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安石榴苷對(duì)煙曲霉菌誘導(dǎo)小鼠巨噬細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng)影響

2021-08-18 21:23林浩王謙趙桂秋
關(guān)鍵詞:小鼠炎癥

林浩 王謙 趙桂秋

[摘要] 目的 探討安石榴苷(PUN)對(duì)煙曲霉菌菌絲誘導(dǎo)的小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞炎性因子及活性氧(ROS)釋放的影響,評(píng)價(jià)PUN的抗炎作用。

方法 提取8周齡C57BL/6雌鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞,經(jīng)不同濃度PUN預(yù)處理2 h后加入滅活煙曲霉菌菌絲。采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(RT-PCR)檢測炎癥因子及模式識(shí)別受體mRNA的表達(dá),蛋白印跡法(Western blotting)檢測白細(xì)胞介素1β(IL-1β)、白細(xì)胞介素6(IL-6)和腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)蛋白的表達(dá),DCFA-DA熒光探針檢測不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS水平。

結(jié)果 25、50、100 mg/L的PUN預(yù)處理2 h,可以顯著降低煙曲霉菌菌絲刺激誘導(dǎo)的巨噬細(xì)胞IL-1β、IL-6、白細(xì)胞介素10(IL-10)、TNF-α、巨噬細(xì)胞炎性蛋白2(MIP2)、趨化因子1(CXCL1)mRNA表達(dá)(F=339.4~2 420.0,P<0.01)和IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)(F=71.7~501.3,P<0.01)。小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞經(jīng)不同濃度PUN預(yù)處理2 h再加入煙曲霉菌菌絲1、2、4、8、12、24 h時(shí),細(xì)胞ROS含量均較對(duì)照組降低,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=439.5~739.8,P<0.01)。此外,PUN可以顯著抑制煙曲霉菌菌絲誘導(dǎo)的巨噬細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和Toll樣受體4(TLR4)mRNA表達(dá)(F=683.1、271.2,P<0.01)。

結(jié)論 PUN可能通過對(duì)模式識(shí)別受體TLR4的抑制,抑制真菌菌絲誘導(dǎo)的巨噬細(xì)胞炎性因子的生成,下調(diào)細(xì)胞內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激水平。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 安石榴苷;巨噬細(xì)胞;煙曲霉菌;炎癥;氧化性應(yīng)激;小鼠

[中圖分類號(hào)] R285.5;R364.5

[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A

[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2021)03-0402-05

doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2021.57.029

[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)]

[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200824.0958.001.html;2020-08-25 09:28:46

EFFECT OF PUNICALAGIN ON THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE OF MURINE MACROPHAGES INDUCED BY ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS

LIN Hao, WANG Qian, ZHAO Guiqiu

(Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qing-

dao University, Qingdao 266071, China)

[ABSTRACT]Objective To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of punicalagin (PUN) by evaluating its regulation of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Aspergillus fumigatus-induced macrophages collected from the abdominal cavity of mice.

Methods The macrophages were collected from the abdominal cavity of female C57BL/6 rats aged 8 weeks and the inactivated hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus were added after pretreatment with different concentrations of PUN for 2 h. RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory cytokines; Western blotting was used to measure the protein expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); DCFA-DA fluorescent probe was used to measure the level of ROS in cells at different time points.

Results The 2 h pretreatment with PUN (25, 50, and 100 mg/L) significantly reduced the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, MIP2, and the chemokine CXCL1 (F=339.4-2420.0,P<0.01) and protein expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α (F=71.7-501.3,P<0.01) in macrophages stimulated by the hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus. Compared with the control group, the murine macrophages had a significantly lower ROS level at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h of treatment with the hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus after the 2 h pretreatment with different concentrations of PUN (F=439.5-739.8,P<0.01). In addition, PUN significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the macrophages induced by the hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus (F=683.1,271.2;P<0.01).

Conclusion PUN can inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines and downregulate the level of oxidative stress in macrophages induced by the hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus, possibly by inhibiting the pattern recognition receptor TLR4.

