湖北 羅正禮
讀后續(xù)寫是新高考改革中出現(xiàn)的新題型,它將閱讀與寫作融合在同一語境中,在考查學生閱讀能力的同時,關注對學生寫作能力的培養(yǎng)。這種全新的考查形式對于大多數(shù)學生來說有一定的難度,那么如何有效提升學生的讀后續(xù)寫能力就是教師教學的重點。筆者在讀后續(xù)寫的教學實踐中發(fā)現(xiàn),情節(jié)構建和語言表達是學生的兩大弱項,其中語言表達的部分尤其需要教師系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃、系統(tǒng)指導。針對如何幫助學生提升讀后續(xù)寫語言表達能力這一問題,筆者認為教師要用好、用透新教材,深研并整合閱讀文本;將讀寫綜合技能分解成微技能并依托新教材融入讀寫教學中,從而逐漸提升學生的語言表達能力。
筆者在教學實踐中發(fā)現(xiàn),新教材在鍛煉學生的寫作能力這一方面可謂是用心良苦,在人教版新版教材中提及了兩種幫助學生提高續(xù)寫能力的方法。
所謂單句寫長法就是教師提供一句英文,然后讓學生不斷地將此句加長、延伸下去,學生可以使用名詞性短語(NP)、形容詞性短語(AdjP)、副詞性短語(AdvP)、各種從句、非謂語動詞等語法形式。教師可要求學生在完成后進行朗讀并相互批改,最后教師再有針對性地批改點評。
例如:人教版新版教材Book 2 Unit 4 教參P168 Optional Activity 就為教師提供了很好的續(xù)寫單句寫長的范例。
基本句:There was a house in the countryside.
增添信息后:There was an old white house in the countryside.
增添信息后:Once upon a time there was a strange,tiny,twisted,old white house,which stood in the middle of a magical ancient forest in the countryside far away from the nearest town.
對比以上三句,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)單句延長成文法確實可以快速訓練并提高學生的續(xù)寫能力。筆者在使用此法對高一年級的學生進行續(xù)寫教學時,課堂氣氛熱烈,學生積極性高漲,各個層次的學生都能參與到寫作中,并體會到寫作的快樂和成就感。
所謂語篇寫長法,就是以學生第一次寫的語篇為基礎,通過加入名詞性短語(NP)、形容詞性短語(AdjP)和副詞性短語(AdvP)來增加文章的詞數(shù),使學生克服提筆犯難的心理問題,培養(yǎng)學生的語感。
以人教版新版教材Book 1 Unit 1 Discovering Useful Structures Exercise 3 為例,該題要求學生通過使用NP、AdjP 和AdvP 來增添信息。
原文:I’ve always wanted to be a cheerleader.Yesterday,I tried out for the team.It was hard.First,we had to dance.The teacher showed us how to move,and then we tried.Second,we practised singing a song about the school basketball team.Finally,some girls had to lift their partners.The other girls jumped and cheered.I think I did well,but the other girls were better.I’m not sure if I’ll make the team or not.
增添信息后:I’ve always wanted to be a high school(NP) cheerleader.Yesterday,I tried out for my school’s cheerleading (AdjP) team.It was really hard.First,we had to dance up and down around the basketball court for 20 minutes (AdvP).The teacher showed us how to move,and then we tried very hard (AdvP).Second,we practised singing a short fight (NP)song about the school basketball team.Finally,some of the stronger (AdjP) girls had to lift their partners.The other girls jumped very high (AdvP) and cheered so loudly (AdvP).I think I did quite well in the try-out (AdvP),but many of (NP)the other girls were even better.I’m not so sure whether I’ll make the cheerleading team this year or not.(教參范文P77)
對比前后兩篇文章可以看出,在使用NP、AdjP 和AdvP 結構增添信息后,第二篇文章的語言表達明顯得到了提升。這是教參給出的參考答案,在實際教學中,學生的各種添加往往更讓筆者驚嘆不已。
所謂“五感描寫法”即從視覺、嗅覺、味覺、聽覺和觸覺的視角出發(fā),讓描述顯得生動具體,讓場景立體化,讓故事栩栩如生,讓讀者身臨其境。
例如人教版新版教材Book 2 Unit 4 Reading for Writing的第二段就為教師指導學生運用“五感描寫法”來提升續(xù)寫能力提供了生動的模板。
原文:The peaceful landscape of the“Emerald Isle”and its many greencountiesis a true feast for the eyes,with its rolling green hills dotted with sheep andcattle(視覺).And down by the sea,the roar of theoceanwaves and cries of the seabirds make up the music of the coast(聽覺).On a quiet morning in the mountains,feel the sun on your skin(觸覺),and breathe in the sweet scent of fresh flowers(嗅覺)while birds greet the new day with their morning song.
