黃光明 賀盛發(fā) 黃振光 張宏亮
摘 要 目的:了解帕博利珠單抗致免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎發(fā)生的規(guī)律和特點(diǎn),為臨床合理用藥提供參考。方法:以“帕博利珠單抗/可瑞達(dá)”和“心肌炎”“心臟毒性”,“Pembrolizumab/Keytruda”和“Cardiac toxicity”“Myocarditis”“Cardiotoxity”“Cardiotoxicity”等為中英文檢索詞,檢索中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、維普網(wǎng)、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)、PubMed、Wiley Online Library、Embase等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中收錄的帕博利珠單抗致免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎的個(gè)案報(bào)道,檢索時(shí)限從建庫(kù)起至2020年8月。剔除疑似病例文獻(xiàn)和重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)后,對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)中患者性別、年齡、用藥原因、既往病史、聯(lián)合用藥、用藥劑量、不良反應(yīng)(ADR)發(fā)生時(shí)間、臨床表現(xiàn)、干預(yù)措施與轉(zhuǎn)歸等信息進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果與結(jié)論:共納入15篇文獻(xiàn),其中英文13篇、中文2篇;涉及15例患者,其中男性12例、女性3例,平均年齡為71.35歲;臨床診斷非小細(xì)胞肺癌4例,黑色素瘤4例,膀胱癌2例,尿路上皮癌、多發(fā)性骨髓瘤、胃癌、胸腺癌、鼻咽癌各1例;有6例患者記錄了既往病史,其中5例無(wú)心臟疾病史,1例既往患有高血壓、高血脂;有9例患者記錄了聯(lián)合用藥情況;有12例患者詳細(xì)記錄了帕博利珠單抗的用藥劑量和頻次。93.3%患者的免疫性心肌炎出現(xiàn)在應(yīng)用帕博利珠單抗第1~2周期用藥后,平均發(fā)生時(shí)間為末次用藥后15.5天;最常見(jiàn)臨床癥狀為呼吸困難、乏力、頭暈或暈厥等;9例患者心電圖檢查顯示心臟傳導(dǎo)阻滯;所有患者都使用了糖皮質(zhì)激素處理;5例患者經(jīng)住院治療后死亡,其中1例患者在心肌炎控制后重啟帕博利珠單抗治療1周期,心肌炎復(fù)發(fā)并最終死于該ADR。結(jié)論:在患者使用帕博利珠單抗免疫治療時(shí),建議做好心臟功能相關(guān)基線檢查和常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè),一旦懷疑出現(xiàn)免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎,應(yīng)及時(shí)完善心電圖等心功能相關(guān)檢查,并盡早使用大劑量糖皮質(zhì)激素治療,同時(shí)應(yīng)警惕再次用藥后心肌炎復(fù)發(fā)致死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞 免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑;帕博利珠單抗;免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎;不良反應(yīng);病例分析
中圖分類號(hào) R969.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1001-0408(2021)06-0729-07
ABSTRACT? ?OBJECTIVE:To investigate the rules and characteristics of pembrolizumab-induced immune-related myocarditis, and to provide reference for rational drug use in clinic. METHODS: Using “pembrolizumab/keytruda”“myocarditis”“cardiotoxicity”“Pembrolizumab/Keytruda”“Cardiac toxicity”“Myocarditis”“Cardiotoxity”“Cardiotoxicity” as Chinese and English retrieval words, CBM, VIP, CNKI, Wanfang database, PubMed, Wiley Online Library and Embase database were searched on the case reports of pembrolizumab-induced immune-related myocarditis during the inception to Aug. 2020. After eliminating the suspected case literature and repetitive literature, gender, age, medication cause, medical history, drug combination, drug dosage, occurrence time of ADR, clinical manifestation, intervention measure and outcome of patients in the included literature were analyzed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: A total of 15 literatures were included, involving 13 English literatures and 2 Chinese literatures. Totally 15 patients were involved, including 12 males and 3 females, with an average age of 71.35 years. There were 4 cases of non-small cell lung cancer, 4 cases of melanoma, 2 cases of bladder cancer, 1 case of urothelial cancer, 1 case of multiple osteosarcomas, 1 case of gastric cancer, 1 case of thymic cancer, 1 case of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. There were 6 patients with previous medical history, of which 5 had no history of heart disease and 1 had hypertension and hyperlipidemia; there were 9 patients recorded the combined use of drugs; the dosage and frequency of pembrolizumab were recorded in 12 patients. Immunological myocarditis of 93.3% patients occurred after the first to second cycle of pembrolizumab administration, and the average occurrence time was 15.5 days after the last administration. The most common clinical symptoms were dyspnea, fatigue, dizziness or syncope. 9 patients showed cardiac block on electrocardiogram. All patients were treated with glucocorticoids when they developed immune-associated myocarditis, and 5 patients died after hospitalization; another one patient was restarted with pembrolizumab for one cycle after control of immune-related myocarditis, but developed a recurrence of myocarditis and died of myocarditis ADR. It is suggested that baseline examination and routine monitoring of cardiac function should be done well when patients are treated with pembrolizumab. Once the patient is suspected to have immune-related myocarditis, they should timely improve the cardiograms and other cardiac function-related tests, and start the treatment of high-dose glucocorticoids as soon as possible, and are alert to the risk of death due to recurrence of myocarditis after readministration.