[KEY WORDS]punicalagin; macrophages; Aspergillus fumigatus; inflammation; oxidative stress; mice

煙曲霉菌是自然界中常見的致病微生物[1]。當(dāng)人體外部屏障被破壞或免疫功能低下時(shí)煙曲霉菌極易致病[2]。煙曲霉菌導(dǎo)致的炎癥在充分抗真菌藥物治療后仍難以控制,原因在于其致病機(jī)制除了真菌侵襲對(duì)正常組織造成破壞之外[3],煙曲霉菌本身具備的抗原性也增加了組織的炎癥程度[4-5]。安石榴苷(PUN)是從石榴皮中提取的鞣花酸類物質(zhì),因其強(qiáng)大的抗炎作用被廣泛應(yīng)用于中醫(yī)藥及化妝品中[6]。既往研究結(jié)果表明,PUN在抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌、抗真菌、抗細(xì)菌等方面均發(fā)揮重要作用[7-11]。巨噬細(xì)胞是PUN發(fā)揮抗炎作用的靶點(diǎn)[6]。已有研究證實(shí),PUN能夠通過PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1通路減少活性氧(ROS)和一氧化氮的產(chǎn)生,增加超氧化物歧化酶1(SOD1) mRNA的表達(dá),從而抑制脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的巨噬細(xì)胞的氧化應(yīng)激[7]。另有研究表明,PUN能夠通過核因子κB(NF-κB)信號(hào)通路抑制腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)和白細(xì)胞介素6(IL-6)基因表達(dá),降低小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng)[12]。本研究旨在探討PUN對(duì)煙曲霉菌誘導(dǎo)炎癥的作用及其可能機(jī)制,以期為臨床治療煙曲霉菌感染所致的炎癥性疾病提供新思路。現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)告如下。

1 材料與方法

1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物

健康SPF級(jí)C57BL/6雌鼠(8周齡),由江蘇省動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供,經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)檢疫均合格,全身情況良好。實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物使用符合美國眼科和視覺研究協(xié)會(huì)(ARVO)關(guān)于動(dòng)物使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

1.2 小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞的提取

小鼠腹腔注射體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.03的硫代乙醇培養(yǎng)液1 mL,8 d后于無菌環(huán)境下收集腹腔積液細(xì)胞。向小鼠腹腔注射10 mL高糖DMEM(Hyclone,美國),充分按摩后吸出,4 ℃下以12 000 r/min離心10 min,用含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.10 FBS(Hyclone,美國)的DMEM重懸細(xì)胞,轉(zhuǎn)移至孔板。2 h后光鏡下觀察到細(xì)胞貼壁后更換培養(yǎng)液,進(jìn)行預(yù)處理。

1.3 藥物細(xì)胞毒性測定

巨噬細(xì)胞在96孔板中貼壁后更換含有不同濃度PUN(Sigma,美國)的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液(體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.10FBS+DMEM)100 μL,分別于24和48 h時(shí)加入CCK-8(MCE,美國)10 μL,37 ℃ 孵育2 h后,用分光光度計(jì)(Eppendorf,德國)測量每孔450 nm波長處光密度值。

1.4 滅活煙曲霉菌菌絲的制備

煙曲霉菌購自中國普通微生物培養(yǎng)物保藏中心。收集煙曲霉菌的孢子及菌絲,加入體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.75的乙醇,混勻后置4 ℃冰箱過夜滅活菌絲。次日離心菌液,以無菌PBS(Solarbio,中國北京)洗滌3次,離心去上清液,加入DMEM混勻,細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)板計(jì)數(shù)后調(diào)整菌絲終濃度為1×108/CFU。

1.5 實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(RT-PCR)方法檢測各指標(biāo)mRNA表達(dá)

