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基于TAS2R38探究黃連“苦寒?dāng)∥浮钡纳锘A(chǔ)

2021-05-27 16:38陳昺伃張璐盧冬雪嚴(yán)晶孫志廣
關(guān)鍵詞:黃連

陳昺伃 張璐 盧冬雪 嚴(yán)晶 孫志廣

〔摘要〕 目的 基于苦味受體38(bitter taste receptor, TAS2R38)探討久服、誤服黃連導(dǎo)致“苦寒?dāng)∥浮钡纳锘A(chǔ)。方法 ICR小鼠隨機(jī)分為5組,分別為空白對(duì)照組、黃連低(0.5 g/kg)/中(1.5 g/kg)/高(4.5 g/kg)劑量組和苯甲地那銨組(0.225 g/kg),每組12只。各組小鼠分別灌胃給予相應(yīng)的藥物,持續(xù)8周。于第2、4、8周處理動(dòng)物,RT-qPCR檢測(cè)小鼠胃腸TAS2R38 mRNA表達(dá)水平;觀察小鼠胃排空、腸推進(jìn);ELISA測(cè)定小鼠胃泌素和膽囊收縮素;HE染色評(píng)估胃腸黏膜損傷程度。結(jié)果 與空白對(duì)照組相比:苯甲地那銨和黃連均顯著增加TAS2R38 mRNA表達(dá)水平,其中黃連組呈劑量依賴性(P<0.01);苯甲地那銨延緩胃排空(P<0.05),黃連在第2周時(shí)促進(jìn)胃排空(P<0.01),但在第4、8周則延緩胃排空,特別是中、高劑量組(P<0.05);苯甲地那銨與黃連均呈時(shí)間依賴性地抑制腸蠕動(dòng),尤以黃連高劑量組表現(xiàn)明顯(P<0.01);苯甲地那銨與黃連均抑制胃泌素的分泌、促進(jìn)膽囊收縮素的分泌(P<0.05,P<0.01);HE染色顯示苯甲地那銨和黃連均可損傷胃腸組織。結(jié)論 長期使用黃連可通過激動(dòng)TAS2R38,影響小鼠胃腸動(dòng)力,調(diào)節(jié)胃腸激素分泌,加重胃腸組織損傷,可能是其“苦寒?dāng)∥浮钡纳锘A(chǔ)之一。

〔關(guān)鍵詞〕 TAS2R38;黃連;苦寒?dāng)∥?生物基礎(chǔ)

〔中圖分類號(hào)〕R285.5? ? ? ?〔文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼〕A? ? ? ?〔文章編號(hào)〕doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-070X.2021.02.012

〔Abstract〕 Objective Based on the bitter taste receptor 38 (TAS2R38) to explore the biological basis of "KuHanBaiWei" caused by long-term or mistaken intake of Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma). Methods ICR mice were randomly divided into five groups, including the control group, the Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma) in low-dose group (0.5 g/kg), middle-dose group (1.5 g/kg), high-dose group (4.5 g/kg) and denatonium benzoate group (0.225 g/kg), with 12 mice in each group. All mice were treated with the corresponding drugs by gavage for 8 weeks. The mice were killed at 2nd, 4th, and 8th weeks, RT-qPCR was performed to examine the mRNA expression of TAS2R38 in gastrointestinal tract of mice; the gastric emptying and small intestinal propulsion of mice were observed; ELISA was used to detect gastrin and cholecystokinin in mice; HE staining was used to assess the gastrointestinal mucosal lesions. Results Denatonium benzoate group and Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma) group could significantly increase the mRNA expression of TAS2R38 in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control group (P<0.01); denatonium benzoate delayed gastric emptying (P<0.05); Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma) could promote gastric emptying at the 2nd week (P<0.01), and delay gastric emptying at the 4th and 8th week, especially in the middle-dose group and the high-dose group (P<0.05); both denatonium benzoate and Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma) inhibited intestinal peristalsis in a time-dependent manner, especially in the high-dose group (P<0.01); both denatonium benzoate and Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma) inhibited the secretion of gastrin and promoted the secretion of cholecystokinin (P<0.05, P<0.01); HE staining showed that both denatonium benzoate and Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma) could damage gastrointestinal tissue. Conclusion Long-term use of Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma) can affect

gastrointestinal motility, regulate gastrointestinal hormone secretion and aggravate gastrointestinal injury in mice by activating TAS2R38, which may be one of the biological basis of "KuHanBaiWei".

