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間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體應(yīng)用于慢性創(chuàng)面的研究進(jìn)展

2021-09-22 22:36曹宸嚴(yán)志新楊細(xì)虎
中國醫(yī)藥科學(xué) 2021年23期

曹宸 嚴(yán)志新 楊細(xì)虎

[摘要]慢性難愈性創(chuàng)面是臨床創(chuàng)面修復(fù)的一大難題,目前治療措施包括手術(shù)治療和非手術(shù)治療,但其效果均存在不確定性,愈后極易復(fù)發(fā),少數(shù)有癌變可能。目前臨床上應(yīng)用的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(MSCs)是一種具有多分化潛能的基質(zhì)細(xì)胞,但其應(yīng)用前景具有一定局限性。而間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體(MSCs-Exo)是一種在特定條件下被細(xì)胞釋放的小直徑細(xì)胞外囊泡,是一種具有極大前景的無細(xì)胞治療和組織再生的調(diào)控介質(zhì)。相比間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞具有更低的免疫源性及低致癌性。研究表明,間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體的應(yīng)用為慢性創(chuàng)面的治療提供了一種新的思路和方法,本研究對間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體應(yīng)用于慢性創(chuàng)面治療的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

[關(guān)鍵詞]間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;外泌體;慢性創(chuàng)面;創(chuàng)口愈合

[中圖分類號] R641? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A?? [文章編號]2095-0616(2021)23-0044-04

Research progress of the application of mesenchymal stem cells- exosomes on chronic wounds

CAO? Chen????? YAN? Zhixin??? YANG? Xihu

1. Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang 212013, China;2. Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang 212013, China

[Abstract] Chronic refractory wound is a difficult problem in clinical wound repair. At present, the treatment measures include surgical treatment and non-surgical treatment, but there are all certain uncertainties in its efficacy. Meanwhile, it is very easy to relapse after healing, and a few may possibly become cancerous. At present, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in clinical application are a kind of stromal cells with multi differentiation potential, but their application prospect has some restrictions. However, mesenchymal stem cells-exosomes (MSCs-Exo) are small-diameter extracellular vesicles released by cells under specific conditions. It is a regulatory medium for cell- free therapy and tissue regeneration with great prospects. Compared with mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs-Exo have features such as lower immunogenicity and low carcinogenicity. Research shows that the application of MSCs-Exo provides a new idea and method for the treatment of chronic wounds. The research progress of MSCs-Exo in the treatment of chronic wounds is reviewed in this paper.

[Key words] Mesenchymal stem cell; Exosomes; Chronic wound; Wound healing

慢性難愈性創(chuàng)面,是創(chuàng)面因組織營養(yǎng)不良、神經(jīng)損傷、靜脈或動(dòng)脈供血障礙、創(chuàng)面感染、糖尿病等因素,導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)面修復(fù)能力受損,愈合緩慢甚至不愈合而形成的疾病[1],是外科常見病、多發(fā)病[2]。此類創(chuàng)面長期不愈,反復(fù)破潰后形成頑固性難愈性慢性創(chuàng)面,即使愈合也極易復(fù)發(fā),甚至有可能癌變[3]。因此,促進(jìn)慢性創(chuàng)面愈合是臨床治療的一項(xiàng)世界性難題。慢性創(chuàng)面的愈合和皮膚再生是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程,包括止血、消炎、增殖和重塑四個(gè)階段。臨床上常用的擴(kuò)創(chuàng)術(shù)、自體皮移植術(shù)、多種敷料和創(chuàng)面覆蓋物保護(hù)創(chuàng)面以及抗感染等是創(chuàng)面治療的一般方法,目的是加速創(chuàng)面的自然愈合[4]。但在一些因素的影響下,創(chuàng)面自然愈合過程被破壞,會(huì)出現(xiàn)慢性難愈性創(chuàng)面[5]。有研究表明,間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)療法是一種潛在的治療方法,可提高創(chuàng)面愈合成功率。而 MSCs 分泌的一種微小囊泡結(jié)構(gòu)—外泌體(exosome)被發(fā)現(xiàn)具有和 MSCs 相似的部分功能,且免疫源性低,更加安全高效,易于儲(chǔ)存[6]。目前為止,外泌體在慢性創(chuàng)面治療中的療效得到了臨床廣泛關(guān)注,因此本研究對間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體在慢性創(chuàng)面愈合中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

