廖冬梅

摘 ?要：眾所周知，為了更好地和高考英語(yǔ)接軌，2021年深圳新中考英語(yǔ)75分的筆試部分新增兩道“六選五”新題型。其中一道題就是本文將要探討的“短文填空”。對(duì)于深圳的考生，這是一道新題型，但是這樣的題型其實(shí)很早在其他省市中考英語(yǔ)中就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。因此，本文就將利用2021年深圳中考英語(yǔ)真題以及往年其他省市的真題，帶領(lǐng)讀者一起探討該題型的解題策略。筆者根據(jù)自己的一線(xiàn)教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，將該提醒的解題策略總結(jié)為“四步三線(xiàn)索”解題法。

關(guān)鍵詞：短文填空;四步三線(xiàn)索法;SSCC

一、題型解讀

“短文填空”題型是在一篇短文中設(shè)置5個(gè)空白，空出的都是句子，空白的位置在整篇文章中都有，旨在考查學(xué)生整體把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，理解句子之間、段落之間關(guān)系，并從所給的六個(gè)選項(xiàng)句子中選擇五個(gè)句子還原到原文使原文意思完整、連貫。此外，從往年的真題來(lái)看，所給六個(gè)選項(xiàng)句子大致可以分為主旨句子，過(guò)渡性句子，或者注釋性句子。

二、解題步驟

某種程度上，短文填空和完型填空有相似之處。完型填空考查的選詞，而短文填空考查選句。因此“瞻前顧后”的原則在短文填空中同樣適用?；诖耍覍⒍涛奶羁盏慕忸}步驟概括如下：

Step1：Skim the passage to get the main idea.

Step2：Skim the choices to notice the key vocabulary.

Step3：Choose the right answers with three types of clues.

Step4：Check your answers to make sure all are right.

為了便于記憶，我把這四步解題法稱(chēng)為“SSCC”法。我將以2021年深圳中考真題為例具體講解。但是在分析之前我們必須先大概知曉三類(lèi)線(xiàn)索，即結(jié)構(gòu)線(xiàn)索、關(guān)鍵詞線(xiàn)索和邏輯線(xiàn)索。具體線(xiàn)索的分類(lèi)和識(shí)別我在后面的章節(jié)詳細(xì)講解。

2021年深圳中考真題：

If you have planned a trip during summer holiday，certainly you will want to share some photos

on WeChat. 26.________Don't worry！ Here are some tips you can follow to take wonderful photos.

Turn back and smile.

While on the road，the moment you turn back with a smile is the most impressive. Just walk away

from the camera and do a turn-back for the most natural effect. You can also pretend to hear your

name called，turn back，and run your fingers through long hair. 27.___________

Look away from the camera.

There are many ways for you to avoid looking at the camera. 28. ____________Looking down into the distance or looking out of the window is a good option. If there is nothing to see，you can

also choose to close your eyes and enjoy this moment of quietness.

29.__________

Are you a little shy when facing the camera？ Taking a back view photo is a good choice，which

can leave room for imagination and bring a different feeling as well.

Take a seat.

30.__________If there are good places to sit down，please do it！ You can pose in a variety of positions with your arms and legs.

Taking the perfect photo takes time and practice. If you follow these simple tricks above，your

photos will start coming out beautifully！ Do not hesitate to go out with your friends and take more

photos.

A. Take a back view photo.

B. Not every photo needs to have you stand.

C. This is a fantastic way to increase your beauty.

D. But what if the photos are not as pretty as you expected？

E. But how do you choose and share your photographs properly？

F. For example，you can look into the sky and let the camera catch your side face.

【解析】

Step1：Skim the passage to get the main idea.

通讀全文獲取文章主要大意，通讀時(shí)要特別注意首段和每段的首句，一般文章的首段或者首句就交代了文章的大概背景。通過(guò)通讀我們大概知道該篇文章就是一篇關(guān)于度假時(shí)如何拍出美照的四點(diǎn)貼士。且是給出了小標(biāo)題式的說(shuō)明文，此類(lèi)說(shuō)明文較為簡(jiǎn)單，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。大都是總分總結(jié)構(gòu)。該篇文章也正是如此。

Step2：Skim the choices to notice the key vocabulary.