〔Keywords〕 TAS2R38; Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma); "KuHanBaiWei"; biological basis

黃連因其有效性和功效多樣性在臨床被廣泛應(yīng)用,但長期使用或不當(dāng)使用時(shí)極易引起納差、腹瀉、脘痞等癥狀,幾千年的中醫(yī)臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)將這類情況稱為“苦寒?dāng)∥浮薄K^“苦寒?dāng)∥浮?,一方面是指苦藥“能瀉、能燥”,誤服或過服均易耗傷津液及胃陰;另一方面是苦寒藥清熱力大,誤服久服則必傷脾陽、助胃寒。后天之本受困于苦寒之品,水精不布,五經(jīng)不行,氣不得化,統(tǒng)攝無力,則倦怠消瘦、納差痞滿、腹痛、泄瀉等癥俱存,正所謂“百病皆由脾胃衰而生也”。有研究[1]發(fā)現(xiàn)黃連的有效成分如小檗堿等可以和苦味受體(bitter taste receptor, TAS2R)結(jié)合,而TAS2R被激活后可以影響胃腸功能[2]。TAS2R是一類表達(dá)于味蕾上的味覺受體細(xì)胞,作為味覺受體第二家族的成員介導(dǎo)苦味的感知。研究表明[3-8],TAS2R僅分布在口腔,還廣泛分布在消化系統(tǒng),特別是TAS2R38,它在消化系統(tǒng)的表達(dá)高且保守穩(wěn)定[9-10],成為TAS2R家族的代表性研究對(duì)象。

基于上述情況,我們提出了本研究的科學(xué)假說:苦寒中藥的代表性藥物—黃連能夠激活TAS2R38,引起胃腸功能的變化,這可能是其“苦寒?dāng)∥浮钡纳锘A(chǔ)。

1 材料

1.1? 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物

SPF級(jí)ICR小鼠110只,雌雄各半,體質(zhì)量18~20 g,購自南京市江寧區(qū)青龍山動(dòng)物繁殖場(chǎng),合格證號(hào)201920449,生產(chǎn)許可證號(hào)SCXK(蘇)2017-0001,使用許可證號(hào)SYXK(蘇)2018-0049。將小鼠隨機(jī)分為空白對(duì)照組、黃連低劑量組(0.5 g/kg,1/3臨床等效量)、黃連中劑量組(1.5 g/kg,臨床等效量)、黃連高劑量組(4.5 g/kg,3倍臨床等效量)、苦味受體激動(dòng)劑苯甲地那銨組(0.225 g/kg),每組12只。小鼠籠內(nèi)飼養(yǎng),所有鼠籠均有充足的飼料及飲用水。各組小鼠分別灌胃給予相應(yīng)的藥物,持續(xù)8周,于第2、4、8周處理動(dòng)物。所有動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)均遵循南京中醫(yī)院大學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)規(guī)定。

1.2? 實(shí)驗(yàn)藥物制備

制備黃連水煎液:黃連200 g,蒸餾水浸泡藥材0.5 h后煎煮,旋轉(zhuǎn)濃縮水煎液濃度為1 g/mL。制備營養(yǎng)半固體糊:羧甲纖維素鈉5 g、淀粉4 g、奶粉8 g、印度墨汁1 mL,在裝有蒸餾水的燒杯中邊加熱邊攪拌,使其溶解成黑色半固體糊狀物,定容至150 mL。