1間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體

1.1間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體的生物學(xué)特性

細(xì)胞外分泌的囊泡在最開始被認(rèn)為是細(xì)胞排除的代謝廢物,但經(jīng)研究,一些直徑40~150 nm,在電鏡下呈現(xiàn)杯狀或板狀并攜帶遺傳物質(zhì)的微小細(xì)胞外囊泡被稱為外泌體[7-8]。外泌體由脂質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)構(gòu)成,外周有雙磷脂層包圍環(huán)繞。此外,外泌體常用的分子標(biāo)志物(CD9、CD63、CD81和 CD82)也被發(fā)現(xiàn)聚集在外泌體膜上[9-11]。這些外泌體可分布于大部分的體液中,例如血液、腦脊液、唾液等,其中 MSCs 分泌外泌體的能力較強(qiáng)[12]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),外泌體內(nèi)包含的遺傳物質(zhì)(RNA)是調(diào)節(jié)受體細(xì)胞活動(dòng)的主要物質(zhì)。這些 RNA 受細(xì)胞狀態(tài)和分化類型的影響,且來源不同的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體具有不同功能,部分外泌體可調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的增殖和分化,進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)免疫功能,促進(jìn)創(chuàng)面損傷后的自我修復(fù)和再生。

1.2間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體在慢性創(chuàng)面治療中的作用機(jī)制

外泌體的臨床應(yīng)用,是新興科學(xué)技術(shù)在創(chuàng)面修復(fù)和再生領(lǐng)域的突破。間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體(mesenchymal stem cells-exosomes, MSCs-Exo)的優(yōu)秀作用效果在近年來的探索中被逐漸證實(shí)。在MSCs-Exo 的應(yīng)用中,細(xì)胞與外泌體之間的相互作用和影響為其提供了重要保障。外泌體被間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞釋放在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,通過細(xì)胞的胞吞、胞吐和受體介導(dǎo)及彌散等一系列方式作用于靶細(xì)胞,發(fā)揮其重要功能。外泌體通過直接和間接作用完成其生物學(xué)功能。其中直接作用是指靶細(xì)胞直接識別外泌體膜上的特異性蛋白,實(shí)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞間的信號傳導(dǎo)。間接作用是指外泌體所含的 mRNA 被靶細(xì)胞所吸收或靶細(xì)胞表面受體識別外泌體釋放的生物活性因子,完成細(xì)胞間信號傳導(dǎo),實(shí)現(xiàn)外泌體的生物學(xué)功能。有研究表明,MSCs-Exo 在創(chuàng)面治療中,通過以上兩種途徑實(shí)現(xiàn)對細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和免疫源性等其他功能的調(diào)控[13-14]。

2間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體在慢性創(chuàng)面治療中的應(yīng)用

2.1促進(jìn)血管生成和組織再生

部分慢性創(chuàng)面是由組織供血不足和周圍血運(yùn)障礙引起的,如靜脈性潰瘍等。有研究表明,一定劑量的人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體(human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-exosomes,hucMSCs- Exo)可通過刺激血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移促進(jìn)新生血管的形成。在大鼠燒傷模型中,β-catenin 可被一定濃度的hucMSCs-Exo 刺激,導(dǎo)致其在細(xì)胞核中的凝聚力提升。其中 Wnt4/β-Caten通路在 MSCs-Exo 促進(jìn)創(chuàng)面愈合及血管再生中發(fā)揮重要作用[15]。而在滑膜間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(SMSc)中, Wnt5a 和 Wnt5b 信號呈高表達(dá)并聚集在滑膜間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體(SMSc-Exo)中。SMSc-Exo 通過此信號通路提高 YAP 信號,促進(jìn)血管生成[16]。此外,還有研究表明干細(xì)胞來源外泌體在 Akt 作用下可激活PDGF-D 通路,促進(jìn)組織血管生成[17]。因此,在慢性創(chuàng)面的治療中,外泌體與有機(jī)生物材料的聯(lián)合應(yīng)用是一種新的方法。

2.2促進(jìn)膠原的生成

成纖維細(xì)胞和膠原可以在間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體的影響下發(fā)生膠原合成。在小鼠皮膚創(chuàng)面模型中,臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和成纖維母細(xì)胞在創(chuàng)傷區(qū)的 MSCs-Exo 影響下發(fā)生遷移和增殖, MSCs-Exo 可在創(chuàng)面愈合早期提高骨膠原Ⅰ、Ⅲ的分泌,在創(chuàng)面愈合晚期通過抑制膠原的表達(dá)來抑制瘢痕的形成,從而促進(jìn)創(chuàng)面愈合[18]。

