陳 晨,何邢益,牛慶合,2,于洪旭,解翔宇
超臨界CO2注入煤層對頂板巖石縱波速度及力學(xué)響應(yīng)特征研究
陳 晨1,何邢益1,牛慶合1,2,于洪旭1,解翔宇1
(1. 石家莊鐵道大學(xué) 道路與鐵道工程安全保障省部共建教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,河北 石家莊 050043;2. 河北省金屬礦山安全高效開采技術(shù)創(chuàng)新中心,河北 石家莊 050043)
深部煤層CO2地質(zhì)封存與CH4強(qiáng)化開采(CO2–ECBM)技術(shù)在提高煤層氣采收率的同時(shí)可實(shí)現(xiàn)碳減排,具有能源和環(huán)境雙重效益。超臨界CO2(ScCO2)、水和煤層頂板之間的地球化學(xué)反應(yīng)可改變其物理力學(xué)性質(zhì),增加CO2泄漏的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。以沁水盆地胡底煤礦3號煤層頂板巖石為研究對象,開展“ScCO2–水–巖”地球化學(xué)反應(yīng)模擬實(shí)驗(yàn),探討CO2煤層封存條件下ScCO2–水–頂板巖樣地球化學(xué)反應(yīng)過程及其對巖石縱波速度和力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響。結(jié)果表明:ScCO2–水–巖之間化學(xué)溶蝕反應(yīng)造成巖樣Ca、Mg元素顯著降低,促使巖樣表面形成孤立狀溶蝕孔,并隨著反應(yīng)時(shí)間的持續(xù),進(jìn)而形成大量的“溶蝕坑”和“溶蝕縫”;增加了巖樣結(jié)構(gòu)不連續(xù)性,使得聲波傳播路徑增大、能量損失加劇,導(dǎo)致縱波波速降低;ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)后巖樣的峰值強(qiáng)度和彈性模量降低,泊松比升高,且三者之間的變化率與反應(yīng)時(shí)間之間呈現(xiàn)Logistic函數(shù)的變化關(guān)系。對于胡底煤礦而言,ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)過程中頂板力學(xué)性質(zhì)的弱化不足以造成蓋層的破裂和CO2泄漏,但在評價(jià)煤層CO2封存安全性時(shí),還應(yīng)考慮煤層吸附膨脹應(yīng)力對頂板的影響。
CO2地質(zhì)封存;地球化學(xué)反應(yīng);縱波速度;力學(xué)性質(zhì);安全性
習(xí)近平主席在第七十五屆聯(lián)合國大會上提出CO2排放力爭2030年前達(dá)到峰值、努力爭取2060年前實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和。實(shí)現(xiàn)碳達(dá)峰、碳中和,僅依靠能源效率提高和能源結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠,需尋求新的碳減排途徑作為補(bǔ)充。作為化石能源大規(guī)模低碳利用的唯一技術(shù)選擇——碳捕集、利用與封存(CCUS)在世界范圍內(nèi)備受關(guān)注[1-3]。CO2地質(zhì)封存場所有油氣藏、鹽水層、煤層和水合物地層等[4]。深部煤層CO2地質(zhì)存儲與CH4強(qiáng)化開采技術(shù)(CO2–ECBM)在實(shí)現(xiàn)碳封存的同時(shí)可提高煤層氣的采收率,融合溫室氣體減排與化石能源高效開發(fā)于一體,極具發(fā)展前景[5]。目前,我國已在沁水盆地進(jìn)行了一系列CO2–ECBM示范工程,其有效性也得到了證實(shí)。
國內(nèi)外學(xué)者在CO2–ECBM方面展開了大量的研究。實(shí)驗(yàn)和分子模擬研究表明,煤對CO2和CH4具有競爭吸附效應(yīng),煤對CO2的吸附量約是CH4的4倍,CO2可有效驅(qū)替煤層中賦存的CH4[6-9];煤層中注入CO2可誘發(fā)基質(zhì)膨脹效應(yīng),膨脹應(yīng)變對滲透率有一定的控制作用[10-12];CO2注入后,CO2–水–煤發(fā)生的地球化學(xué)反應(yīng)會對煤巖孔隙體積、孔徑分布、裂隙開度、裂隙數(shù)量產(chǎn)生影響,即影響孔裂隙結(jié)構(gòu)特征[13-14];煤層注入CO2后,CO2對煤層力學(xué)性質(zhì)具有負(fù)影響,并揭示了注入CO2煤層力學(xué)性能的弱化機(jī)理[15-17]。前人對CO2–ECBM機(jī)理、CO2注入煤層的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變效應(yīng)、結(jié)構(gòu)演化及力學(xué)性質(zhì)響應(yīng)等方面研究較為充分。煤層頂板是深部煤層CO2封存的蓋層,其完整性直接影響CO2封存效果和封存時(shí)間。學(xué)者們在研究CO2封存對煤層頂板的影響時(shí),主要關(guān)注CO2–水–巖反應(yīng)過程中元素溶濾規(guī)律、孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)改造和滲透率[18–20]等方面,但較少考慮超臨界CO2(ScCO2)的作用,特別是超臨界CO2(ScCO2)注入后煤層頂板的聲波速度和力學(xué)性質(zhì)動態(tài)演化研究較為缺乏。
