孫惠琪
【V-ing形式用法經(jīng)典點(diǎn)擊】
動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞皆由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成,并總以V-ing形式結(jié)尾。當(dāng)V-ing形式作用像名詞時(shí),叫作動(dòng)名詞;而當(dāng)V-ing形式其作用像形容詞或副詞時(shí),就叫作現(xiàn)在分詞。同時(shí)還要掌握??? V-ing形式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法:
一、V-ing形式為現(xiàn)在分詞
1. V-ing形式作定語。V-ing形式作前置定語,表示用途,即“用來做……”,或表示性質(zhì),即“……的”;V-ing形式作后置定語,往往表示正在發(fā)生或與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。
I found a sleeping baby on the bed.
The man breaking the law (=who broke the law) was sentenced to death.
2. V-ing形式作狀語時(shí),常作原因狀語、方式狀語(表伴隨情況)、時(shí)間狀語、結(jié)果狀語等。
Being a student, I must study hard. (原因狀語)
She stood by the window, watching people passing by her window. (方式狀語)
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. (時(shí)間狀語)
The boy ran even faster, reaching the school out of breath. (結(jié)果狀語)
3. V-ing形式作表語,表示“使人感到……”的一種性質(zhì)或特征,也可以表示抽象概念的動(dòng)作,這種動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。
The news is inspiring.
4. V-ing形式作賓補(bǔ),表示該動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生。
We are watching the teacher doing the experiment.
二、V-ing形式為動(dòng)名詞
1. V-ing形式作主語,此時(shí)V-ing形式多表示一般或抽象的重復(fù)多次的行為。
Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job.
2. V-ing形式作賓語時(shí),在admit, avoid, consider (考慮), dislike, enjoy, escape, face, feel, like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, cant help (禁不?。?, cant stand, look forward to等動(dòng)詞或詞組之后只能用V-ing形式,不能用不定式作賓語;在forget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try等一些動(dòng)詞之后可接動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語,但意義上有所區(qū)別。
At the news, he couldnt help crying.
I remember doing the exercise. (動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成)
I must remember to do it. (動(dòng)作沒有完成)
三、V-ing形式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
V-ing形式被動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般式由“being + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成,表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行。V-ing形式的被動(dòng)完成式由“having been + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成,表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了。通常在句子中作主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語等。
Being recognized wherever you go is the price you pay for being famous. (作主語)
She was angry about not having been invited. (作賓語)
I saw him being taken away. (作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (作定語)
Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. (作狀語)
【掌握省略用法考點(diǎn)】
省略句是高考考查的語法重點(diǎn),又是學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn)。在英語中,為了使句子簡(jiǎn)潔明快、突出重點(diǎn),常用省略句。只要不影響句意的表達(dá),能省略的成分盡可能省略。省略現(xiàn)象隨處可見,大致可分為以下幾種情況。
一、句子成分的省略
1. 省略主語和謂語(或謂語的一部分),只剩下表語、賓語、狀語或其它成分。
(Im) Afraid I cant come. 恐怕我不能來了。
(Have you) Got any ink? 你有墨水嗎?
2. 省略主語。
Havent seen you for ages! 好久不見!
3. 省略謂語。
(Is there) Anything you want? 你要什么東西嗎?
(Does) Anybody need help? 有人要幫忙嗎?
4. 省略賓語。
I dont know (where he is). 我不知道。
二、復(fù)合句的省略
1. 在含有狀語從句的復(fù)合句中
狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象是高考經(jīng)??疾榈囊粋€(gè)要點(diǎn),所以我們有必要對(duì)這一句法現(xiàn)象作一總結(jié)。狀語從句的省略現(xiàn)象主要有兩種:一種是當(dāng)狀語從句的主語是it,且謂語動(dòng)詞是be時(shí),it和be可完全省略;另一種是當(dāng)狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致時(shí),從句可以將主語和be動(dòng)詞省略。
If (it is) possible, she will help you out of the difficulty. 如果可能的話,她會(huì)幫你擺脫困境。
(1) 條件狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象
由if, unless, whether等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句的省略常見的有:if so 如果這樣的話;if not如果不是這樣;if any 假如有;if possible 如果可能的話;if necessary 如果有必要。
He wont go there with us unless (he is) invited. 除非受到邀請(qǐng),否則他是不會(huì)和我們一起去那兒的。
(2) 時(shí)間狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象
引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞when, while, as, before, after, until / till, once等后面可以直接加形容詞、名詞、分詞、介詞短語等,構(gòu)成時(shí)間狀語從句的省略形式。
When (the grapes are) ripe, the grapes will be delicious. 當(dāng)葡萄成熟之后就會(huì)很好吃。
(3) 讓步狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象
連詞although, though, even if / though, wh-ever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中經(jīng)常用到省略。
Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks. 盡管近來他一直在努力學(xué)數(shù)學(xué),但仍然沒有取得好成績(jī)。
(4) 方式狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象
由as, as if等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句經(jīng)常會(huì)用省略形式。
He stood up as if (he were) to say something. 他站起來好像要說點(diǎn)什么。
(5) 比較狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象
由as, than等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中也經(jīng)常會(huì)用省略形式。
The concert was a great success than (it was) expected. 這場(chǎng)音樂會(huì)出乎意料地獲得了巨大成功。
2. 在定語從句中
作賓語的關(guān)系代詞that, which, whom可以省略;the way后面的定語從句中,可以省略that, in which。在非限制性定語從句中,當(dāng)有“which +be +過去分詞”時(shí),經(jīng)常省略which be。
All you ever want to do is going shopping. 你所想的就是購物。
What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it. 使我驚奇的不是他所說的,而是他說話的方式。
3. 在賓語從句中
(1) 當(dāng)從屬連詞 that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí),它在從句中只起連接作用,不充當(dāng)任何句子成分,可以省略that。
Tom has gone home, but I dont know why (he has gone home). 湯姆已經(jīng)回家了,但是我不知道為什么(他回家)。
(2) 當(dāng)賓語從句的謂語是suggest (建議), request, insist, desire, demand, propose, order, command, arrange等表示建議、命令、堅(jiān)持等動(dòng)詞時(shí),從句中要用虛擬語氣,即“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,should可以省略。
He suggested that we (should) start the work at once. 他建議我們立刻開始工作。
三、并列句的省略
在并列句中,如果后面的分句與前面的分句有相同的部分,這一部分則常被省略掉,以免重復(fù)。
We have been waiting for her to come back to see us, but (we have been waiting) in vain. 我們一直在等她回來看望我們,但我們白等了。
四、不定式的省略
1. 在see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感觀動(dòng)詞及使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have后的“賓語+動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式符號(hào)to需省略,但這類結(jié)構(gòu)變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),其后的不定式要還原加上to。
The children were made to work more than 16 hours a day. 孩子們被強(qiáng)迫一天干活超過16個(gè)小時(shí)。
2. mean, try, want, would like, would love, afford等后面接不定式時(shí)。
—Did you get a ticket? 你弄到票了嗎?