用12孔板培養(yǎng)巨噬細(xì)胞,將細(xì)胞分為正常組(normal組,A組)、加菌對(duì)照組(A.F.組,B組)、加菌加不同濃度PUN組(A.F.+25 mg/L PUN組、A.F.+50 mg/L PUN組、A.F.+100 mg/L PUN組,C、D、E組)。滅活煙曲霉菌菌絲刺激8 h后,每孔加入500 μL RNAisoPlus(大連寶生物工程有限公司),冰上裂解30 min后用細(xì)胞刮收集樣本至EP管,提取總RNA,按照Prime Script RTreagent Kit With gDNA Eraser(大連寶生物工程有限公司)試劑逆轉(zhuǎn)錄步驟,建立2 μg逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)體系。使用β-actin為內(nèi)參照,應(yīng)用RT-PCR儀(Eppendorf公司,德國)進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增反應(yīng),分別檢測炎癥因子白細(xì)胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、白細(xì)胞介素10(IL-10)、TNF-α、巨噬細(xì)胞炎性蛋白2(MIP2)、趨化因子1(CXCL1)mRNA表達(dá)以及誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和Toll樣受體4(TLR4)mRNA表達(dá)。引物序列于GenBank中查找,由TaKaRa寶生物工程有限公司負(fù)責(zé)引物的設(shè)計(jì)及合成。PCR引物序列見表1。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。

1.6 蛋白印跡法(Western blotting)檢測IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)

滅活煙曲霉菌菌絲刺激16 h后,于6孔板中每孔加入100 μL蛋白裂解液(RIPA∶PMSF= 100∶1),用細(xì)胞刮收集細(xì)胞蛋白于1.5 mL EP管中,置冰上裂解2 h,4 ℃下以12 000 r/min離心5 min,取上清液,用BCA蛋白濃度測定試劑盒(Solarbio,中國北京)測定蛋白濃度并計(jì)算上樣量。蛋白煮沸變性,行凝膠電泳,轉(zhuǎn)膜,封閉液(Solarbio,中國北京)封閉2 h。加一抗IL-1β(1∶500,美國RD)、IL-6(1∶500,中國Bioss)、TNF-α(1∶400,美國Cell Signaling Technology)、β-actin(1∶1 000,中國武漢Elabscience)、β-tubulin(1∶1 000,中國武漢Elabscience),4 ℃孵育過夜。以PBST搖洗3次,每次10 min,加二抗(1∶1 000,中國武漢Elabscience)室溫孵育2 h。以PBST搖洗3次,每次10 min。用ECL(Byotime,中國北京)顯色,UVP凝膠成像系統(tǒng)(VILBER LOURM,美國)顯像,采用Image J軟件分析蛋白條帶。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)5次。

1.7 DCFH-DA檢測細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS含量

巨噬細(xì)胞在96孔板中貼壁后更換培養(yǎng)液預(yù)處理2 h,加入滅活煙曲霉菌菌絲。在相應(yīng)時(shí)間點(diǎn)加入DCFH-DA探針(1∶1 000,美國MCE)37 ℃孵育20 min,PBS洗滌3次后使用熒光分光光度計(jì),以488 nm激發(fā)波長、525 nm發(fā)射波長,實(shí)時(shí)檢測熒光強(qiáng)度。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。

1.8 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

應(yīng)用Graph Pad 7.0 軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以±s形式表示,組間比較用One-way ANOVA檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)? 果

2.1 PUN對(duì)小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性

巨噬細(xì)胞貼壁后分別加入含有0、25、50、100、200 mg/L PUN的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng),在培養(yǎng)24、48 h時(shí),各濃度組光密度值比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),提示25~200 mg/L PUN在48 h內(nèi)對(duì)小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞無細(xì)胞毒性。見表2。

2.2 PUN對(duì)腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞炎癥因子mRNA表達(dá)的影響

滅活煙曲霉菌菌絲刺激8 h后,B組細(xì)胞炎癥因子IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、MIP2及CXCL1 mRNA的表達(dá)水平較A組顯著升高,PUN可濃度依賴性降低上述炎癥因子mRNA的表達(dá)水平,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=339.4~2 420.0,P<0.01)。見表3。

2.3 PUN對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞炎癥因子蛋白表達(dá)的影響

滅活煙曲霉菌菌絲刺激16 h后,B組細(xì)胞炎癥因子IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)水平較A組顯著升高,PUN可濃度依賴性降低上述炎癥因子蛋白表達(dá)水平,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=71.7~501.3,P<0.01)。見表4。