瀏覽選項(xiàng)并注意關(guān)鍵詞匯。比如六個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有A選項(xiàng)是祈使句，而該篇文章的小標(biāo)題都是祈使句，從這一點(diǎn)，我們初步就可以得到29題的答案是A。B選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞是stand，在做題時(shí)我們可以重點(diǎn)關(guān)注。C選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞是this 代詞一定是指代上文提到的信息。DE兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是but開(kāi)頭的轉(zhuǎn)折句子，一般情況下，這其中應(yīng)該有一個(gè)是干擾選項(xiàng)。F選項(xiàng)的for example非常重要，我們需要根據(jù)其后面的例子得知它是為了證明哪個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。特別提醒，我們需要在每一個(gè)步驟中用彩筆劃出一些關(guān)鍵的信息。

Step3：Choose the right answers with three types of clues.

有了以上兩步的準(zhǔn)備，第三步，根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)線(xiàn)索我們優(yōu)選確定29題選擇A，小標(biāo)題。26題，根據(jù)下文的邏輯應(yīng)該是關(guān)于拍照，且Dont worry 得知，前文應(yīng)該是一個(gè)不好的事情，我們確定應(yīng)該選擇D。27題設(shè)空在段尾。一般段尾是對(duì)其前文的總結(jié)或者引出下文。但是該文章的結(jié)構(gòu)告訴我們是總結(jié)前文。而前文講了2種如何回頭拍照的動(dòng)作，因此缺一個(gè)總結(jié)該段的句子。故我們選擇C。28題，通過(guò)舉例我們很輕松得知F。而且后面2個(gè)短語(yǔ)look的短語(yǔ)也給了我們暗示。30題，出現(xiàn)在段首，如果沒(méi)有小標(biāo)題的段首我們會(huì)考慮是總起句子。但是該段已經(jīng)有了小標(biāo)題了，應(yīng)該就不是總起句，且小標(biāo)題告訴我們?cè)摱沃饕v怎么做坐姿。Sit down / take a seat 的反義詞就是stand，因此通過(guò)關(guān)鍵詞線(xiàn)索我們不難選出B選項(xiàng)。

Step4：Check your answers to make sure all are right.

最后一步仍舊重要，代入答案檢查確保萬(wàn)無(wú)一失。

以上就是“SSCC”法的解題步驟，雖然只是自己的一線(xiàn)教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總結(jié)，還不夠完善，但是在自己教學(xué)中的確給學(xué)生很多幫助。

三、三大線(xiàn)索

短文填空”題雖然是考查學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的整理理解能力和對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、段與段、句與句之間關(guān)系的分析能力，是屬于更高層面的要求，但是短文填空做題卻是“有跡可循”的。找到了“痕跡”就你能“順藤摸瓜”找到出路。這里的“痕跡”其實(shí)就是筆者下面要講的“線(xiàn)索”。通過(guò)分析歷年的真題，我將短文填空的解題線(xiàn)索分為三大類(lèi)，即結(jié)構(gòu)線(xiàn)索、關(guān)鍵詞線(xiàn)索和邏輯線(xiàn)索。下面我們就分別利用真題講解。需要說(shuō)明的是，學(xué)生在解題時(shí)不能一味獨(dú)立分割地使用某種線(xiàn)索，而是需要綜合運(yùn)用。

1. 結(jié)構(gòu)線(xiàn)索（Structure Clues）：這里的“結(jié)構(gòu)”包括文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和題目設(shè)空的位置兩個(gè)方面。例如，在第二板塊里的2021年深圳英語(yǔ)中考真題，在第一步通讀時(shí)讀者就很容易獲悉該文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是總分總小標(biāo)題式的說(shuō)明文。關(guān)注文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，有助于我們更好理解文章的框架。另外，題目設(shè)置位置分為段首、段中、段尾。不同的位置也能給讀者不一樣的線(xiàn)索。

例如，2021年深圳中考英語(yǔ)的29題，該題設(shè)空在段首就顯而易見(jiàn)是選一個(gè)小標(biāo)題。

我們?cè)賮?lái)看一個(gè)例子。以下節(jié)選湖北襄陽(yáng)2018年中考題：

Some of you might often feel unhappy or forget how great you are. But do you want to make you feel good about yourself？ 66._____

Look at the mirror and say to yourself，I am a special person and there's no one in the world like me. I can do anything. It may not sound good，but it really works！

Smile. 67.______Look for the good things in your friends and family.