1.3? 主要試劑及儀器

苯甲地那銨、印度墨汁(大連meilunbio公司,批號(hào)D124654-5g、MB9903);HE染色試劑盒(上海Solarbio公司,批號(hào)G1120);無水乙醇(南京化學(xué)試劑有限公司,批號(hào)32061);二甲苯(上海凌峰化學(xué)試劑有限公司,批號(hào)20160217);4%多聚甲醛(上海Biosharp公司,批號(hào)1810898);胃泌素(gastrin,GAS)、膽囊收縮素(cholecystokinin,CCK)ELISA試劑盒(南京金益柏生物科技有限公司,批號(hào)JEB-12849、JEB-12772);羧甲基纖維素鈉(國藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司,批號(hào)20180702);引物(上海生工生物公司合成);Tris(德國Biofroxx公司,批號(hào)1115GR500、SBJ-R0031-96T);HiscritalI QRT SuperMix、Fast Pure Gel DNA Extraction Mini Kit、ChamQ SYBR qPCR Master Mix(南京Vazyme公司,批號(hào)R223-01、DC301、Q331-02);SYBR safe DNA gelstain、6×DNA Loading Bufer、100bp DNA Ladder(美國Thermo Fisher Scientifc公司,批號(hào) S33102、10816015、SM0241);瓊脂糖(上海Utrapure公司,批號(hào)16500-100)。

電子天平(德國Sartorius公司,型號(hào):BSA224S-CW);離心機(jī)(湘儀離心機(jī)有限公司,型號(hào):L420);石蠟切片機(jī)(德國Leica公司,型號(hào):RM2245);多模式組織切片成像系統(tǒng)(美國Perkin-Elmer公司,型號(hào):Mantra);實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR儀(美國Thermo Fisher Scientific公司,型號(hào):Q6)。

2 方法

2.1? TAS2R38 mRNA檢測(cè)

RT-qPCR檢測(cè)胃腸組織中TAS2R38 mRNA的相對(duì)表達(dá)量。取動(dòng)物胃腸組織樣本,按試劑說明書操作提取組織總mRNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)條件為25 ℃ 10 min,42 ℃ 30 min,85 ℃ 5 min,4 ℃,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄完成后-80 ℃保存。TAS2R38的引物序列為:TAS2R38-F AAGACCCACTGAGCCACAAC;TAS2R38-RGAGAAGCGGACAATCTTGGA。cDNA的擴(kuò)增程序?yàn)椋侯A(yù)變性95 ℃ 30 s,變性95 ℃ 10 s,退火60 ℃ 30 s,40個(gè)循環(huán)周期。釆用2-ΔΔCt方法計(jì)算樣品中TAS2R38mRNA相對(duì)含量。

2.2? 胃排空、腸推進(jìn)測(cè)定

小鼠禁食不禁水12 h后,0.5 mL營養(yǎng)半固體糊灌胃,20 min后眼球取血并脫頸處死。剖開腹腔,取出小鼠的胃,用吸水紙擦干后稱其全重。沿著胃大彎將胃體剪開,洗去胃里面的殘留物后用吸水紙擦干,稱其凈重,計(jì)算小鼠的胃內(nèi)殘留率。輕柔分離腸系膜,取出小鼠小腸,在白色桌面上直線平鋪小腸,用量尺測(cè)量黑色半固體糊前沿到幽門的距離以及回盲部到幽門的小腸長度,計(jì)算小腸推進(jìn)比。

胃內(nèi)殘留率=(胃全重-胃凈重)/灌服半固體糊重量×100%

小腸推進(jìn)比=黑色半固體糊前沿到幽門的距離/回盲部到幽門小腸全長×100%

2.3? GAS、CCK檢測(cè)