在上文中,作者生動地描述了鄉(xiāng)村美景在視覺、聽覺、觸覺、嗅覺方面給人們帶來的直觀感受。作者對丘陵、大海、群山進行了惟妙惟肖的描寫,讓讀者有身臨其境之感。
又如人教版新版教材Book 2 Unit 4 教參P168 寫作范文
In my village,every day starts with a“fire”! The houses turn red(視覺)as the sun rises above the mountains.
Seeing the flames,the roosters sound the alarm(聽覺).They wake everyone in the village with their loud cries,chasing the children to school and rushing the adults to work.In the evening,a gold haze settles over everything(視覺).This is my favourite time of the day,when all work for the day has been completed.When the smell of hot oil and fragrant spices float through the air(嗅覺),I know that it will soon be time for dinner.My neighbours begin to call to their children to come home.The birds begin their nightly quarrel(聽覺)over their favourite places to rest.
At night,the stars come out(視 覺)to tell us that all is well and my village grows quiet.For now we’ll sleep,and tomorrow the sun will set us on fire again for a new day!
在上文中,作者借助“五感描寫法”給讀者呈現(xiàn)了一個美麗、祥和、寧靜的鄉(xiāng)村立體畫面。因此,教師應該利用好新教材文本,有意識地引導學生挖掘各種感官細節(jié),讓續(xù)寫活起來。
所謂動作鏈微技能是指在描繪動作的時候,分解動作,使用動感強、層次感強、精準化的一系列動詞形成動作鏈。具體而言,可采用A、B and C 形式和分詞形式等呈現(xiàn)一系列動作。
例如:人教版新版教材Book 1 Unit 2 Reading and Thinking第三段
Stay in a local hotel,visit the museums,admire the architecture,enjoy the excellent local food,and go shopping at the local markets.
上文中的動作鏈,使在秘魯旅游的行程安排躍然紙上。
又如:人教版新版教材Book 2 Unit 4 Workbook Expanding Your World 第二段
So early one cold winter morning,she set out to a distant town.After four hours of struggling through snow,she found the town and quickly bundled her new samovar into her sack and hurried home.
上文中的動作鏈,將主人公在一個寒冷的冬天冒著風雪,前往一個遙遠的小鎮(zhèn)購買新茶炊并趕回家的情境生動地勾勒了出來。
再如:人教版新版教材Book 3 Unit 1 Reading for Writing 第二段
On the first day,I set off to the games early with my friend Burin.I saw a lot of people wearing fancy Mongolian robes.Some were feeding their horses,some were practising archery,and others were chatting or taking photographs.
上文中的動作鏈,客觀地展示了那達慕節(jié)時人們的穿著及節(jié)日活動,使讀者加深了對于那達慕節(jié)的了解。
還如:人教版新版教材Book 2 Unit 4 教參P168 寫作范文
Seeing the flames,the roosters sound the alarm.They wake everyone in the village with their loud cries,chasing the children to school and rushing the adults to work.
