鄧?guó)檮佟 鸭哑肌 £惪茝?qiáng)
[關(guān)鍵詞] 重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(ICU);休克;急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS);格拉斯哥評(píng)分(GCS)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R563.8? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2021)16-0060-04
Analysis of risk factors for poor prognosis of shock patients in intensive care unit
DENG Hongsheng1? ?HUAI Jiaping1? ?CHEN Keqiang2
1.Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinhua Central Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Jinhua 321000, China; 2.Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinhua Central Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Jinhua? ?321000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the risk factors of death in shock patients in intensive care unit(ICU). Methods The clinical data of 162 shock patients admitted to our hospital from January 2012 to October 2013 were collected using the retrospective analysis method. They were divided into the 28-day survival group(72 cases) and the death group (90 cases). Their general information was recorded in detail, including gender, patient type,transfer place,vasoactive drugs, age, course of illness when entering the ICU, oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), Glasgow score, ICU length of stay, and related laboratory indicators [total Bilirubin(TBIL), Creatinine (Cr), Platelet (Plt)]. The risk factors of death were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥65 years, GCS score <11 points, and Cr≥130 μmol/L were risk factors for 28-day death in shock patients(OR>1, P<0.05), while the use of vasoactive drugs and ICU hospital stay ≥eight days were the protective factors(OR<1, P<0.05). Conclusion Old age, coma, and renal impairment are risk factors for 28-day death in shock patients. Early clinical identification and effective measures should be taken to intervene.
[Key words] Intensive care unit (ICU); Shock; Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); Glasgow score (GCS)
休克是一種威脅生命的全身性急性循環(huán)衰竭,與細(xì)胞氧利用不足有關(guān)。它是一種循環(huán)不能提供足夠的氧氣以滿足組織需要的狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞功能障礙。其結(jié)果是細(xì)胞缺氧,即氧輸送和氧消耗之間失去生理平衡。休克可根據(jù)根本原因分為感染性休克、心源性休克、過(guò)敏性休克和燒傷、創(chuàng)傷及出血相關(guān)休克。據(jù)報(bào)道,重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(Intensive care unit,ICU)患者感染性休克的發(fā)生率在6.3%~14.7%之間。心源性休克在急性心肌梗死患者中最為常見(jiàn),在過(guò)去幾十年中,該人群的發(fā)病率一直保持在6%~9%[1-2]。急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(Acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)與創(chuàng)傷、肺炎、敗血癥和誤吸等多種臨床疾病相關(guān),可以導(dǎo)致呼吸功增加和呼吸機(jī)正壓機(jī)械通氣需求增加,休克患者也常伴有急性呼吸窘迫綜合征的表現(xiàn)。本研究收集我院162例休克(合并或不合并ARDS)患者的臨床資料,旨在研究影響休克患者預(yù)后的可能危險(xiǎn)因素,促進(jìn)早期認(rèn)識(shí),進(jìn)行早期干預(yù),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