小鼠眼球取血后,靜置分層離心(12 000 r/min,10 min)取上清,參照ELISA試劑說明書檢測(cè)血清樣本中GAS和CCK的含量。

2.4? 胃腸組織HE染色

取出胃腸組織后,常規(guī)固定、脫水、石蠟包埋、切片、烤片、復(fù)水、染色、脫水、封片,顯微鏡拍照觀測(cè)。

2.5? 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)及分析

使用GraphPad Prism 8軟件作圖并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,數(shù)據(jù)以“x±s”表示,組間比較采用One-Way ANOVA檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

3 結(jié)果

3.1? 黃連對(duì)TAS2R38 mRNA表達(dá)的影響

與空白對(duì)照組相比,苯甲地那銨組胃、結(jié)腸中的TAS2R38 mRNA表達(dá)明顯升高(P<0.001),同時(shí)黃連組中TAS2R38 mRNA水平也隨著給藥劑量增加和給藥時(shí)間延長而升高(P<0.01,P<0.001)。見圖1。

3.2? 黃連對(duì)小鼠胃排空的影響

與空白對(duì)照組比較,苯甲地那銨組的胃殘留率一直較高,這說明苦味受體被激活后有持久的延緩胃排空的作用。相較于空白對(duì)照組,黃連在第2周增強(qiáng)胃排空(P<0.01,P<0.001),但自第4周開始,黃連組逐漸呈現(xiàn)延緩胃排空的趨勢(shì),特別是中、高劑量組(P<0.05)。見圖2。

3.3? 黃連對(duì)小鼠腸推進(jìn)的影響

與胃排空不同,相較于空白對(duì)照組,苯甲地那銨在第2周時(shí)會(huì)促進(jìn)腸道蠕動(dòng)(P<0.05),但這種促進(jìn)作用隨著給藥時(shí)間的延長逐漸消失(P>0.05)。同樣,與空白對(duì)照組相比,第2周時(shí)黃連各劑量組增加了腸道蠕動(dòng)(P<0.05)。但隨著時(shí)間的推移,黃連促進(jìn)腸蠕動(dòng)的作用消失,高劑量組腸推進(jìn)率顯著下降(P<0.01)。見圖3。

3.4? 黃連對(duì)小鼠GAS、CCK分泌的影響

苯甲地那銨從第2周起持續(xù)抑制GAS分泌(P<0.05),黃連組雖然表現(xiàn)出抑制GAS分泌的趨勢(shì),但P值無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。在第2周,苯甲地那銨與黃連各劑量組均可促進(jìn)CCK分泌(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01),但隨著時(shí)間的推移這種促進(jìn)作用消失(P>0.05)。見圖4。

3.5? 黃連對(duì)胃腸組織的影響

胃組織HE染色結(jié)果顯示空白對(duì)照組上皮細(xì)胞完整,胃壁細(xì)胞正常,無明顯損傷;而苯甲地那銨組和黃連組隨著給藥時(shí)間的延長,出現(xiàn)明顯的胃腺體減少,上皮細(xì)胞缺損以及炎性細(xì)胞浸潤。結(jié)腸的HE染色中,空白對(duì)照組上皮細(xì)胞排列規(guī)整,隱窩結(jié)構(gòu)正常。苯甲地那銨組和黃連組隨著給藥劑量的增大和給藥時(shí)間的延長,結(jié)腸組織破環(huán)程度逐漸加重,隱窩萎縮且間隙增大,杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)目減少,炎性細(xì)胞可浸潤至肌層。見圖5。

