“時態(tài)”、“語態(tài)”無論是在單項選擇、完形填空、對話填空、翻譯、短文改錯、單詞拼寫的考查中，還是在寫作的考查中都是“重頭戲”。但是與漢語不同（漢語不需變化謂語而直接用時間狀語體現(xiàn)時間或主謂賓關(guān)系），英語是不斷變化謂語形式來體現(xiàn)時間概念及謂語與主語的關(guān)系，因此很多學(xué)生“談時態(tài)、語態(tài)色變”。以下根據(jù)高考英語試題的命題特點，從六個方面來尋找解這類題的突破口。

一、 明確幾組易混時態(tài)的用法。

1 一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)

① Light travels much faster than sound.（客觀事實）

② She is visiting Canada.（現(xiàn)階段正在做）

③ —Do you live here？（目前狀況）

—No. Im visiting my old friends these days. （現(xiàn)階段正在做，體現(xiàn)暫時性）

④ I sometimes work until dawn.（經(jīng)常會，習(xí)慣性動作）

一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)表示目前經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動作，表示客觀事實或主語目前的特征、狀況、能力等?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示說話人正在進(jìn)行的動作或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行而說話時不一定正在進(jìn)行的動作，體現(xiàn)它的暫時性。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① The house belongs to my aunt but she _______ here any more.

A. hasnt lived B. didnt live

C. hadnt lived D. doesnt live

② —I dont suppose the police know who did it.

—Well， surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and _______ now.

A. has been questioned B. is being questioned

C. is questioning D. had questioned

【解析】答案：① D ② B

① 表明了主語目前的狀況和能力，用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài);②表示此刻正在進(jìn)行的動作，又因是被動關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。

2. 一般過去時態(tài)和過去進(jìn)行時態(tài)

① Yesterday I was writing a report and now Im continuing to write it.（未完成）

② Yesterday I wrote a report and now Im typing it.（已完成）

③ When you phoned I was talking with my foreign teacher.

（一般過去時態(tài)表示短暫的某一動作;過去進(jìn)行時態(tài)為前者提供背景，起鋪墊作用）

一般過去時態(tài)側(cè)重于某動作在過去發(fā)生的事實，體現(xiàn)動作的完成性;過去進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示動作在過去某時或某階段正在進(jìn)行而說話時不一定正在進(jìn)行的動作，體現(xiàn)它的未完成性和持續(xù)性。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① I _______ you not to move my dictionary—now I cant find it.

A. asked B. was asking

C. ask D. had asked

② —Has Sam finished his homework today？

—I have no idea. He ________ it this morning.

A. did B. has done

C. was doing D. had done

④ —Did you see a man in black pass by just now？

—No， sir， Ia newspaper.

A. read B. was reading

C. would read D. am reading

【解析】答案：① A ② C

① 僅強(qiáng)調(diào)過去動作的事實，表示“已經(jīng)告訴過”;② 從“I have no idea”及“this morning”可知“do the homework”并未完成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù)過程。

3. 一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時

① I learned Java Language at college. （強(qiáng)調(diào)過去動作的事實）

② I have learned Java Language.（強(qiáng)調(diào)我學(xué)過，現(xiàn)在還掌握著，并有能力勝任某種工作，對現(xiàn)在有影響）

一般過去時態(tài)側(cè)重于某動作在過去發(fā)生的事實，可以和具體的過去時間狀語連用;現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)所表示的事情發(fā)生的時間可能是過去，這個動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，或一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① —Did you tidy your room？

—No， I was going to tidy my room but I ________ visitors.

A. had B. have

C. have had D. will have

② Danny ________ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.

A.works B. is working

C. has worked D. worked

【解析】答案：① A ② C

① 僅表示當(dāng)時有visitors，對現(xiàn)在沒有任何影響;② work這個動作從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，對現(xiàn)在造成影響，使“he is popular now”。

4. 完成時態(tài)和完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)

① I have read David Copperfield.（完成）

② I have been reading David Copperfield.（還未完成，繼續(xù)進(jìn)行）

完成時態(tài)表示動作或狀態(tài)的完成，而完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示動作還會繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① I got caught in the rain and my suit _________.

A. has ruined

B. had ruined

C. has been ruined

D. had been ruined

② Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School， where she ________ English for a year.

A. studies

B. studied

C. is studying ? ? ? ? D. has been studying

③ They ________ on the program for almost one week before I joined them， and now we ________ it as no need results have come out so far.

A. had been working; are still working

B. had worked; were still working

C. have been working; have worked

D. have worked; are still working

【解析】答案：① C ② D ③ A

① “my suit”被“ruin”是完成的動作，并說明對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，另外主語和謂語是動賓關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài);② Cathy在這個學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)一年了，從第一句話可知她還在這兒學(xué)習(xí)，這個動作會持續(xù)下去，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài);③ 從before I joined them和下文“結(jié)果還沒有出來”可知work還會持續(xù)下去，故第一空用過去完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)。

5. 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)和過去完成時態(tài)

① I have been to Beijing for many times， so I know much about the city.

