王家玉?周浩雄?田軒?郭云蔚
【摘要】目的 探究內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激抑制劑GSK2606414在預(yù)防酒精聯(lián)合棕櫚酸誘導(dǎo)的AML12細(xì)胞凋亡的作用及機(jī)制。方法 選取C57BL/6雌性小鼠10只,隨機(jī)分為對照組(n = 5)及模型組(n = 5)。采用Lieber-DeCarli液體飲食誘導(dǎo)小鼠酒精性脂肪肝模型。免疫組織化學(xué)法、蛋白免疫印跡法及實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR法檢測內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)蛋白活化轉(zhuǎn)錄因子4(ATF4)和CCAAT/增強(qiáng)子結(jié)合蛋白同源蛋白(CHOP)的表達(dá)水平。使用酒精加棕櫚酸處理AML12鼠正常肝細(xì)胞24 h后檢測ATF4及CHOP的改變情況。利用GSK2606414抑制劑預(yù)處理AML12細(xì)胞,隨后使用酒精加棕櫚酸處理,蛋白免疫印跡法檢測ATF4及CHOP的表達(dá),TUNEL法檢測細(xì)胞凋亡情況。結(jié)果 血清ALT、AST水平及病理結(jié)果均證實(shí)酒精性脂肪肝小鼠模型建立成功,模型組ATF4和CHOP蛋白的表達(dá)高于對照組(P均< 0.001)。酒精加棕櫚酸刺激AML12肝細(xì)胞后ATF4和CHOP的蛋白表達(dá)水平升高(P均< 0.001)。使用GSK2606414抑制劑預(yù)處理AML12細(xì)胞與未預(yù)處理組相比,ATF4和CHOP的蛋白表達(dá)受到抑制(P均< 0.05),細(xì)胞凋亡減少。結(jié)論 GSK2606414抑制劑可改善酒精聯(lián)合棕櫚酸誘導(dǎo)的AML12細(xì)胞凋亡,其機(jī)制可能與其能抑制內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激有關(guān)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】酒精性脂肪肝;內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激;GSK2606414;細(xì)胞凋亡
Effect and mechanism of GSK2606414 on the apoptosis of AML12 cells induced by alcohol combined with plamitic acid Wang Jiayu, Zhou Haoxiong, Tian Xuan, Guo Yunwei. Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
Corresponding author, Guo Yunwei, E-mail: guoyw1973@ hotmail. com
【Abstract】Objective To explore the role and mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor GSK2606414 in preventing the apoptosis of AML12 cells induced by alcohol combined with palmitic acid. Methods C57BL/6 female mice were randomly divided into the control group (n = 5) and model group(n = 5). The mouse models with alcoholic steatohepatitis were established by Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-PCR were adopted to detect the expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins ATF4 and CHOP. After normal liver cells of AML12 mice were treated with alcohol and palmitic acid for 24 h, the changes in the expression levels of Activating transcription factor-4(ATF4) and CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) were detected. AML12 cells were pretreated with endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor GSK2606414, and then treated with alcohol and palmitic acid. Western blot was employed to detect the expression levels of ATF4 and CHOP, and TUNEL assay was utilized to determine the cell apoptosis. Results Serum ALT and AST levels and pathological results confirmed that the alcoholic steatohepatitis mouse model was successfully established. The expression levels of ATF4 and CHOP proteins in the model group were significantly higher than those in the control group (both P < 0.001). The expression levels of ATF4 and CHOP protein were significantly up-regulated after AML12 hepatocytes were stimulated with alcohol and palmitic acid (both P < 0.001). Compared with the non-pretreatment group, the expression levels of ATF4 and CHOP proteins were significantly inhibited and cell apoptosis was remarkably reduced in the AML12 cells pretreated with GSK2606414 inhibitor (both P < 0.05). Conclusion GSK2606414 can mitigate the AML12 cell apoptosis induced by alcohol combined with palmitic acid, probably due to the inhibitory effect upon the endoplasmic reticulum stress.
