俞正秋 馬春芳 蔡宛如
[摘要] 急性肺損傷/急性呼吸窘迫綜合征是臨床常見(jiàn)的危重病癥之一,起病急、發(fā)展快、病死率高,盡管在過(guò)去幾年中,重癥醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展使得ARDS的院內(nèi)發(fā)生率和死亡率大幅下降,但目前臨床上仍缺乏特效的治療手段。肺保護(hù)通氣、積極抗感染治療和限制性液體管理是目前主要西醫(yī)治療策略,近年來(lái)有部分改進(jìn)從而進(jìn)一步降低該病的死亡率。此外,關(guān)于ARDS異質(zhì)性的研究是近年來(lái)熱點(diǎn),期望找到可靠的生物標(biāo)志物和適當(dāng)?shù)闹委煱悬c(diǎn),更好地開(kāi)展精準(zhǔn)化治療。隨著醫(yī)藥治療ARDS的實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床研究不斷深入,中醫(yī)藥治療ARDS也取得了一定的成果。本文回顧了近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),總結(jié)了中西醫(yī)關(guān)于此病的最新研究治療進(jìn)展,以期為ALI/ARDS的臨床個(gè)體化治療和藥物研發(fā)提供新思路。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 急性肺損傷;急性呼吸窘迫綜合征;間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;中醫(yī)藥
[中圖分類號(hào)] R563.8? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2021)13-0189-04
Advances in the treatment of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome
YU Zhengqiu? ?MA Chunfang? ?CAI Wanru
The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou? ?310053, China
[Abstract] Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome is one of the common clinical critical illnesses. It has a rapid onset,rapid development,and high mortality rate. Although in the past few years, the development of intensive care medicine has led to a significant drop in the incidence and mortality of ARDS in the hospital. There is still a lack of clinically effective treatments. Lung-protective ventilation,active anti-infective treatment,and restrictive fluid management are currently the main Western medical treatment strategies. In recent years, some improvements have been made to reduce the mortality of this disease further. In addition, research on the heterogeneity of ARDS has been a hot spot in recent years, and it is hoped that reliable biomarkers and appropriate therapeutic targets can be found to better carry out the precision treatment. With the continuous deepening of experimental and clinical research on the medical treatment of ARDS, Chinese medicine treatment of ARDS has also achieved certain results. This article reviews the relevant domestic and foreign literature in recent years, summarizes the latest research and treatment progress of Chinese and Western medicine on this disease, in order to provide new ideas for individualized clinical treatment and drug development of ALI/ARDS.
[Key words] Acute lung injury; Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Mesenchymal stem cells; Traditional Chinese medicine
急性肺損傷(Acute lung injury,ALI)/急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(Acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)是重癥患者呼吸衰竭的常見(jiàn)病因,臨床上常表現(xiàn)為呼吸窘迫和進(jìn)行性低氧血癥[1]。ALI的最終嚴(yán)重階段定義為ARDS。誘發(fā) ALI/ARDS 發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素眾多,常見(jiàn)的直接因素有嚴(yán)重肺部感染、胃內(nèi)容物吸入、肺挫傷等,間接因素有肺外嚴(yán)重感染、嚴(yán)重的非胸部創(chuàng)傷、重癥急性胰腺炎、大量輸血等。