4 討論

黃連作為大苦大寒之品,因其療效確切廣泛、臨床使用頗多,而不規(guī)范使用導(dǎo)致的脾胃損傷也時(shí)有發(fā)生。TAS2R是人類基本味覺中受體數(shù)量最多的[11],這與物種的生物進(jìn)化過程密切相關(guān)。最早認(rèn)為苦味與毒物或有害食物相關(guān)[12],苦味感受器越敏感,越能調(diào)動(dòng)人體諸如嘔吐、腹瀉等自我保護(hù)措施[13]。TAS2R所引起的保護(hù)機(jī)制,與久服、過服黃連所致“苦寒?dāng)∥浮钡奈改c功能紊亂這一病理表征不謀而合。上述實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:(1)使用苦寒中藥黃連能激活TAS2R38,顯著提高其mRNA水平的表達(dá)。(2)黃連對(duì)胃腸功能的影響基本與TAS2R38激動(dòng)劑苯甲地那銨類似,這說明黃連對(duì)胃腸功能的調(diào)節(jié)作用可能與TAS2R38被激活有關(guān)。(3)黃連在連續(xù)用藥超過4周后,就會(huì)對(duì)胃腸動(dòng)力產(chǎn)生負(fù)性作用,特別是中、高劑量組。這提示我們,臨床使用黃連時(shí)應(yīng)注意使用時(shí)間和劑量,避免過久及過量使用。

TAS2R參與調(diào)節(jié)胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng),有學(xué)者[2]在胃內(nèi)苯甲地那銨給藥后口服營養(yǎng)素激發(fā)試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),健康志愿者出現(xiàn)了營養(yǎng)素容量耐受性降低、飽腹感增強(qiáng)等表現(xiàn),這與本實(shí)驗(yàn)抑制胃排空的結(jié)果一致。也有報(bào)道[14]稱TAS2R激動(dòng)劑對(duì)食物的攝入也有雙向影響,它可以刺激胃饑餓素分泌,增加小鼠的食物攝入量,但這種作用的維持時(shí)間很短暫,食物攝入量在最初30 min內(nèi)不斷上升,隨后在接下來的4 h內(nèi)持續(xù)下降。這些研究均表明TAS2R在改變胃腸動(dòng)力、干擾饑餓信號(hào)等方面發(fā)揮作用。

胃腸道是體內(nèi)最大的內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng),其分泌的激素可以調(diào)節(jié)胃腸道內(nèi)外組織的功能,并在機(jī)體的代謝穩(wěn)態(tài)中發(fā)揮重要作用,本實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)了黃連、TAS2R38、胃腸激素之間的密切關(guān)系。有研究[15]表明大多數(shù)表達(dá)CCK的味覺細(xì)胞可能是苦味細(xì)胞,與野生型小鼠相比,敲除CCK受體的小鼠對(duì)苦味化合物的神經(jīng)反應(yīng)減少,這說明CCK可以作為一種重要的功能神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),激活外周組織中的苦味神經(jīng)纖維。相反,TAS2R的激動(dòng)劑如苯硫脲,也可以激動(dòng)腸內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞上的TAS2R38,刺激CCK的釋放[16]。

實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果提示,TAS2R除了影響胃腸動(dòng)力及胃腸激素的分泌,也參與了組織的病理改變。有報(bào)道[17-18]稱,苯甲地那銨可以破壞雞的空腸上皮形態(tài)并誘導(dǎo)與TAS2R相關(guān)的細(xì)胞凋亡/自噬。TAS2R相關(guān)的下游通路如PLCβ-PKC可以通過調(diào)節(jié)促炎細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生來增強(qiáng)結(jié)腸炎的進(jìn)展[19]。

2019年發(fā)表在PNAS上的一篇文章發(fā)現(xiàn)寄生蟲感染可以激活腸道簇狀細(xì)胞中TAS2R介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)通路,在這一過程中苦味受體家族有8個(gè)亞型出現(xiàn)了明顯上調(diào)趨勢(shì),有8個(gè)亞型出現(xiàn)了顯著下調(diào)趨勢(shì)[20]。在本研究中,我們基于TAS2R38初步探索了黃連“苦寒?dāng)∥浮钡纳飳W(xué)基礎(chǔ),其深入的機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步挖掘。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] YUE X, LIANG J, GU F,et al. Berberine activates bitter taste responses of enteroendocrine STC-1 cells[J]. Molecular And Cellular Biochemistry, 2018, 10: 447.