② I had been to Beijing for many times before I went to Peking University.

③ The train had left when I arrived at the railway station.

現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)所表示的事情發(fā)生的時間可能是過去，但這個動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，或一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，它強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在;而過去完成時態(tài)則表示“過去的過去”，即語境中一定要有一個過去的時間作為陪襯，然后以這個時間為基點向前推移的某個動作或狀態(tài)用過去完成時態(tài)。

【經(jīng)典考例】

My friend， who ________ on the International Olympic Committee all his life， is retiring next month.

A. served B. is serving

C. had served D. has served

【解析】答案：D

從“is retiring next month”可知 “serve…all his life”是指從過去到現(xiàn)在的動作，強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在，用現(xiàn)在完成時。

二、 抓住對話語境或題干中的“明確時間”。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I _______ there several years ago.

A. are going B. had been

C. went D. have been

② —Have you handed in your school work yet？

—Yes. I have. I guess it _________ now.

A. has graded B. is graded

C. is being graded D. is grading

③ At that time tomorrow _________ over the Atlantic.

A. were going to fly

B. well be flying

C. well fly

D. were to fly

④ The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympic _________ by 2006.

A. has been completed

B. has completed

C. will have been completed

D. will have completed

【解析】答案：① C ② C ③ B ④ C

① 從several years ago可知應(yīng)選用一般過去時 態(tài);② 從now及語境可知應(yīng)選用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)，同時又構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系;③ 從時間狀語in the past years可知是現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài);③ 從時間狀語At that time tomorrow可知是將來進(jìn)行時態(tài);④ 應(yīng)說明一下，此題是2014年北京高考題，那么2016年應(yīng)為將來時間，“by +時間”引導(dǎo)的時間狀語，應(yīng)為完成時態(tài)，同時主謂之間是被動關(guān)系，故此題應(yīng)選用將來完成時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。

*許多時態(tài)都有相應(yīng)的時間狀語與其連用，如：一般過去時態(tài)可以和in 1890， two years ago， yesterday， last night等連用;現(xiàn)在時態(tài)則可以和now， these days， sometimes， often等連用;將來時態(tài)可以和tomorrow， next week， some day等連用，完成時態(tài)就可以和before， since， in the last/past years， recently， so far， by+時間等連用。先確定現(xiàn)在、過去、將來三大時間范圍，再根據(jù)語境提示及幾組易混淆時態(tài)的用法，來判斷具體的時態(tài)。

三、 提煉對話語境或題干中的“隱含時間”。

① —It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.

—Oh， dont mention it. I ________ past your house anyway.

A. was coming B. will come

C. had come D. have come

② Months ago we sailed 10，000 miles across this open sea， which _______ the Pacific， and we met no storms.

A. was called B. is called

C. had been called D. has been called

③—Thank goodness， you are here！ What _______ you？

—Traffic jam.

A. keeps B. is keeping

C. had kept D. kept

【解析】答案：① A ② B ③ D

① 從語境來看，我是當(dāng)時傷了你，應(yīng)該為過去時間范疇。第一空僅表示事實，而第二空為前者提供更詳細(xì)的背景，起鋪墊作用，用過去進(jìn)行時態(tài)。② 從語境來看，他們not speak發(fā)生在became friends that day 之前，故為過去完成時態(tài)。① 從上句語境來看，“I come past your house”是當(dāng)時正發(fā)生的動作，而不是此時此刻。② 題干出現(xiàn)的都是過去時態(tài)，很容易誤選A，但仔細(xì)琢磨一下，被叫作“the Pacific”是目前的客觀事實，應(yīng)為一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。③ 根據(jù)語境，“you are here”是現(xiàn)在，這之前應(yīng)用一般過去時。

高考中對時態(tài)、語態(tài)考查的多數(shù)題目是在沒有明確的時間狀語情況下通過語境來體現(xiàn)的，這就要求同學(xué)們善于根據(jù)上下文句意和語境，提煉其中動作發(fā)生的時間點，再根據(jù)各種時態(tài)的用法確定其答案。

四、 掌握主從句時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)、并列句時態(tài)的暗示、固定句型中時態(tài)的固定用法。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① —How can I apply for an online course？

—Just fill out this form and we ________ what we can do for you.

A. see B. are seeing

C. have seen D. will see

② The flowers were so lovely that they ________ in no time.

A. sold B. had been sold

C. were sold D. would sell

③ Send my regards to your lovely wife when you _______ home.

A. wrote B. will write

C. have written D. write

④ I _______ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ________.

A. went; was occurring

B. went; occurred

C. was going; occurred

D. was going; had occurred

⑤ By the time Jane gets home， her aunt ________ for London to attend a meeting.