KEYWORDS? ?Immune checkpoint inhibitors;Pembroli-? ? zumab; Immune-related myocarditis; ADR; Case analysis
免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑(Immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)是近年來(lái)在抗腫瘤領(lǐng)域中出現(xiàn)的一類新的治療藥物,主要包括細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗原4(CTLA-4)、程序性死亡1(PD-1)和程序性死亡配體1(PD-L1)等[1]。帕博利珠單抗(Pembrolizumab)是一種針對(duì)PD-1的單克隆抗體,于2014年9月被美國(guó)FDA批準(zhǔn)用于經(jīng)伊普利單抗(Ipilimumab)治療復(fù)發(fā)的不可切除或轉(zhuǎn)移性黑色素瘤的二線治療,并于2018年7月26日在我國(guó)上市,商品名為可瑞達(dá)。隨著臨床研究的廣泛開(kāi)展,帕博利珠單抗的適應(yīng)證也擴(kuò)展到晚期非小細(xì)胞肺癌、經(jīng)典霍奇金淋巴瘤、晚期尿路上皮膀胱癌、頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌和微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性高的實(shí)體瘤等多種惡性腫瘤[2]。該藥具有較強(qiáng)抗腫瘤作用,能提高患者生存質(zhì)量、延長(zhǎng)其生存時(shí)間,但在臨床使用過(guò)程中也可能引發(fā)各種免疫相關(guān)性不良反應(yīng)(ADR),如皮疹、肺炎、垂體炎、結(jié)腸炎、肝炎、心肌炎等,其中免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎的發(fā)生率雖然較低,但后果較為嚴(yán)重,甚至可能導(dǎo)致患者死亡[3]。為了解帕博利珠單抗致免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎發(fā)生的規(guī)律和特點(diǎn),本研究對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外已發(fā)表的帕博利珠單抗致免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎的ADR個(gè)案報(bào)道進(jìn)行分析、總結(jié),旨在為其臨床合理使用提供參考。
1 資料來(lái)源與數(shù)據(jù)處理
檢索中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、維普網(wǎng)、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)、PubMed、Wiley Online Library、Embase等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中收錄的帕博利珠單抗致免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎的個(gè)案報(bào)道,中文檢索詞為“帕博利珠單抗/可瑞達(dá)”和“心肌炎”“心臟毒性”,英文檢索詞為“Pembrolizumab/Keytruda”和“Cardiac toxicity”“Myocarditis”“Cardiotoxity”“Cardiotoxicity”。文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表范圍為全世界,語(yǔ)種限定為中文和英文,檢索時(shí)限均為建庫(kù)起至2020年8月。剔除疑似病例文獻(xiàn)和重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)。
仔細(xì)閱讀納入文獻(xiàn),提取患者性別、年齡、用藥原因、既往病史、聯(lián)合用藥、用藥劑量、ADR發(fā)生時(shí)間、臨床表現(xiàn)、并發(fā)癥、心功能相關(guān)檢查、干預(yù)措施與轉(zhuǎn)歸等有效信息,使用Excel 2013軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),分析該ADR的特點(diǎn)和規(guī)律。
2 結(jié)果
最終納入文獻(xiàn)15篇[4-18],其中英文文獻(xiàn)13篇[4-15,18]、中文文獻(xiàn)2篇[16-17];涉及患者15例,其臨床有效信息見(jiàn)表1(表中,LVEF:左室射血分?jǐn)?shù);BNP:腦鈉肽;CK:肌酸激酶;CK-MB:磷酸肌酸同工酶;cTnI:心肌肌鈣蛋白I;cTnT:心肌肌鈣蛋白T;hs-TnT:高敏心肌肌鈣蛋白T;NT-proBNP:N端腦鈉肽前體)。
2.1 性別和年齡
15例患者中,男性12例、女性3例。除1例僅提示為老年患者未記錄具體年齡外,其余14例都詳細(xì)記錄了年齡,年齡分布為45~88歲,平均年齡為71.35歲,其中≥60歲的患者有12例、≥70歲的患者有10例。