[2] AVAU B, ROTONDO A, THIJS T, et al. Targeting extra-oral bitter taste receptors modulates gastrointestinal motility with effects on satiation[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 15985.

[3] LISZT K I,LEY J P,LIEDER B,et al. Caffeine induces gastric acid secretion via bitter taste signaling in gastric parietal cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2017, 114(30): E6260-E6269.

[4] CAREY R M, LEE R J. Taste receptors in upper airway innate immunity[J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11(9): 167-179.

[5] ZAGORCHEV P, PETKOV G V, GAGOV H S. Bitter taste receptors as regulators of abdominal muscles contraction[J]. Physiological Research, 2019, 68(6): 991-995.

[6] GRASSIN-DELYLE S, SALVATOR H, MANTOV N, et al. Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in human lung macrophages: Receptor expression and inhibitory effects of TAS2R agonists[J]. Frontiers in Physiology, 2019, 10: 1267.

[7] LU P, ZHANG C H, LIFSHITZ L M, et al. Extraoral bitter taste receptors in health and disease[J]. The Journal of General Physiology, 2017, 149(2): 181-197.

[8] SHAW L, MANSFIELD C, COLQUITT L, et al. Personalized expression of bitter taste receptors in human skin[J]. PlosOne, 2018, 13(10): e0205322.

[9] PRANDI S, VOIGT A, MEYERHOF W, et al. Expression profiling of Tas2r genes reveals a complex pattern along the mouse GI tract and the presence of Tas2r131 in a subset of intestinal Paneth cells[J]. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2018, 75(1): 49-65.

[10] WU S V, CHEN M C, ROZENGURT E. Genomic organization, expression, and function of bitter taste receptors (T2R) in mouse and rat[J]. Physiological Genomics, 2005, 22(2): 139-149.

[11] ROPER S D, CHAUDHARI N. Taste buds: Cells, signals and synapses[J]. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2017, 18(8): 485-497.

[12] GLENDINNING J I. Is the bitter rejection response always adaptive?[J]. Physiology & Behavior, 1994, 56(6): 1217-1227.

[13] MEYERHOF W, BATRAM C, KUHN C, et al. The molecular receptive ranges of human TAS2R bitter taste receptors[J]. Chemical Senses, 2010, 35(2): 157-170.

[14] JANSSEN S, LAERMANS J, VERHULST P J, et al. Bitter taste receptors and α-gustducin regulate the secretion of ghrelin with functional effects on food intake and gastric emptying[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011, 108(5): 2094-2099.

[15] YOSHIDA R, SHIN M, YASUMATSU K, et al. The role of cholecystokinin in peripheral taste signaling in mice[J]. Frontiers in Physiology, 2017, 8: 866.

[16] JEON T I, SEO Y K, OSBORNE T F. Gut bitter taste receptor signalling induces ABCB1 through a mechanism involving CCK[J]. The Biochemical Journal, 2011, 438(1): 33-37.

[17] JIANG J, LV Z, QI L, et al. Denatonium as a bitter taste receptor agonist damages jejunal epithelial cells of yellow-feathered chickens via inducing apoptosis[J]. Animals, 2020, 14(6): 1223-1233.

[18] HAMDARD E, SHI Z C, LV Z, et al. Denatonium benzoate-induces oxidative stress in the heart and kidney of Chinese fast yellow chickens by regulating apoptosis, autophagy, antioxidative activities and bitter taste receptor gene expressions[J]. Animals, 2019, 9(9): 701.

[19] ZHOU J F, LAI W M, YANG W J, et al. BLT1 in dendritic cells promotes Th1/Th17 differentiation and its deficiency ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis[J]. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 2018, 15(12): 1047-1056.

[20] LUO X C, CHEN Z H, XUE J B, et al. Infection by the parasitic helminth Trichinella spiralis activates a Tas2r-mediated signaling pathway in intestinal tuft cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019, 116(12): 5564-5569.

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