【Key words】Alcoholic steatohepatitis;Endoplasmic reticulum stress;GSK2606414;Apoptosis
酒精性肝病是由于長期飲酒引起的肝損傷,是世界范圍內(nèi)慢性肝病的常見原因之一,可由單純性酒精性脂肪肝發(fā)展為酒精性肝炎、肝纖維化、肝硬化甚至肝癌[1-3]。內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)是真核細(xì)胞的重要細(xì)胞器,在分泌蛋白的合成和加工,脂質(zhì)合成以及鈣的存儲(chǔ)與釋放中起重要作用[4]。它對內(nèi)外環(huán)境刺激極其敏感,當(dāng)其功能紊亂時(shí)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤折疊與未折疊蛋白在腔內(nèi)聚集。近年來,酒精誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激和細(xì)胞蛋白質(zhì)穩(wěn)態(tài)的破壞已被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致肝臟疾病的重要機(jī)制[5-7]。在本研究中,我們應(yīng)用GSK2606414作為內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激抑制劑,探討其在酒精性脂肪肝的作用及機(jī)制,這為預(yù)防治療酒精性脂肪肝損傷提供了新的線索。
材料與方法
一、實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
無特定病原體(SPF)C57BL/6b雌鼠10只,8 ~ 9周齡。所有小鼠飼養(yǎng)于中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,保持室溫25℃,光暗周期12 h/12 h,
飼養(yǎng)期間小鼠自由進(jìn)食飲水。本動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)倫理經(jīng)中山大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物管理與使用委員會(huì)審批通過(IACG-F318-1103)。
二、實(shí)驗(yàn)試劑及儀器
1.主要試劑及抗體
F12培養(yǎng)液(Gibco)、乙醇(Sigma, 美國)、棕櫚酸(Sigma, 美國)、GRP78(Proteintech, 中國)、ATF4(Proteintech, 中國)、CHOP(Proteintech, 中國)、β-actin(Sigma, 美國)、DAB顯色液(Vector),HE染液(雷根生物);TUNEL試劑盒(塞維爾,中國)。AML12小鼠正常肝細(xì)胞為中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科實(shí)驗(yàn)室保有細(xì)胞。
2.主要儀器
顯微鏡(Leica,Germany),SDS-PAGE電泳槽(BIO-RAD, US),轉(zhuǎn)膜儀(BIO-RAD, US),PCR 儀(Las),Nanodrop 2000微量紫外分光光度計(jì)(Thermo Scientific, US),低溫高速冷凍離心機(jī)(Thermo Scientific, US)等。
三、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.酒精性脂肪肝小鼠動(dòng)物模型建立
選用8 ~ 9周齡的C57BJ/6L背景的雌性小鼠,將10只小鼠隨機(jī)分為對照組和模型組,每組5只小鼠。予含Lieber-DeCarli的對照飲食或酒精飲食持續(xù)喂養(yǎng)15 d,第16日模型組予酒精灌胃溶液(5 g/kg),對照組予麥芽糖灌胃溶液(9 g/kg)禁食8 h后收集小鼠血液及肝組織。
2. HE染色
將制備好的蠟塊預(yù)冷后進(jìn)行切片,經(jīng)脫蠟和梯度水化之后,滴加蘇木素染核2 min,蒸餾水沖洗,于磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)中返藍(lán),之后用伊紅染色30 s,蒸餾水沖洗后在顯微鏡下觀察染色效果,中性樹膠封片。
3.油紅染色
取冰凍切片于蒸餾水中充分洗滌,加入油紅工作液染1 h,避光密封。水洗后蘇木素染核并用中性樹膠封片,顯微鏡下觀察拍照。
4.免疫組織化學(xué)染色
將制備好的蠟塊遇冷后進(jìn)行切片,經(jīng)脫蠟和梯度水化后室溫下靜置于3%雙氧水中作用10 min。將玻片放入pH為9.0的檸檬酸鈉緩沖液中高壓熱修復(fù)3 min,待室溫冷卻后取出玻片,于室溫下牛血清白蛋白(BSA)封閉30 min,分別加入對應(yīng)一抗4℃敷育過夜,PBS沖洗5 min后滴加二抗(1∶300),37℃孵育2 h,PBS沖洗后滴加二甲基聯(lián)苯胺(DAB)顯色,于蒸餾水中終止反應(yīng),蘇木素染核后用中性樹膠封片。顯微鏡下觀察拍照。
5.蛋白免疫印跡法
根據(jù)總蛋白提取裂解液說明書按步驟操作,取適量蛋白樣本進(jìn)行電泳,應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)膜儀將蛋白印跡轉(zhuǎn)移至硝酸纖維素膜上,用5%牛奶封閉1 h,分別加入對應(yīng)一抗后4℃敷育過夜,三羥甲基氨基甲烷鹽緩沖液(TBST)洗滌10 min,滴加二抗(1∶5000)室溫孵育2 h,TBST洗滌15 min,化學(xué)發(fā)光法發(fā)光顯像,采用Image J圖像分析軟件進(jìn)行結(jié)果分析。
6. AML小鼠正常肝細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及處理
將細(xì)胞接種于6孔板中,用含10%胎牛血清的F12培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng),分組如下:空白對照組(細(xì)胞正常培養(yǎng),不予任何處理)、50 m[mol/L(M)]酒精+250 μM棕櫚酸組、100 mM酒精+250 μM棕櫚酸組、200 mM酒精+250 μM棕櫚酸組、200 mM酒精+250 μM棕櫚酸組+ GSK2606414抑制劑組(在加入酒精及棕櫚酸前30 min加入1 μM GSK2606414預(yù)處理)。繼續(xù)孵育24 h后行相關(guān)檢測。