采用回顧性分析方法,收集2012年1月至2013年10月在浙江省金華市中心醫(yī)院收治的162例休克(合并或不合并有急性呼吸窘迫綜合征)患者的臨床資料,分為28 d存活組(n=72)與死亡組(n=90)。存活組中,男48例,女24例;年齡18~86歲,平均(60.49±15.20)歲;ICU住院時(shí)間2~45 d,平均(12.43±11.05)d。死亡組中,男67例,女23例;年齡24~91歲,平均(66.33±14.64)歲;ICU住院時(shí)間1~28 d,平均(7.76±6.17)d。疾病類型:休克不伴急性呼吸窘迫綜合征患者111例,休克伴急性呼吸窘迫綜合征患者51例。兩組患者一般資料(性別、患者類別及入ICU時(shí)的病程)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見(jiàn)表1。
1.2 納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3-4]:①符合《2014年歐洲危重病醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)休克及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè)共識(shí)》和2019年柏林關(guān)于ARDS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在進(jìn)入ICU后24 h內(nèi)符合休克合并或不合并急性呼吸窘迫綜合征臨床標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的成人患者(至少18歲);②患者或其家屬同意翻閱其病歷資料;③臨床資料完整者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5-6]:①<18歲;②經(jīng)歷失血性休克;③瀕死狀態(tài);④患者或其家屬不同意翻閱其病歷資料。由于所有數(shù)據(jù)均是從實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)信息系統(tǒng)中回顧性檢索的,沒(méi)有額外的血樣或?qū)嶒?yàn)室分析,因此沒(méi)有獲得患者的知情同意。本研究已獲得金華市中心醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 一般情況? 設(shè)計(jì)一般資料調(diào)查表,仔細(xì)閱覽患者病例資料,詳細(xì)記錄其一般情況,包括性別、年齡、轉(zhuǎn)入地(急診室、手術(shù)室、普通病房)、血管活性藥物、入ICU時(shí)的病程、氧合指數(shù)氧分壓比吸入氧濃度(PaO2/FiO2)、格拉斯哥評(píng)分(Glasgow coma score,GCS)[7-8]、ICU住院時(shí)間和患者類別(休克患者是否合并急性呼吸窘迫綜合征)。休克的定義有4個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①心率至少90次/min;②呼吸頻率至少為20次/min或二氧化碳分壓為32 mmHg或更低,或使用機(jī)械通氣;③在液體復(fù)蘇、低劑量多巴胺[(≤5 μg/(kg·min)]或多巴酚丁胺的情況下,使用血管升壓藥維持至少90 mmHg的收縮壓;④三種低灌注跡象中至少有一種(每小時(shí)尿量<0.5 mL/kg體重,持續(xù)1 h或更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間;神經(jīng)功能障礙,定義為精神錯(cuò)亂、精神病或格拉斯哥昏迷評(píng)分≤6分;血漿乳酸高于正常值的上限[4]。ARDS定義為PaO2/FIO2急性下降至200 mmHg或更低,無(wú)論呼氣末正壓水平如何;雙側(cè)肺浸潤(rùn)或胸片符合水腫;無(wú)左房高壓的臨床證據(jù);需要正壓通氣[3]。
1.3.2 主要生化指標(biāo)? 包括脂代謝指標(biāo)[總膽紅素(Total bilirubin,TBIL)、肌酐(Creatinine,Cr)、血小板(Platelet,Plt)],使用美國(guó)貝克曼公司生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)生化分析儀和希森美康公司生產(chǎn)的血常規(guī)分析儀,試劑盒均為儀器配套,分別為貝克曼庫(kù)爾特實(shí)驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)(蘇州)有限公司和希森美康醫(yī)用電子(上海)有限公司,操作嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)執(zhí)行。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 26.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計(jì)數(shù)資料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),采用多因素Logistic回歸計(jì)算休克患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的OR值及對(duì)應(yīng)的95%CI,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 休克患者28 d死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的單因素分析
兩組患者性別、患者類別、轉(zhuǎn)入地、入ICU時(shí)病程≥8 h、PaO2/FiO2<200、TBIL≥20 μmol/L和Plt<100×109/L比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而兩組患者使用血管活性藥物、年齡≥65歲、GCS評(píng)分<11分、Cr≥130 μmol/L和ICU住院時(shí)間≥8 d比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房休克患者28 d死亡的危險(xiǎn)因素分析
經(jīng)多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,年齡≥65歲、GCS評(píng)分<11分和Cr≥130 μmol/L是重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房休克患者28 d死亡的危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=2.672、5.001和2.227,P<0.05),而使用血管活性藥物和ICU住院時(shí)間≥8 d是重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房休克患者28 d死亡的保護(hù)因素(OR=0.266,0.378,P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。自變量賦值表見(jiàn)表3。