A. will leave B. leaves

C. will have left D. left

【解析】答案：① D ② C ③ D ④ C ⑤ C

① 固定句型：祈使句+and/or/otherwise+陳述句（將來時態(tài)）。② 由主句had already been可

推出從句肯定是過去時態(tài)。② 主從句呼應(yīng)，都是一般過去時態(tài)。③ 在由when， as soon as， if等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，其謂語動詞應(yīng)用一般時態(tài)表達(dá)將來概念。④ 在用連詞when引導(dǎo)的并列分句中，第一分句常用進(jìn)行時態(tài)或be about to do（將來時態(tài)），第二分句常用一般時態(tài)表達(dá)。⑤ by+時間狀語（從句），句子或主句用完成時態(tài)，而by引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句用一般時態(tài)表達(dá)將來動作。

*英語句子中有很多固定結(jié)構(gòu)，時態(tài)也有固定套路或原則，掌握這些用法，也是破解時態(tài)、語態(tài)題的關(guān)鍵所在。

五、 吃透各種將來時態(tài)表示法的異同之處。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① In a room above the store， where a party _______， some workers were busily setting the table.

A. was to be held

B. had been held

C. will be held

D. is being held

② Look at the timetable. Hurry up！ Flight 4026 _______ off at 18：20.

A. takes B. took

C. will be taken D. has taken

③ Ladies and gentlemen， please fasten your seat belts. The plane ________.

A. takes off B. is taking off

C. has taken off D. took off

④ —Did you tell Julia about the results？

—Oh，no，I forgot. I ________ her now.

A. will be calling B. will call

C. call D. am to call

⑤ In such dry weather， the flowers will have to be watered if they _______.

A. have survived B. are to survive

C. would survive D. will survive

【解析】答案：① A ② A ③ B ④ B ⑤ B

① 從語境來看，此句應(yīng)為過去將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。② 一般時態(tài)表達(dá)將來，一般用于列入日程表、不能改變的將來動作，常用于航班、火車、班車等，與具體時間點連用。③ 進(jìn)行時態(tài)表達(dá)將來時態(tài)，常用于按計劃將要發(fā)生的動作，趨向轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞（go， come， leave， rush等）居多。④ will/shall引導(dǎo)的將來時態(tài)，僅表示對將來的預(yù)測或臨時的決定。⑤ if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句不能用將來時態(tài)表達(dá)，但可以和be to do連用，表示“一定，必須”。

幾種表示將來時態(tài)的用法有它們的異同之處，同學(xué)們在平時的學(xué)習(xí)中要注意區(qū)分它們在不同語境中的使用。

六、 結(jié)合主謂一致、倒裝、虛擬語氣等其他知識綜合考查。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① We live day by day， but in great things， the time of days and weeks _________ so small that a day is unimportant.

A. is B. are

C. has been D. have been

② They _________ 2 free tickets to Canada， otherwise theyd never have been able to afford to go.

A. had got B. got

C. have got D. get

③ So difficult ________ it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.

A. I have found B. have I found

C. I did find D. did I find

【解析】答案：① A ② B ③ D

① 此句是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，主語為the time。②從后面句子的虛擬謂語（theyd never have been）來看，是指過去時間。③根據(jù)語境，結(jié)合倒裝。

掌握主謂一致原則、倒裝、虛擬語氣等其他綜合知識也是破解時態(tài)、語態(tài)的關(guān)鍵之一。

我丈夫馬上就要回來了

A married man was visiting his “girlfriend” when she requested that he shave his beard.

“Oh James， I like your beard， but I would really love to see your handsome face.”

James replied， “My wife loves this beard， I couldnt possibly do it， she would kill me??！”

“Oh please？” the girlfriend asked again， in a sexy little voice…

“Oh really， I cant，” he replies…“My wife loves this beard?。　?/p>

The girlfriend asked once more， and he sighs and finally gives in. That night James crawls into bed with his wife while she was sleeping.

The wife is awakened somewhat， feels his face and replies “Oh Michael， you shouldnt be here， my husband will be home soon！”

一個已婚男人去拜訪他的“女朋友”時，女朋友要求他剃去胡須。

“噢，詹姆斯，我喜歡你的胡子，但我更喜歡看到你英俊的面孔。”

詹姆斯回答說，“我的妻子喜歡我的胡子，所以我不可能剃掉它，否則她會殺了我的。”

“噢，我求你了，”女朋友用一種低沉的、性感的聲音又一次說道。

“可是，我不能，”他回答道，“我的妻子喜歡這胡子?！?/p>

在女朋友再三請求下，他終于屈服同意了。夜里，在妻子熟睡時，詹姆斯爬上了床。

妻子朦朦朧朧地摸了摸他的臉說道，“噢，邁克爾，你不應(yīng)該在這里，我的丈夫很快就要回來了?！?/p>