7.實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR法
根據(jù)RNA快速提取試劑盒說明書提取組織總RNA,紫外分光光度計(jì)測定RNA純度與濃度,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄后測定目的基因。
8. TUNEL
選取空白對照組、200 mM酒精+250 μM棕櫚酸組、200 mM酒精+250 μM棕櫚酸組+GSK2606414抑制劑組,根據(jù)塞維爾公司的TUNEL產(chǎn)品說明書進(jìn)行操作,檢測3組凋亡細(xì)胞,DAPI顯色后細(xì)胞核呈藍(lán)色,顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞凋亡情況。
四、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
應(yīng)用SPSS 23.0和GraphPad prism 8.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析及作圖。正態(tài)分布數(shù)據(jù)均以表示, 2組間比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn), 多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,多重比較采用Dunnet-t檢驗(yàn)。P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
一、小鼠肝臟損傷的評估
模型組小鼠血清ALT、AST[(97.7±6.3)U/L,?(211.0 ±15.3)U/L]水平均對高于對照組小鼠 [(23.8±2.6)U/L, (97.4±1.6)U/L],差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(tALT = 10.860, tAST = 7.364,P均< 0.001)。HE染色結(jié)果顯示,對照組小鼠肝組織結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,肝細(xì)胞完整、條索明顯且排列整齊,肝小葉結(jié)構(gòu)正常。而模型組小鼠肝小葉結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,出現(xiàn)大量明顯的脂肪空泡及炎性細(xì)胞浸潤。油紅染色可觀察到對照組小鼠肝臟切片中無顯著紅色脂肪組織部分,而在模型組小鼠肝臟中可見大量紅色脂肪組織,提示酒精組肝臟脂肪變性明顯。以上結(jié)果表明小鼠造模成功,見圖1。
二、小鼠肝臟中內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激表達(dá)情況
根據(jù)免疫組織化學(xué)及蛋白免疫印跡分析結(jié)果顯示,模型組小鼠內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)蛋白ATF4及CHOP表達(dá)水平均高于對照組;模型組小鼠肝組織中ATF及CHOP的表達(dá)水平亦均高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t = 11.530、6.206,P均< 0.001),見圖2。
三、酒精聯(lián)合棕櫚酸干預(yù)AML12細(xì)胞內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激表達(dá)情況
使用酒精聯(lián)合棕櫚酸處理AML12鼠正常肝細(xì)胞24 h后,與空白對照組相比,蛋白免疫印跡法灰度分析結(jié)果顯示,空白對照組 ATF4/β-actin為?0.409±0.035,各處理組50、100、200 mM ATF4/β-actin依次0.858±0.047,1.17±0.041,1.040±0.128;對照組 CHOP/β-actin為0.204± 0.032,各處理組50、100、200 mM CHOP/β-actin依次為1.230±0.035,1.670±0.116,1.370±0.131。各處理組50、100、200 mM內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)蛋白ATF4及CHOP表達(dá)均高于未處理組(FATF4=20.620,F(xiàn)CHOP=49.570,P均< 0.001),見圖3。
四、GSK2606414抑制劑對AML12細(xì)胞內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激表達(dá)情況的影響
與200 mM酒精+250 μM棕櫚酸組相比,200 mM酒精+250 μM棕櫚酸+GSK2606414抑制劑組ATF4及CHOP蛋白表達(dá)受到抑制(tATF4 = 5.555,tCHOP = 5.806,P均< 0.05),見圖4。
五、GSK2606414抑制劑對AML12細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
3組細(xì)胞采用TUNEL法檢測細(xì)胞凋亡情況,與空白對照組相比,酒精+櫚酸組細(xì)胞凋亡情況明顯升高,而加入GSK2606414抑制劑后,肝細(xì)胞凋亡情況得到明顯改善,見圖5。
討論
全世界約有50%的因肝病導(dǎo)致的死亡與慢性飲酒有關(guān),由于異常的脂肪生成和脂肪酸β-氧化,酒精性脂肪肝被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)惡性循環(huán),目前也沒有絕對有效的藥物能夠徹底治愈酒精性肝病[8]。酒精性肝病的進(jìn)展似乎是各種潛在過程的相互作用,長期飲酒會(huì)誘發(fā)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,破壞細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程,促進(jìn)肝臟疾病進(jìn)一步發(fā)展[9]。