2.4 PUN對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞氧化應(yīng)激水平的影響

巨噬細(xì)胞于96孔板中貼壁后,使用PUN預(yù)處理,加入滅活煙曲霉菌菌絲刺激,分別于加菌后1、2、4、8、16、24 h應(yīng)用DCFH-DA探針檢測細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS水平。與加菌刺激前相比較,加菌后細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS水平升高,于8 h時(shí)達(dá)峰,隨后降低。不同濃度PUN組間比較,各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的細(xì)胞ROS水平差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=439.5~739.8,P<0.01)。見圖1。滅活煙曲霉菌菌絲刺激8 h后,RT-PCR檢測結(jié)果顯示,隨PUN濃度升高,iNOS mRNA表達(dá)水平呈濃度依賴性降低,各組間差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=683.1,P<0.01)。見表5。

2.5 PUN對(duì)TLR4表達(dá)的影響

滅活煙曲霉菌菌絲刺激8 h后,B組細(xì)胞TLR4 mRNA表達(dá)水平較A組顯著升高,PUN可濃度依賴性降低TLR4 mRNA的表達(dá)水平,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=3 271.2,P<0.01)。見表5。

3 討? 論

PUN提取自石榴皮,是一種水溶性鞣花酸類物質(zhì),具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌等多種作用。特別是其抗炎藥理作用,已在人體外腸道模型、豬離體皮膚等多種組織中被證實(shí)[13-15]。已有研究表明,巨噬細(xì)胞是PUN在炎癥中作用的靶點(diǎn),其在真菌性炎癥疾病的病程中發(fā)揮重要作用[16]。巨噬細(xì)胞能夠識(shí)別和內(nèi)化來自組織微環(huán)境的凋亡細(xì)胞和外來病原體,并且啟動(dòng)炎癥和其他免疫細(xì)胞的活化[17],巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的炎癥因子介導(dǎo)的直接損傷和免疫細(xì)胞的趨化募集是組織發(fā)生過度炎癥反應(yīng)的重要原因。有研究顯示,PUN可以下調(diào)脂多糖刺激后RAW264.7細(xì)胞系炎癥因子的表達(dá)[18-20],但PUN對(duì)真菌刺激后巨噬細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng)的影響尚未見研究報(bào)道。本實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)此進(jìn)行了探討。

本文RT-PCR及Western blotting檢測結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)PUN預(yù)處理及真菌刺激后,隨PUN濃度升高,巨噬細(xì)胞IL-1β等炎癥因子以及模式識(shí)別受體TLR4的表達(dá)水平呈濃度依賴性降低。且ROS檢測結(jié)果表明,高濃度的PUN可以抑制滅活煙曲霉菌菌絲刺激后小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞的ROS水平。

大量研究結(jié)果表明,NF-κB是真菌性角膜炎炎癥反應(yīng)中重要的調(diào)節(jié)因子,它可以調(diào)節(jié)IL-1β等炎癥因子,通過這些細(xì)胞因子趨化炎癥細(xì)胞向病變部位浸潤[21]。KIM等[22]的研究表明,PUN可直接與神經(jīng)組織炎癥中的NF-κB亞基p50結(jié)合,下調(diào)其活性,進(jìn)而影響NF-κB下游炎癥因子的產(chǎn)生。炎癥因子能夠直接導(dǎo)致組織損傷,擴(kuò)大下游炎癥反應(yīng),并募集其他炎癥細(xì)胞,加重真菌性角膜炎的嚴(yán)重程度。XU等[7]的研究證實(shí),PUN可以上調(diào)Nrf2介導(dǎo)的通路并增強(qiáng)血加氧酶-1表達(dá),導(dǎo)致ROS產(chǎn)生減少和一氧化氮產(chǎn)生過量。此外,PUN也能夠降低人表皮角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞、泡沫細(xì)胞、NIH3T3細(xì)胞等的氧化應(yīng)激水平[23-25]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與以往研究結(jié)果一致,提示PUN可對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞中炎癥因子和ROS的表達(dá)產(chǎn)生影響。

綜上所述,PUN能夠減輕煙曲霉菌誘導(dǎo)的小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng),降低巨噬細(xì)胞氧化應(yīng)激水平,并且PUN預(yù)處理能夠降低細(xì)胞模式識(shí)別受體的表達(dá),提示PUN可能通過下調(diào)TLR4表達(dá)對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生抗炎作用。但PUN抗炎作用的具體機(jī)制還有待于進(jìn)一步研究。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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(本文編輯 馬偉平)

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