2.2 用藥原因和既往病史
15例患者臨床診斷包含非小細(xì)胞肺癌4例,黑色素瘤4例,膀胱癌2例,尿路上皮癌、多發(fā)性骨髓瘤、胃癌、胸腺癌、鼻咽癌各1例。有6例患者記錄了既往病史,其中5例患者無(wú)心臟疾病史,既往檢查心功能正常;只有1例患者既往患有高血壓、高血脂。
2.3 聯(lián)合用藥、用藥劑量及ADR發(fā)生的時(shí)間
15例患者中,有9例記錄了帕博利珠單抗聯(lián)合用藥情況,其中聯(lián)合吉西他濱+順鉑2例,聯(lián)合吉西他濱+氟尿嘧啶、培美曲塞、順鉑+培美曲塞+貝伐珠單抗、來(lái)那度胺、伊匹利單抗、替莫唑胺、培美曲塞+順鉑各1例。除3例患者未提及帕博利珠單抗用藥劑量外,其余12例患者均詳細(xì)記錄了帕博利珠單抗的用藥劑量和給藥頻次,其中給藥劑量為每次200 mg的患者有9例,每次100 mg、1.3 mg/kg、2 mg/kg的患者各1例,給藥頻次均為每3周給藥1次。15例患者中,有14例心肌炎發(fā)生時(shí)間在使用帕博利珠單抗第1~2周期(每3周為1個(gè)周期)用藥后,其中有6例發(fā)生在首次用藥后,8例發(fā)生在第2周期用藥后;另有1例發(fā)生于第9周期用藥后。有12例患者記錄了末次用藥與心肌炎發(fā)生的間隔時(shí)間,最早發(fā)生時(shí)間在末次用藥后4天,最晚發(fā)生時(shí)間在末次用藥后37天,平均發(fā)生時(shí)間為末次用藥后的15.5天。
2.4 臨床癥狀和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查情況
15例心肌炎患者中,最常見(jiàn)臨床癥狀包括呼吸困難(5例)、乏力(5例)、頭暈或暈厥(5例)、眼瞼下垂(3例)、復(fù)視或視力障礙(4例),還有部分患者伴有發(fā)燒、胸悶、肌肉疼痛、腹瀉等。其他免疫相關(guān)并發(fā)癥主要包括肌無(wú)力或重癥肌無(wú)力、免疫性肝炎、眼肌麻痹、免疫性肺炎等。有13例患者報(bào)道了超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)4例出現(xiàn)心室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙,5例患者LVEF嚴(yán)重受損或不高于45%,其中有3例明確注明LVEF低于35%(重度收縮功能障礙)。有12例患者報(bào)道了心電圖檢查情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)有9例出現(xiàn)心臟傳導(dǎo)阻滯,5例ST段抬高,還有部分患者出現(xiàn)竇性心動(dòng)過(guò)速、T波異常等心律失常癥狀。所有患者都監(jiān)測(cè)了cTnI或cTnT、CK、BNP等生化標(biāo)志物,發(fā)現(xiàn)所有心肌炎患者心力衰竭相關(guān)生化標(biāo)志物檢測(cè)值都明顯增高。另有4例患者報(bào)道了心肌活檢情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)其心肌細(xì)胞遭到了淋巴細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。
2.5 干預(yù)措施與轉(zhuǎn)歸
15例患者在出現(xiàn)心肌炎時(shí)都及時(shí)給予了糖皮質(zhì)激素(潑尼松龍或甲潑尼龍)治療。此外,有5例患者除了使用糖皮質(zhì)激素外還聯(lián)合免疫球蛋白、環(huán)磷酰胺、他克莫司或英夫利昔單抗等免疫制劑治療,其中僅有2例患者的心肌炎得到了控制;有3例患者接受了血漿置換等透析治療,且心功能都得到了恢復(fù);有3例患者接受了緊急起搏器放置的處理,結(jié)果有2例患者死亡。15例心肌炎患者中,有5例經(jīng)住院治療后仍死亡,其中有1例在心肌炎控制后重啟帕博利珠單抗治療1周期再次出現(xiàn)免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎并最終死于該ADR;另10例患者經(jīng)住院治療后,心肌炎得到了控制。
2.6 用藥關(guān)聯(lián)性
15例患者免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎發(fā)生時(shí)間與帕博利珠單抗用藥時(shí)間順序合理,根據(jù)我國(guó)藥品ADR評(píng)價(jià)細(xì)則[19],其免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎與帕博利珠單抗的關(guān)聯(lián)性評(píng)價(jià)均為“可能”。
3 分析與討論
3.1 可能機(jī)制