—No, I meant to (get one), but there werent any left. 我打算買,可是沒有剩下的了。
3. tell, warn, order, advise, ask等動(dòng)詞后接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)。
The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to (enter the lab). 學(xué)生們想進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,可是班長(zhǎng)建議他們不要進(jìn)去。
【過去將來時(shí)重點(diǎn)用法】
過去將來時(shí)的用法具體來說,可以分為過去將來一般時(shí)態(tài)、過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去將來完成時(shí)和過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)四種用法,現(xiàn)分述如下:
1. 過去將來一般時(shí)態(tài)
過去將來一般時(shí)態(tài)表示在過去看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或?qū)泶蛩阕龅氖虑?。過去將來時(shí)用法在高中的學(xué)習(xí)中是學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn),同時(shí)也是平時(shí)考試(包括高考)的重要考點(diǎn)之一,現(xiàn)在我們從以下幾個(gè)方面來看一下其用法。
(1) 表示從過去某一時(shí)間看以后將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
They had already climbed 3,000 meters and soon would reach the summit. 他們已經(jīng)爬了3000米高,很快就會(huì)到達(dá)頂峰。
(2) 表示過去某一習(xí)慣或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
On Sundays, he would come to see his ageing parents. 星期天他總?cè)タ赐赀~的父母。
【注意】 過去將來一般時(shí)態(tài)常出現(xiàn)在賓語從句當(dāng)中。
He said he would raise the question at the meeting. 他說他要在會(huì)議上提出這個(gè)問題。
(3) 過去將來一般時(shí)態(tài)意義的其他表達(dá)方式
① was / were going to + V... 表示過去曾經(jīng)按照計(jì)劃打算做。
The teacher said the sports meeting of our school was going to be held in the next week. 昨天老師說我們學(xué)校運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)要在下周舉行。
② 過去一般時(shí)態(tài)(這主要用于確定的或計(jì)劃、安排好的動(dòng)作或事件)。
He asked me when the train left. 他問我火車是什么時(shí)候開走的。
③ was / were + V-ing
用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來,通常大都為表示“來去(或移動(dòng)性)”的動(dòng)詞,這類動(dòng)詞主要有g(shù)o, come, arrive, leave, start, begin, fly, get等,常常和表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用。
I didnt know they were coming. 我并不知道他們要來。
④ “was / were about to +動(dòng)詞原形”,表示一個(gè)在過去馬上要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
He was just about to give up, and spend the rest of the night on the back seat of the car, when he had a bright idea. 正當(dāng)他打算放棄,并準(zhǔn)備在汽車的后座上躺到天亮?xí)r,突然有了一個(gè)聰明的主意。
⑤ was / were to do sth. 表示“一定會(huì)發(fā)生”“將來的安排”“將來可能發(fā)生”。
Mr. Black told us he was to get married next week. 布萊克先生告訴我們他將于下周結(jié)婚。
2. 過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1) 表示從過去某一時(shí)間看屬于將來時(shí)間里正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
He didnt know when he would be seeing them again. 他不知道什么時(shí)候再見到他們。
(2) 表示從過去某一時(shí)間來看將要按計(jì)劃發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
I didnt know what to do. They would be expecting me to get there in time. 我不知道怎么辦。他們會(huì)期待我及時(shí)趕到那里。
3. 過去將來完成時(shí)
過去將來完成時(shí)由“would+ have+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。
(1) 過去將來完成時(shí)表示在過去看來將來某時(shí)會(huì)完成的動(dòng)作,主要用在賓語從句當(dāng)中。
Well, well! Who would have guessed it! 真是的!這誰會(huì)想到呀!
(2) 有時(shí)還可以表示前面的動(dòng)作還在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。
He told me he would have stayed here for 2 months by July. 他告訴我到7月份他將在這里呆了兩個(gè)月了。
4. 過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)用來表示從過去某一時(shí)間看在將來某一時(shí)間完成和繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。
He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years. 他說到了春季學(xué)期末,他就學(xué)了三年英語了。
【注意】 這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)實(shí)際上用得很少,我們一般都用過去將來完成時(shí)態(tài)來替代它。