ALI/ARDS 屬于臨床常見(jiàn)的危重癥,發(fā)病急驟、病死率高,是臨床重癥患者死亡的主要原因之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),美國(guó)每年新發(fā)ALI/ARDS成人患者的死亡率可達(dá)30%,其中老年患者人群的死亡率更高達(dá)60%[2]。ALI/ARDS的危害廣泛而深遠(yuǎn),不僅治療費(fèi)用高昂,對(duì)個(gè)人和社會(huì)造成巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),同時(shí)幸存者可能遺留較多的、持續(xù)的身體、心理和神經(jīng)認(rèn)知疾病,嚴(yán)重?fù)p害患者的生活質(zhì)量,且該影響常持續(xù)至ARDS康復(fù)后5年[3]。目前臨床上對(duì)此病尚無(wú)特效治療手段。因此,如何有效在早期預(yù)防ALI的發(fā)生,防止ALI進(jìn)一步發(fā)展成為ARDS是當(dāng)前急需解決的重要問(wèn)題。本文圍繞目前ALI/ARDS的中醫(yī)西醫(yī)研究進(jìn)展概述如下。
1 發(fā)病機(jī)制及病理生理
1.1急性炎癥反應(yīng)
ALI/ARDS 確切的發(fā)病機(jī)制迄今仍未完全闡明,目前認(rèn)為其實(shí)質(zhì)是由于嚴(yán)重的急性炎癥反應(yīng),中性粒細(xì)胞以及其他炎癥介質(zhì)遷移,使得肺泡-毛細(xì)血管膜完整性破壞、滲透性增加,從而表現(xiàn)出的高通透性肺水腫,其產(chǎn)生的急性炎癥滲出液會(huì)使得肺泡表面活性劑失活,導(dǎo)致終末氣道趨于陷閉,肺的氣體交換面積減少,從而引發(fā)嚴(yán)重的通氣/血流比例失調(diào)[4]。在重癥感染中,病原體及其毒素、部分趨化因子和炎癥細(xì)胞因子、toll樣受體、白細(xì)胞蛋白酶和脂質(zhì)介質(zhì)引起的急性炎癥反應(yīng)均可導(dǎo)致ALI的發(fā)生[5-8]。
1.2內(nèi)皮完整性
肺泡通透性增加、肺上皮細(xì)胞生理屏障破壞以及凝血途徑激活被認(rèn)為是ALI/ARDS最主要的病理生理特征。其中,血管內(nèi)皮鈣黏蛋白(Vascular endothelial cadherin,VE-Cadherin)在維持內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞屏障完整性方面起著關(guān)鍵作用。有研究表明,在ALI/ARDS的病理進(jìn)程中,各種炎癥細(xì)胞、炎癥介質(zhì)和細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生的刺激會(huì)通過(guò)血管內(nèi)皮鈣黏蛋白的磷酸化、內(nèi)吞和F-actin重構(gòu)引起肺血管內(nèi)皮屏障破壞,增加肺毛細(xì)血管通透性[9-10]。目前,已有研究將VE-Cadherin作為內(nèi)皮屏障修復(fù)的靶點(diǎn),希望借此來(lái)逆轉(zhuǎn)由血管通透性增加引起的肺水腫。研究較多的還有S1P(Sphingosine-1-phosphate),是一種具有多種生理功能的脂質(zhì),在ALI動(dòng)物模型中,S1P已證明可以減少血管滲漏從而減輕氧合損傷[11]。一項(xiàng)前瞻性隊(duì)列研究表明,ARDS患者常伴隨較低的血清S1P水平和較差的臨床預(yù)后[12]。
1.3潛在表型
關(guān)于ARDS潛在表型也是另一個(gè)研究熱點(diǎn),以往分型主要根據(jù)病情嚴(yán)重程度分為輕、中、重度,但這不足以幫助臨床更好地進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)分層[13-14]。Bos等[15]通過(guò)20多種生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物分出兩種ARDS生物表型,并準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)了不同表型的ICU死亡率。Calfee等[16]通過(guò)英國(guó)一項(xiàng)關(guān)于辛伐他汀用于ARDS患者的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究數(shù)據(jù)分析得出兩種ARDS表型,并發(fā)現(xiàn)辛伐他汀可提高炎癥表型患者的生存率。
2 西醫(yī)治療策略進(jìn)展
2.1保護(hù)性肺通氣策略
ALI/ARDS管理的基石是機(jī)械通氣,采用保護(hù)性肺通氣策略(Lung-protective ventilation strategies,LPVS),目的在于減少呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺損傷(VILI)。VILI是一種繼發(fā)性的肺損傷,可增強(qiáng)全身炎癥反應(yīng),加快多器官功能衰竭的發(fā)展和死亡。小潮氣量的機(jī)械通氣策略有助于降低ARDS的死亡率。潮氣量降低可減少對(duì)肺上皮細(xì)胞的損傷,當(dāng)潮氣量從12 mL/kg降低至6 mL/kg時(shí),肺水腫的吸收速率可增快3倍。當(dāng)潮氣量降至6 mL/kg,ARDS的絕對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下降10.9%,并且小潮氣量的ALI患者進(jìn)展成為ARDS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更低[17]。小潮氣量機(jī)械通氣除了肺內(nèi)保護(hù)功能外,還能保護(hù)肺外器官功能[18]。2017年ATS機(jī)械通氣治療成人急性呼吸窘迫綜合征指南,同樣強(qiáng)烈推薦對(duì)所有ARDS患者使用限制潮氣量和限制通氣壓力[19]。