......

A.Learn something new.

B. Read and start a diary.

C. Ask your friends for help.

D. Be friendly to people you meet.

E. Here some suggestions for you.

F. Talk with your mum or dad or maybe even your cousin.

該真題66題設(shè)空在段尾，段尾設(shè)空一般是考查對(duì)上文的總結(jié)。但是如果在第一段的段尾，很有可能是引出下文，起到承上啟下的作用。因此，該題很容易得出答案E。

需要提醒的是即便在第一段的段尾設(shè)空也不一定全部引出下文也有可能是承接上文，如下面2020年黃岡中考英語(yǔ)的41題，我們就該選C承接上文。

2.關(guān)鍵詞線(xiàn)索（Key words Clues）：這里的關(guān)鍵詞可以是：復(fù)現(xiàn)的詞、同義詞、近義詞甚至是反義詞。當(dāng)然也可以是相似的句型。

請(qǐng)看節(jié)選2020年黃岡中考真題：

What is health？ "Health" means eating well，getting enough exercise，and having a healthy weight. Let's read the following rules. ___41___

1. Eat different kinds of foods，especially fruit and vegetables. We all know that eating fruit and vegetables can help us stay healthy……

2. Drink water and milk more often. Besides water，kids need plenty of calcium（鈣）to grow strong bones（骨頭），and milk is rich in it. Every day，you should drink at least three cups of milk when you are 9 years old or older. You should also try to have less sugary drinks. ___42___

3. Listen to your body. When you are eating，notice how your body feels. ___43___ Eating too much makes you feel uncomfortable. …

4. Limit（限制）screen time. What's screen time？ It's the time you spend watching TV，movies and playing computer games. The more time you spend on these siting-down activities，___44___Try to spend more time on sports every day.

A. They include a lot of sugar. ? B. the less food you will eat.

C. They can help you keep healthy. ? D. but many of us only eat our favourite food.

E. the less time you spend playing sports. F. When your stomach feels full，stop eating.

這3道題就是通過(guò)關(guān)鍵詞就很容易找到答案。42題中的sugary 和A選項(xiàng)中的include a lot of sugar 是近義詞。43題所處的段落eating 復(fù)現(xiàn)了2次，而選項(xiàng)F在正好也有eating，因此可以斷定是相關(guān)的。44題中前半句the more time….. 和E選項(xiàng)中的the less time 是反義詞短語(yǔ)。

3.邏輯關(guān)系線(xiàn)索（Logical relation Clues）：邏輯線(xiàn)索需要在理解語(yǔ)篇的基礎(chǔ)上，利用一些表示邏輯的詞，比如but，because，for example 等詞來(lái)解題。

請(qǐng)看以下節(jié)選湖北襄陽(yáng)2020年中考題：

Here are some good suggestions for you to learn English well.

__41____ Even if there is no one around to speak to，talk to yourself. Name things as you pass them. This simple language learning skill will help you understand these everyday words.

.......

A. Explain to them you are practicing it.

B. B.They will give you lots of learning skills.

C.You can speak Chinese with your friends.

D. Listen to English songs when you are free.

E. The best way to get better at English is to speak it.

F. Never let the fear of making any mistakes hold you back.

我們從下文的Even if讓步關(guān)系的引導(dǎo)詞以及復(fù)現(xiàn)詞speak/近義詞way很容易選出E.

以上“四步三線(xiàn)索法”只是筆者做了大量的中考真題并結(jié)合所執(zhí)教初三班級(jí)的特點(diǎn)總結(jié)而出，具有局限性，希望得到更多一線(xiàn)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)教師的指正。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]杰米里.哈默. 朗文英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐[M]. 北京：人民郵電出版社，2011

[2]程校堂，劉兆義.初中英語(yǔ)[M]. 上海：華東師范大學(xué)出版社，2008