018 年全國卷Ⅰ，D 篇）35.What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?

A.Stop using them. B.Take them apart.

C.Upgrade them. D.Recycle them.

本題考查隱含意義。本文是一篇科普類的說明文，旨在勸說人們?yōu)榱斯?jié)約能源和保護環(huán)境，停止使用陳舊的電子設備，用新的多功能的電子產(chǎn)品代替。根據(jù)最后一段“So what’s the solution (解決方案)? The team’s dataonly went up to 2007,but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function,such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.”尤其從其中的最后一句可知，在平板電腦上觀看更多隨需應變的娛樂節(jié)目，而不是在電視和臺式電腦上，可以減少44%的能源消耗。由此可逆向推斷出陳舊的電子設備能耗大且不環(huán)保，應停止使用。因此應選A。

總之，考生在平日考練中只要多注意分析作者隱含在字里行間或流露于修辭手法中的信息，練就“順應性思維”，就能準確理解“弦外之音”，有理有據(jù)地做出正確選擇。