2.2藥物治療
2.2.1 常規(guī)藥物? 關(guān)于治療ALI/ARDS藥物研究主要集中于舒血管藥物、肺表面活性物質(zhì)、抗炎制劑、抗氧化劑等方面[20-21]。一項(xiàng)小型觀察性研究表明,外源性吸入一氧化碳對(duì)緩解氧合作用能起到一定幫助,但無(wú)法降低ALI/ARDS的死亡率[22]。β2受體激動(dòng)劑可通過(guò)刺激β2受體增加肺泡表面Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型細(xì)胞的鈉離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),從而減輕肺水腫[23-24]。他汀類藥物能夠減輕炎癥并促進(jìn)肺損傷恢復(fù),是治療ALI/ARDS的潛在藥物[25-26]。臨床關(guān)于全身糖皮質(zhì)激素在ALI/ARDS患者中的應(yīng)用指征和療效尚不明確,根據(jù)目前已有RCT研究結(jié)果顯示,該治療手段未顯示出明確的療效[27]。考慮到凝血機(jī)制與炎癥途徑之間的密切關(guān)系,抗凝可能是有效治療ALI/ARDS的手段之一。有研究表明,使用阿司匹林抗血小板治療可以預(yù)防高?;颊逜RDS的發(fā)生[28]。
2.2.2 間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞? 針對(duì)ALI/ARDS的病理特點(diǎn),間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(Membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cell,MSC)是目前熱點(diǎn)研究方向[29]。實(shí)驗(yàn)研究已證明,MSC具有抗炎、抗凋亡作用,能促進(jìn)上皮和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的修復(fù),增加肺泡液中病原體清除率[30-34]。因MSC獨(dú)特的生物學(xué)效應(yīng),使其成為治療ALI/ARDS最有潛力的一類干細(xì)胞[35]。
3 中醫(yī)藥治療進(jìn)展
中醫(yī)學(xué)雖無(wú)“急性肺損傷”病名的記載,但結(jié)合 ALI/ARDS 臨床表現(xiàn),該病當(dāng)屬中醫(yī)學(xué)“暴喘”“結(jié)胸”“喘脫”等范疇,臨床特征可概括為“喘”“昏”“滿”“熱”四癥,基本病機(jī)為正氣不足、熱毒內(nèi)陷、瘀熱互結(jié),屬于虛實(shí)夾雜之證。近年來(lái)隨著中醫(yī)藥防治 ALI/ARDS 的研究工作逐漸深入,大量的基礎(chǔ)研究均證明了中醫(yī)藥治療 ALI/ARDS 的有效性[36]。多數(shù)醫(yī)家提倡早期應(yīng)用清熱解毒、活血化瘀藥物。章卓[37]發(fā)現(xiàn),積雪草苷能阻止中性粒細(xì)胞過(guò)度釋放炎癥因子IL-6、TNF-α等,從而改善內(nèi)毒素性ALI。丹參的提取成分丹參酮ⅡA可以降低肺泡灌注液中TNF-α、IL-1β的表達(dá),抑制Caspase-3、Bcl-2家族中促凋亡蛋白的表達(dá),由此抑制肺組織的炎癥反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞凋亡[38]。谷志龍等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn),姜黃提取物姜黃素能夠通過(guò)降低小鼠血漿內(nèi)毒素水平從而減少對(duì)肺組織的損傷。余林中等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn),涼膈散可以顯著降低模型大鼠肺組織中TLR4蛋白的表達(dá),減輕肺損傷。洪輝華等[41]實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,芪冬活血飲能夠通過(guò)多途徑調(diào)控急性肺損傷大鼠的炎癥反應(yīng),對(duì)于急性肺損傷大鼠具有良好的保護(hù)作用。趙鑫民等[42]發(fā)現(xiàn),通腑瀉肺方能夠降低ARDS模型大鼠的氣道阻力,提高肺順應(yīng)性。駱長(zhǎng)永等[43]發(fā)現(xiàn)益氣化瘀解毒方可降低ARDS大鼠的血清炎癥水平,減輕肺組織損傷。
綜上所述,中西醫(yī)在治療ALI/ARDS均有新進(jìn)展,但迄今為止尚無(wú)特效藥及特效療法,主要根據(jù)其病理生理改變和臨床表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行針對(duì)性或支持治療,以原發(fā)病的治療、呼吸支持治療和藥物治療為主。目前,關(guān)于ALI/ARDS的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全明確。實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),治療有效的藥物運(yùn)用于臨床仍需進(jìn)一步研究和全面評(píng)估,新的治療機(jī)制有待于闡明,以期為ALI/ARDS的臨床個(gè)體化治療和藥物研發(fā)提供新思路。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Ware LB,Matthay MA. The acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. New England Journal of Medicine,2000,342(18):1334-1349.