帕博利珠單抗等ICIs引發(fā)免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎的具體機(jī)制尚不完全明確,可能與免疫激活和自身抗體的產(chǎn)生有關(guān):在正常情況下,PD-L1與PD-1的相互作用會(huì)下調(diào)T淋巴細(xì)胞活性,阻止自身免疫;使用ICIs后,激活的T淋巴細(xì)胞除了識(shí)別腫瘤抗原外,還可與心臟等非靶器官的免疫檢查點(diǎn)結(jié)合,促進(jìn)非靶器官產(chǎn)生自身抗體,引起心肌炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和心肌纖維化,從而導(dǎo)致心肌炎的發(fā)生[3]。在心肌組織中,上調(diào)PD-L1可作為細(xì)胞因子的保護(hù)機(jī)制,以減少心臟在應(yīng)激和疾病狀態(tài)下T淋巴細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)[20]。免疫檢查點(diǎn)上調(diào)可能是T淋巴細(xì)胞侵襲的抑制信號(hào),ICIs則抑制了心臟的這種自我保護(hù)機(jī)制,從而導(dǎo)致心肌炎的發(fā)生[21]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PD-1基因缺陷小鼠可因自身產(chǎn)生免疫球蛋白G(IgG)抗體而引起擴(kuò)張型心肌病,導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的心肌收縮障礙;進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),該自身抗體可與cTnI作用,使心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+流動(dòng)性增強(qiáng),使心臟擴(kuò)大、心室壁變薄并影響心肌細(xì)胞的功能[22]。另外,PD-1基因缺陷小鼠還可產(chǎn)生高滴度肌球蛋白抗體,導(dǎo)致心臟中CD4+、CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞和髓樣細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),引發(fā)致死性淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)性心肌炎[23]。這進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明了PD-1等免疫檢查點(diǎn)可能是導(dǎo)致自身免疫性疾病的重要因子。
3.2 年齡、病史、聯(lián)合用藥
已有研究報(bào)道,帕博利珠單抗引起的心肌炎發(fā)生率為0.06%~2.40%,易發(fā)生于老年患者[3]。年齡是心臟毒性的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,大于60歲的患者更易發(fā)生[24-25]。本研究結(jié)果也顯示,帕博利珠單抗致免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎患者中,60歲及以上患者占80.0%(12/15)。既往病史分析發(fā)現(xiàn),大部分患者既往都無(wú)高血壓、高血脂、心臟病等心血管疾病,提示心血管病史可能并不是該藥導(dǎo)致免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。已有研究報(bào)道,培美曲塞、氟尿嘧啶、卡培他濱和金屬鉑類等傳統(tǒng)化療藥物可誘發(fā)缺血性心臟病等心臟毒性[26-27]。貝伐珠單抗是一種抗血管內(nèi)皮因子靶向藥物,可引起充血性心力衰竭和室上性心動(dòng)過(guò)速等心臟疾病,發(fā)生率為1%~10%[26]。ICIs聯(lián)合其他化療藥物治療可使患者發(fā)生致死性心肌炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高[28]。研究報(bào)道,多種ICIs聯(lián)合用藥、ICIs聯(lián)合其他心臟毒性藥物、心臟抗原在腫瘤中的表達(dá)、既往有自身免疫性疾病、遺傳等都是導(dǎo)致免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素[29]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,屬于兩種ICIs聯(lián)合用藥的病例有1例,屬于ICIs聯(lián)合金屬鉑、氟尿嘧啶、培美曲塞等有心臟毒性藥物的病例有6例。
3.3 給藥劑量、發(fā)生時(shí)間
關(guān)于帕博利珠單抗給藥劑量,其藥品說(shuō)明書中推薦劑量為200 mg,兒童劑量為2 mg/kg,每3周1次(即每3周為1個(gè)周期)。已有研究報(bào)道,帕博利珠單抗致腹瀉、皮疹等免疫相關(guān)ADR與用藥劑量無(wú)相關(guān)性,免疫性心肌炎與用藥劑量是否有關(guān)尚無(wú)確切證據(jù)[30]。本研究中有9例患者明確指出給藥劑量為每次200 mg,符合藥品說(shuō)明書推薦;另有3例患者的用藥劑量較推薦劑量低。分析ADR發(fā)生時(shí)間發(fā)現(xiàn),93.3%的患者(14/15)心肌炎出現(xiàn)在第1~2周期用藥后,平均發(fā)生時(shí)間為末次用藥后15.5天,這可能與帕博利珠單抗的半衰期長(zhǎng)(t1/2為21~25 d)有關(guān)。Moslehi等[31]研究表明,在101例經(jīng)ICIs治療后發(fā)生嚴(yán)重心肌炎的患者中,出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重心肌炎的中位時(shí)間是27 d(5~155 d),76%的患者心肌炎發(fā)生在用藥前6周,64%的患者在心肌炎發(fā)作前僅接受過(guò)1次或2次ICIs治療,總體病死率高達(dá)46%。另一項(xiàng)包含42例病例的研究顯示,33%的患者的心肌炎發(fā)生在單劑ICIs治療后,其中29%發(fā)生在兩劑后[32]。這說(shuō)明免疫性心肌炎更容易出現(xiàn)在用藥早期,臨床應(yīng)在用藥時(shí)尤其是用藥早期予以重視。