內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激是體內(nèi)眾多疾病病理過程中的重要損傷機(jī)制之一。由于外源性應(yīng)激源的存在使得內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)的功能受到干擾,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中大量未折疊或錯(cuò)誤折疊的蛋白成為內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激源,活化GRP78蛋白并選擇性地激活位于內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激膜上的蛋白激酶R樣內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)激酶(PERK)、ATF6及內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)核信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)蛋白1,繼而活化其相應(yīng)的下游信號通路,下游分子通過調(diào)控基因轉(zhuǎn)錄與蛋白合成等,介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞的生存、損傷及死亡[10]。GSK2606414是PERK信號通路的選擇性抑制劑,在發(fā)生內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激的細(xì)胞中給予GSK2606414處理后,可有效抑制PERK蛋白的自身磷酸化活化,繼而抑制下游的eIF2 /ATF4/CHOP信號通路[11]。既往實(shí)驗(yàn)表明GSK2606414可以抑制棕櫚酸誘導(dǎo)的JNK信號通路的活化和原代小鼠肝細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞凋亡[12]。在本研究中,我們選取野生基因背景的小鼠,應(yīng)用NIAAA建立的慢性酒精喂養(yǎng)加急性酒精灌胃的模型,有效復(fù)制了酒精性脂肪肝患者中經(jīng)常慢性飲酒伴隨過度飲酒者的飲酒行為和慢加急性肝損傷[13-14]。
Wang等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)構(gòu)建酒精加棕櫚酸細(xì)胞模型相對于傳統(tǒng)方法更有效的模擬出體外的酒精性脂肪肝模型。我們在AML12細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)上通過酒精協(xié)同棕櫚酸共同干預(yù),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞發(fā)生脂肪樣變,也成功在體外模擬出酒精性脂肪肝損傷模型。本研究結(jié)果表明,通過病理組織觀察及血清指標(biāo)檢測, 結(jié)果顯示酒精性脂肪肝模型誘導(dǎo)成功,同時(shí)其內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激表達(dá)水平亦出現(xiàn)了明顯的升高。接下來的細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)亦證明了這一點(diǎn),酒精加棕櫚酸處理AML12細(xì)胞后內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激表達(dá)情況均高于未處理組,應(yīng)用GSK2606414抑制劑預(yù)處理細(xì)胞后,其內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激表達(dá)水平受到了抑制且細(xì)胞凋亡明顯減輕,進(jìn)而改善了慢性酒精性肝損傷。在酒精性肝病研究過程中能量代謝也是當(dāng)下研究的熱點(diǎn)之一,越來越多的證據(jù)表明,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)和線粒體都是肝臟能量穩(wěn)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵因素,肝臟的胰島素抵抗與線粒體功能障礙,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,脂質(zhì)和Ca2+穩(wěn)態(tài)改變有關(guān)[16-17]。既往有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)與線粒體之間存在物理接觸的線粒體關(guān)聯(lián)性內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)膜(MAM)結(jié)構(gòu)是細(xì)胞中重要的相互作用之一。內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)與線粒體接觸位點(diǎn)允許兩種細(xì)胞器在功能上相互調(diào)節(jié),從而影響各項(xiàng)細(xì)胞活動(dòng),如能量代謝以及細(xì)胞死亡和存活的調(diào)節(jié)[18-19]。因此本實(shí)驗(yàn)也為下一步酒精性肝病其他的相關(guān)機(jī)制研究提供了思路。
綜上所述,我們的研究表明在酒精性脂肪肝中內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激表達(dá)水平升高,而GSK2606414抑制劑預(yù)處理后可明顯抑制內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激來減輕肝細(xì)胞凋亡情況。因此,GSK2606414作為一種內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激的抑制劑,有望作為一種新型的靶點(diǎn)來治療酒精性脂肪肝。
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(收稿日期:2020-12-08)
(本文編輯:楊江瑜)