[2] Rubenfeld GD,Herridge MS. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute lung injury[J]. Chest,2007,131(2):554-562.
[3] Bos LD,Martin-Loeches I,Schultz MJ. ARDS:Challenges in patient care and frontiers in research[J]. European Respiratory Review,2018,27(147):170 107.
[4] Finney S,Salam A,Silversides J,et al. Guidelines on the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. BMJ Open Respiratory Research,2019,6(1):e000 420.
[5] Song C,Li H,Li Y,et al. NETs promote ALI/ARDS inflammation by regulating alveolar macrophage polarization[J]. Experimental Cell Research,2019,382(2):111 486.
[6] Suresh MV,Thomas B,Dolgachev VA,et al. Toll like receptor-9 (TLR9) is requisite for acute inflammatory response and injury following lung contusion[J]. Shock (Augusta,Ga),2016,46(4):412.
[7] Williams AE,José RJ,Mercer PF,et al. Evidence for chemokine synergy during neutrophil migration in ARDS [J].Thorax,2017,72(1):66-73.
[8] Kellner M,Noonepalle S,Lu Q,et al. ROS signaling in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury(ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)[J]. Adv Exp Med Biol,2017,967:105-137.
[9] Shi Z,Ye W,Zhang J,et al. LipoxinA4 attenuates acute pancreatitis-associated acute lung injury by regulating AQP-5 and MMP-9 expression,anti-apoptosis and PKC/SSeCKS-mediated F-actin activation[J]. Molecular Immunology,2018,103:78-88.
[10] Villar J,Zhang H,Slutsky AS. Lung repair and regeneration in ARDS:Role of PECAM1 and Wnt signaling[J]. Chest,2019,155(3):587-594.
[11] Obinata H,Hla T. Sphingosine 1-phosphate in coagulation and inflammation[J].Semin Immunopathol,2012,34(1):73-91.
[12] Zhao J,Tan Y,Wang L,et al. Serum sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate gene polymorphisms in acute respiratory distress syndrome:A multicenter prospective study[J]. Journal of Translational Medi-cine,2020,18:1-11.
[13] Shankar-Hari MMcauley DF. Acute respiratory distress syndrome phenotypes and identifying treatable traits. The dawn of personalized medicine for ARDS[J]. American Thoracic Society,2017,195(3):280-281.
[14] Wilson JG,Calfee CS. ARDS subphenotypes:Understanding a heterogeneous syndrome[J]. Critical Care,2020, 24:1-8.
[15] Bos L,Schouten L,Van Vught L,et al. Identification and validation of distinct biological phenotypes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome by cluster analysis[J]. Thorax,2017,72(10):876-883.
[16] Calfee CS,Delucchi KL,Sinha P,et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome subphenotypes and differential response to simvastatin:Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial[J]. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine,2018,6(9):691-698.
[17] Simonis FD,Neto AS,Binnekade JM,et al. Effect of a low vs intermediate tidal volume strategy on ventilator-free days in intensive care unit patients without ARDS:A randomized clinical trial[J]. Jama,2018,320(18):1872-1880.
[18] Beitler JR,Sands SA,Loring SH,et al. Quantifying unintended exposure to high tidal volumes from breath stacking dyssynchrony in ARDS:The BREATHE criteria[J]. Intensive Care Medicine,2016,42(9):1427-1436.
[19] Fan E,Del Sorbo L,Goligher EC,et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Society of Intensive Care Medicine/Society of Critical Care Medicine clinical practice guideline: Mechanical ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,2017,195(9):1253-1263.
[20] Duggal A,Rezoagli E,Pham T,et al. Patterns of use of adjunctive therapies in patients with early moderate to severe ARDS:Insights from the LUNG SAFE Study[J]. Chest,2020,157(6):1497-1505.
[21] Rosenberg OA. Pulmonary surfactant preparations and surfactant therapy for ARDS in surgical intensive care:A literature review[J]. Creative Surgery and Oncology,2019, 9(1):50-65.
[22] Creagh-Brown BC,Griffiths MJ,Evans TW. Bench-to-bedside review:Inhaled nitric oxide therapy in adults[J]. Critical Care,2009,13(3):221.
[23] Fouad M,Mohamed M,Ammar M,et al. The role of inhaled corticosteroids and B2 agonist in prevention of ARDS in high risk patients admitted to ICU [J]. QJM:An International Journal of Medicine,2020,113(Supplement_1):DOI:10.1093/qjmed/hcaa039.072.