上文中的動作鏈,非常生動地描繪了村里公雞打鳴,叫醒村民,催促小孩上學,大人也匆忙趕去工作的場景。
從上面的文本可以看出,使用動作鏈串聯(lián)情節(jié),能夠使得細節(jié)描寫富有層次,能塑造生動的畫面感。教師在平時授課時,要充分引導并鍛煉學生使用動作鏈刻畫細節(jié)的能力。
所謂正面描寫+側面烘托是指在描述環(huán)境及人物心理時,采用以正面描寫為主,側面烘托為輔,來營造語境氛圍。
例如:人教版新版教材Book 2 Unit 2 Reading and Thinking 第一段
The air is thin(正面描寫)and we have to rest several times on the short hike from camp(側面烘托).To our left,snow-covered mountains disappear into clouds(正面描寫)that seem almost close enough to touch.
在上文中,作者通過正面描寫,寫出了高原空氣的稀薄和高寒景象,并通過描繪“我們”在短途行走中不得不屢次停下休息,側面烘托高原空氣的稀薄。
又如:人教版新版教材Book 3 Unit 2 Workbook Expanding Your World 第一段和第四段
The windows are covered with steam from the heat inside(側面烘托).Outside,the temperature is -32℃(正面描寫).Snow covers the streets and is piled up along the sidewalks(正面描寫).
The river is full of big chunks of ice(正面描寫),and if you were to fall in,you would freeze to death in under two minutes(側面烘托).
在上文中,作者正面描寫了冬天戶外的低溫、覆蓋積雪的街道和河道的冰塊,并通過描繪室內(nèi)窗戶上的水蒸汽和冰面,側面烘托了冬天的寒冷。
恰當?shù)厥褂眯揶o手法可以使語言表達更生動優(yōu)美、更有表現(xiàn)力。教師在教學中可以引導學生學習并模仿新教材文本中的各種修辭手法。
例如:人教版新版教材Book 1 Unit 3 Reading and Thinking 第二段
When Michael Jordan’s feet left the ground,time seemed to stand still.(擬人+夸張)
又如:人教版新版教材Book 1 Unit 4 Reading and Thinking
It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!(夸張)
Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves...(明喻)
Slowly,the city began to breathe again.(擬人)
再如:人教版新版教材Book 1 Unit 4 Workbook Reading and Writing 第四段
Wednesday night saw the destruction of the very heart of the city.(擬人)
還如:人教版新版教材Book 2 Unit 5 Reading for Writing
Music gave me happiness.Music gave me strength and brought me relief.Moreover,music gave me hope and a sense of satisfaction.(重復)
...it made my spirits fly like a kite in the wind.(明喻)
It was the rock that I leant on to become strong and to get through those hard times.(暗喻)
在上述例文中,作者使用了各種修辭手法來提升語言表達效果,使細節(jié)描述更加傳神、情感表達更加細膩。因此,教師在使用新教材進行教學時要有意識地鍛煉學生運用各種修辭手法進行仿寫的能力。
所謂文本語言特征就是不同的寫作風格。不同的作家在寫作時會有不同的語言表達偏好。教師在用新教材進行教學時,要引導學生辨認不同文體的語言特征,并進行模仿。
例如:人教版新版教材Book 1 Unit 2 Workbook Expanding Your World 第一段
Pisa is a fine old city.The houses are well-built;the streets open,straight,and well-paved;the shops well-furnished;and the markets well-supplied.
在上文中,作者通過使用各種形容詞,尤其是合成形容詞,為讀者生動地描繪了意大利比薩的街道及市容風貌。
再如:人教版新版教材Book 3 Unit 1 Reading for Writing 第五段
I’m finally back home now,feeling really tired,but celebrating Naadam with my friend was totally worth it.
在上文中,作者通過使用各種副詞,生動地凸顯了其對于那達慕節(jié)的感受。
又如:人教版新版教材Book 3 Unit 2 Reading for Writing
教師在進行讀后續(xù)寫指導時,要引導學生模仿原文的寫作風格從而使續(xù)寫段落和原文語篇協(xié)同、語言協(xié)同。
新教材文本是最重要的教學資源,其主題覆蓋面廣,語篇類型豐富,更提供了不少學生可模仿的語言知識、文化知識、語言技能、學習策略等。所以教師在平時的教學中,要立足新教材,用好新教材,將讀后續(xù)寫的各種微技能滲透到新教材的教學中,用新教材的語篇提升學生的續(xù)寫能力,使學生從容應對這一新題型。