2.3調(diào)節(jié)組織和纖維化的形成

研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體可以通過TGFβ/smad信號通路促進(jìn)皮膚愈合,TGFβ被認(rèn)為是皮膚創(chuàng)面在自然愈合中必不可少的生長因子之一[19]。在此過程中,TGFβ可激活 smad2/smad3,使成纖維細(xì)胞分化成α-SMA 的肌成纖維細(xì)胞,而 smad7會(huì)被磷酸化的 smad2/smad3激活,由于smad7表達(dá)被上調(diào),又形成負(fù)反饋抑制了 TFGβ1的表達(dá)[20]。有研究表明,TGFβ/smad通路通過調(diào)節(jié)慢性創(chuàng)面中真皮成纖維細(xì)胞、角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞(HACAT)和其他細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移來參與愈合過程[21]。此外,TGFβ/smad也可以在人骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的調(diào)控下參與組織纖維化和瘢痕的形成[22]。

2.4參與創(chuàng)面的抗氧化損傷

慢性創(chuàng)面愈合過程中,氧化損傷仍然是需要克服的難題之一。在創(chuàng)面愈合模型中,活性氧和活性氮被生成且不能及時(shí)排出損傷部位會(huì)導(dǎo)致活性氧和活性氮與創(chuàng)面細(xì)胞中的大分子結(jié)合,從而使細(xì)胞被破壞。有研究表明 MSCs-Exo 具有抗氧化能力[23],hucMSCs-Exo 可以降低氧化應(yīng)激產(chǎn)物8-OHDG 水平,減少氧化反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的損傷。還有研究表明 MSCs-Exo 可通過調(diào)節(jié) STAT3信號通路[24]及激活抗氧化通路 NRF2/ARE[25]使P38MAPK通路被抑制,從而緩解氧化損傷。

2.5調(diào)控細(xì)胞的凋亡

新生細(xì)胞因慢性創(chuàng)面長期不愈而凋亡,會(huì)導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)面愈合周期變長。有研究表明hucMSCs-Exo 可通過半胱天冬酶(caspase-3)介導(dǎo)的死亡受體通路來發(fā)揮抗凋亡機(jī)制,從而解決這一難題[26]。有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)在創(chuàng)面周圍直接給予hucMSCs-Exo 可促進(jìn)人角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞(HaCAT)增殖和遷移。在作用過程中hucMSCs-Exo 還可抑制凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子(AIF)的核易位,上調(diào)聚 ADP 核糖聚合酶1(PARP-1)以及聚 ADP-核糖(PAR),從而減輕創(chuàng)面損傷。

2.6調(diào)節(jié)免疫通路發(fā)揮抗炎癥作用

MSCs-Exo 是一種多功能生物試劑,可以調(diào)節(jié)淋巴細(xì)胞和白細(xì)胞在創(chuàng)面中的穩(wěn)態(tài)。在大鼠燒傷創(chuàng)面愈合的實(shí)驗(yàn)中[27],臍帶來源的 MSCs-Exo 內(nèi)含的 miR-181通過激活 TLR4信號通路來促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞由 M1向 M2表型極化,使 M2巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤創(chuàng)面區(qū),導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)炎癥因子如 TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、 IFN-γ等水平下降。最終降低創(chuàng)面及全身的炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)慢性創(chuàng)面的恢復(fù)[28]。

3間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞外泌體在慢性創(chuàng)面愈合中的展望

現(xiàn)階段面對慢性創(chuàng)面治療的探索更趨向于創(chuàng)傷小、精確度高、效果好。MSCs-Exo 不僅擁有多種細(xì)胞間傳遞的信息,而且能激活多種信號通路從而促進(jìn)創(chuàng)面的愈合。在慢性創(chuàng)面的恢復(fù)治療中 MSCs-Exo 可以避免因使用干細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的免疫排斥反應(yīng),且外泌體更易儲(chǔ)存,能定量和集中修復(fù)受損創(chuàng)面,有更高的再生潛能。更有研究表明,外泌體的穩(wěn)定性可被殼聚糖水凝膠顯著提高[29]。但外泌體制備不易,其提取難度大也是一項(xiàng)難題。外泌體的半衰期和不同細(xì)胞狀態(tài)下分泌的外泌體的作用效果也需要進(jìn)一步探索。同時(shí),干細(xì)胞源性的外泌體在慢性創(chuàng)面愈合中與有機(jī)材料的聯(lián)合應(yīng)用也需要更深入的研究。隨著人們對 MSCs-Exo 的探索越來越多,其在慢性創(chuàng)面治療中的前景也更加廣闊,為慢性創(chuàng)面的治療帶來新方法。

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(收稿日期:2021-06-29)