3 討論
休克是一種急性循環(huán)衰竭的臨床狀態(tài),可由四種機(jī)制的一種或多種機(jī)制引起。第一種是由于循環(huán)容量損失導(dǎo)致的靜脈回流減少。第二種是由于收縮力喪失或嚴(yán)重心律失常導(dǎo)致的心臟泵功能衰竭。第三種是由于肺栓塞、張力性氣胸或心臟壓塞引起的阻塞。第四種是血管張力喪失,導(dǎo)致血流分布不均。這四種類型休克的特征往往相互重疊,以一種類型休克入院的患者可能發(fā)展成其他類型的休克。ARDS定義為非心源性肺水腫、低氧血癥的急性發(fā)作和需要呼吸機(jī)機(jī)械通氣,而休克患者常見(jiàn)的合并癥有急性呼吸窘迫癥并需要有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣。因此研究休克患者不良預(yù)后的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素,及早干預(yù)可減少休克患者的死亡率[3-4,9]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)多因素Logistic回歸分析證實(shí),年齡≥65歲、GCS評(píng)分<11分和Cr≥130 μmol/L是重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房休克患者28 d死亡的危險(xiǎn)因素,而使用血管活性藥物和ICU住院時(shí)間≥8 d是重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房休克患者28 d死亡的保護(hù)因素。分析其原因主要為以下幾點(diǎn):①年齡。老年患者免疫力降低,合并有多種基礎(chǔ)疾病,各器官儲(chǔ)備功能顯著下降,應(yīng)對(duì)各種急性應(yīng)激因素,普遍比年輕人下降。更容易發(fā)生心肺功能不全,出現(xiàn)咳嗽反射減弱、肺部感染、脫機(jī)困難,嚴(yán)重ARDS呼吸衰竭,也更容易發(fā)生心功能不全,進(jìn)而進(jìn)展為多器官功能不全而死亡[10-13]。②GCS評(píng)分<11分。全身性低血壓導(dǎo)致的腦灌注壓不足是腦缺血的一個(gè)潛在原因,在嚴(yán)重腦損傷昏迷的患者中,許多討論集中在自我調(diào)節(jié)紊亂、血管痙攣、興奮性毒性和腦灌注壓不足。Miller等證明,休克在創(chuàng)傷后早期階段是常見(jiàn)的,也是非常有害的。國(guó)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,90 mmHg的收縮壓意味著平均動(dòng)脈壓在65~70 mmHg之間,然而90 mmHg的收縮壓通常代表腦灌注不足,這個(gè)血壓即使在沒(méi)有顱內(nèi)高壓的情況下也是不可接受的。因此GCS評(píng)分低,意味著患者的腦功能存在障礙,而休克會(huì)延緩腦功能的恢復(fù)或加重腦灌注的不足[14-17]。③Cr≥130 μmol/L。Cr是人體內(nèi)含氮物質(zhì)的代謝終產(chǎn)物,因?yàn)槭切》肿?,所以可以通過(guò)腎小球自由過(guò)濾。正常情況下,肌酐在腎小管中幾乎不被再吸收。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),神經(jīng)激素系統(tǒng)參與這種再吸收過(guò)程,這種機(jī)制可能在休克患者中得到增強(qiáng)。休克患者中心功能不全為常見(jiàn)病因,腎臟和心臟有著密切的雙向聯(lián)系,臨床上被定義為心腎綜合征,而Cr水平是目前公認(rèn)的腎功能指標(biāo),休克患者的腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)和交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)均被激活,可導(dǎo)致腎血管收縮和腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率減少[18-19]。④使用血管活性藥物。早期血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定被認(rèn)為是治療休克患者的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。特別是感染性休克患者,國(guó)際指南建議靜脈輸液,當(dāng)容量擴(kuò)充不足以恢復(fù)足夠的組織灌注時(shí),給予血管活性藥物。去甲腎上腺素和多巴酚丁胺是目前推薦的一線血管活性藥物;近年來(lái),微循環(huán)功能障礙在循環(huán)性休克中的作用越來(lái)越被人們所認(rèn)識(shí),文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,足夠的心輸出量、平均動(dòng)脈壓和全身供氧量是保證組織灌注的重要前提,因此在保證血容量的前提下適量使用血管活性藥物對(duì)于改善患者的預(yù)后是有益的[20-21]。⑤ICU住院時(shí)間≥8 d。病情極度危重的休克患者,往往病情進(jìn)展迅速,組織灌注嚴(yán)重障礙,快速進(jìn)入多器官功能障礙階段,從而進(jìn)入臨床終末狀態(tài)。而病情相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的患者,有更長(zhǎng)的ICU住院時(shí)間。這在臨床上是可以解釋的[22]。
綜上所述,年齡≥65歲、GCS評(píng)分<11分和Cr≥130 μmol/L是重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房休克患者28 d死亡的危險(xiǎn)因素,而使用血管活性藥物和ICU住院時(shí)間≥8 d則是保護(hù)因素。臨床上應(yīng)早期識(shí)別并積極采取有效措施進(jìn)行干預(yù)。
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(收稿日期:2020-11-21)