[24] Wang Y,Zhang S,Zhang YD,et al. A single-center retrospective study of factors related to the effects of intravenous glucocorticoid therapy in moderate-to-severe and active thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy[J]. BMC Endocr Disord,2018,18:13.
[25] Heijnen NF,Bergmans DC,Schnabel RM,et al. Targeted treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with statins—a commentary on two phenotype stratified re-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Journal of Thoracic Disease,2019,11(Suppl 3):S296.
[26] Calfee CS,Delucchi KL,Sinha P,et al. ARDS subphenotypes and differential response to simvastatin:Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial[J]. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine,2018,6(9):691.
[27] Steinberg KP,Hudson LD,Goodman RB,et al. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. New England Journal of Medicine,2006,354(16):1671-1684.
[28] Washington AV,Esponda O,Gibson A. Platelet biology of the rapidly failing lung [J]. British Journal of Haematology,2020,188(5):641-651.
[29] Huppert LA,Liu KD,Matthay MA. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells in the treatment of ARDS[J].Transfusion,2019,59(S1):869-875.
[30] Pedrazza L,Cunha AA,Luft C,et al. Mesenchymal stem cells improves survival in LPS-induced acute lung injury acting through inhibition of NETs formation[J]. Journal of Cellular Physiology,2017,232(12):3552-3564.
[31] Cóndor JM, Rodrigues CE, De Sousa Moreira R,et al. Treatment with human Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuates sepsis-induced kidney injury,liver injury,and endothelial dysfunction[J]. Stem Cells Translational Medicine,2016,5(8):1048-1057.
[32] Silva JD,Lopes-Pacheco M,Paz AH,et al. Mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow,adipose tissue,and lung tissue differentially mitigate lung and distal organ damage in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Critical Care Medicine,2018,46(2):e132-e140.
[33] Jackson MV,Morrison TJ,Doherty DF,et al. Mitochondrial transfer via tunneling nanotubes is an important mechanism by which mesenchymal stem cells enhance macrophage phagocytosis in the in vitro and in vivo models of ARDS [J]. Stem Cells,2016,34(8):2210-2223.
[34] Gentile LF,Cuenca AG,Efron PA,et al. Persistent inflammation and immunosuppression:A common syndrome and new horizon for surgical intensive care[J]. J Trauma Acute Care Surg,2012,72(6):1491-1501.
[35] Enes SR, Mckenna JRD, Dos Santos C, et al. Inflammatory microenvironment in ARDS patients polarize clinically utilized MSCs towards a pro-inflammatory MSC phenotype[J]. Cytotherapy,2020,22(5):S99.
[36] 蘇景深,劉恩順,趙鑫民. 急性肺損傷/急性呼吸窘迫綜合征中醫(yī)藥治療研究進(jìn)展[J]. 吉林中醫(yī)藥,2019(5):37.
[37] 章卓. 積雪草苷對(duì) LPS 致急性肺損傷保護(hù)作用實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[D].重慶:重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué),2007.
[38] Xu M,ZhangYF,Shan L,et al. Tanshinone IIA therapeutically reduces LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis in mice[J]. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica,2015,36(2):179-187.
[39] 谷志龍,姜華茂,胡占升. 姜黃素對(duì)內(nèi)毒素誘發(fā)的小鼠急性肺損傷的保護(hù)作用探討[J]. 山東醫(yī)藥,2015,55(22):5-8.
[40] 余林中,劉建新,胡孔友,等. 涼膈散對(duì)內(nèi)毒素誘導(dǎo)大鼠急性肺損傷模型 Toll 樣受體 4 表達(dá)的影響[J]. 中藥新藥與臨床藥理,2010,21(4):334-337.
[41] 洪輝華,蔡宛如. 芪冬活血飲對(duì)急性肺損傷模型大鼠 caveolin-1 和細(xì)胞因子的影響[J]. 浙江中西醫(yī)結(jié)合雜志,2015,25(5):431-435.
[42] 趙鑫民,蘇景深,張虹,等. 通腑瀉肺方對(duì) ALI/ARDS 大鼠呼吸力學(xué)的影響[J]. 吉林中醫(yī)藥,2017,37(5):494-496.
[43] 駱長(zhǎng)永,李雁,李昕,等. 益氣化瘀解毒方、超低頻電磁場(chǎng)處理水對(duì) ARDS 大鼠血清 IL-4,IL-10 水平的影響[J].中國(guó)中醫(yī)急癥,2019,28(8):1430-1434.
(收稿日期:2020-10-26)