3.4 臨床表現(xiàn)和心功能檢查特點(diǎn)
本研究結(jié)果顯示,免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎的臨床表現(xiàn)形式多樣且不具有特異性,最常見(jiàn)的臨床表現(xiàn)為呼吸困難、乏力、頭暈或暈厥等。一項(xiàng)包括15例患者的研究報(bào)道指出,發(fā)生免疫相關(guān)性心臟毒性患者中,53.3%的患者同時(shí)發(fā)生了3~4級(jí)累及其他系統(tǒng)的ADR,其中最常見(jiàn)的是自身免疫性肝炎和肌炎[33]。cTnI/cTnT和CK水平是心肌損傷的敏感和特異性標(biāo)志物[34]。Mahmood等[35]學(xué)者研究指出,100%的免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎患者都出現(xiàn)了cTnT不同程度的升高,66%的患者出現(xiàn)了NT-proBNP升高。另一項(xiàng)包含56例免疫相關(guān)心肌炎患者的研究顯示,93.3%的患者出現(xiàn)cTnT升高,100%的患者CK、CK-MB、BNP及肌紅蛋白出現(xiàn)升高[36]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,所有患者的cTnI或cTnT、CK、BNP等生化標(biāo)志物都出現(xiàn)明顯增高,提示一旦患者懷疑為免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎,臨床應(yīng)及時(shí)完善心肌生化標(biāo)志物等檢查,以便進(jìn)一步確診和對(duì)癥處理。
超聲心動(dòng)圖和心電圖變化是評(píng)估繼發(fā)于心肌炎結(jié)構(gòu)和功能變化的重要工具,可以排除心力衰竭、心包滲出和腔內(nèi)血栓等其他原因[37]。一項(xiàng)包含42例免疫性心肌炎病例的研究顯示,64%的患者及50%的死亡患者的LVEF在正常范圍內(nèi),提示免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎患者的超聲心動(dòng)圖和心電圖表現(xiàn)并無(wú)特異性[32]。本研究顯示,11例報(bào)道了LVEF結(jié)果的病例中,有54.5%(6/11)的患者LVEF在正常范圍(50%~70%)內(nèi)。Palaskas等[38]學(xué)者認(rèn)為L(zhǎng)VEF正常并不能排除免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎的診斷。有研究報(bào)道,免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎心電圖變化同樣不具有特異性[39]。但Atallah-yunes 等[32]學(xué)者的研究顯示,有36%的免疫相關(guān)性心肌炎病例和64%的死亡病例與完全性心臟傳導(dǎo)阻滯有關(guān)。本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),有60%(9/15)的病例和80%(4/5)的死亡病例與心臟傳導(dǎo)阻滯有關(guān)。心內(nèi)膜活檢是心肌炎診斷的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,由于其高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而很少使用。根據(jù)達(dá)拉斯標(biāo)準(zhǔn),心肌炎的診斷是有或沒(méi)有心肌壞死的淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)[40]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),有4例患者接受了心肌活檢,均顯示心臟被淋巴細(xì)胞和/或巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),這可能與繼發(fā)于心肌組織細(xì)胞的傳導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的炎癥變化有關(guān)[32]。因此,建議使用帕博利珠單抗的患者在治療開(kāi)始和隨訪時(shí)進(jìn)行連續(xù)心功能相關(guān)檢查,以便早期預(yù)防或及時(shí)干預(yù)相關(guān)ADR。
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(收稿日期:2020-09-16 修回日期:2021-02-25)
(編輯:鄒麗娟)