沁水盆地是我國CO2–ECBM先導(dǎo)性試驗(yàn)區(qū),選取該盆地胡底煤礦煤層頂板巖樣為研究對象,通過模擬原位地層條件下ScCO2–水–巖地球化學(xué)反應(yīng),分析CO2煤層封存條件下煤層頂板礦物元素組成、聲波速度和力學(xué)性質(zhì)的變化,探索ScCO2、水、煤層頂板之間的反應(yīng)過程及對巖石物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)的控制作用,以期為深部不可開采煤層CO2地質(zhì)封存選址及安全性評價(jià)提供指導(dǎo)。
采集沁水盆地胡底煤礦3號煤層頂板樣品,其巖性為砂質(zhì)泥巖,埋深約為780 m。依據(jù)本文相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)要求,制備粉末樣品、塊狀樣品和柱狀巖心作為實(shí)驗(yàn)試樣,粉末巖樣粒度<200目(0.74 μm),塊狀樣品尺寸為1 cm×1 cm×1 cm,柱狀巖心直徑為50 mm、長度為100 mm的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)試件。所選柱狀巖心均一、無明顯裂隙,具有可對比性。
為了模擬原位地層條件下ScCO2–水–巖地球化學(xué)反應(yīng)過程,采用TC-32型氣–液–固高溫高壓反應(yīng)釜開展CO2-ECBM過程中ScCO2、水和煤層頂板巖石的物理模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)(圖1)。參考地層原位溫/壓條件及CO2超臨界條件,本次實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)注氣壓力為10 MPa,溫度為40℃??紤]到實(shí)驗(yàn)效率并參考Zhang Kun等[21]實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),本文實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間分別設(shè)置為10、20、30、40和50 d。ScCO2–水–巖地球化學(xué)反應(yīng)模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)后,巖樣于60℃下在恒溫箱內(nèi)干燥24 h,排出樣品內(nèi)部的水分,降低水分對測試結(jié)果的影響,提高測試精度。
圖1 氣–液–固高溫高壓反應(yīng)釜
利用D8 Advance X射線衍射儀和Quanta 250型掃描電鏡能譜儀(SEM-EDS)進(jìn)行全巖礦物組成及元素分析,測試ScCO2–水–巖地球化學(xué)反應(yīng)后樣品中元素的變化;采用PDS-SV型縱波速度測試儀,測試ScCO2–水–巖地球化學(xué)反應(yīng)后樣品縱波速度的變化,每個(gè)樣品測試3次,并求取平均值,最大程度降低人為因素對實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的影響;采用TFD–2000型巖石三軸試驗(yàn)機(jī)測試ScCO2–水–巖地球化學(xué)反應(yīng)后樣品的力學(xué)性質(zhì),具體流程如下:
①將巖心試樣安裝于三軸試驗(yàn)機(jī)樣品倉內(nèi),以1 MPa/min的速率施加圍壓至10 MPa;
②待圍壓恒定之后,以0.1 mm/min的速率施加軸壓,直至試樣發(fā)生破壞;
③緩慢交替以2 kN/min的速率卸載軸壓和圍壓,避免卸載過程對試樣的二次損壞;
④記錄整個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)過程的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變測試數(shù)據(jù),獲得受載破壞過程中試樣的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線。
ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)過程中,粉末狀巖樣的元素變化應(yīng)變曲線如圖2所示。根據(jù)XRD光譜鑒定結(jié)果,原始巖樣內(nèi)部礦物成分主要包括長英質(zhì)礦物(石英、鉀長石和斜長石)、碳酸鹽礦物(方解石和白云石)、黏土礦物(蒙脫石、高嶺石、綠泥石和伊利石)和少量黃鐵礦,分別占總礦物含量的53.8%、12.5%、31.9%和1.8%。采用SEM–EDS獲得巖樣元素含量,ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)過程中巖樣中O、C、Si元素質(zhì)量比增多,其質(zhì)量比分別由47.08%、13.96%和0.89%增至50.03%、22.64%和4.66%;而Ca、Mg元素質(zhì)量比減少,分別從36.98%和1.09%降至22.51%和0.16%。
圖2 不同ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)時(shí)間下巖樣元素含量變化
此外,ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)后,巖樣的縱波速度和應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線也發(fā)生了改變??v波速度p平均從2 667.67 m/s降低至2 200.67 m/s,且縱波速度和反應(yīng)時(shí)間()之間呈現(xiàn)非線性變化的關(guān)系(圖3)。不同ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)時(shí)間下,受載破壞過程中巖樣的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線形態(tài)不同,隨反應(yīng)時(shí)間的增長,應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線形態(tài)“由陡至緩”(圖4),證實(shí)了ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)對巖石力學(xué)性質(zhì)的控制作用。
圖3 不同ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)時(shí)間下縱波速度變化
圖4 不同ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)時(shí)間下巖樣受載破壞過程應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線
ScCO2注入煤層后,與煤層及煤層頂?shù)装逯兴Y(jié)合形成H2CO3溶液,進(jìn)而與煤層頂板發(fā)生一系列物理化學(xué)反應(yīng)。反應(yīng)后樣品通過掃描電鏡能譜分析發(fā)現(xiàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)中Ca、Mg元素質(zhì)量比減少,證實(shí)方解石、白云石和斜長石發(fā)生了溶解,Ca、Mg元素淋濾進(jìn)入溶液中(圖2)。O、C、Si元素質(zhì)量比增加,說明巖樣中有機(jī)質(zhì)和石英等難溶物質(zhì)未參與ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng),其質(zhì)量比的增加是可溶礦物溶解引起的。另外,ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)過程中,礦物元素呈現(xiàn)階段性變化,在反應(yīng)前30 d礦物溶解現(xiàn)象明顯,而在后20 d元素變化趨于穩(wěn)定,意味著ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)減弱。
礦物的溶蝕引起巖樣表面形貌發(fā)生變化(圖5)。ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)10 d后,巖樣表面溶蝕形成大量的小孔隙,但仍可見原始巖樣的表面特征;隨后,溶蝕孔隙連通、擴(kuò)大,在可溶礦物集中區(qū)域形成“溶蝕坑”,使得巖樣表面粗糙不平;反應(yīng)50 d后,溶蝕現(xiàn)象進(jìn)一步向巖樣內(nèi)部發(fā)展,形成大量的“溶蝕縫”。另外,ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)也可形成新的礦物,如酸性溶液與長石等可溶性礦物反應(yīng),生成高嶺石等次生礦物,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致巖樣孔隙表面形貌更為復(fù)雜[22]。
圖5 ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)過程中巖樣表面形貌變化
超聲波在巖石中的傳播速度與巖石的物理性質(zhì)(內(nèi)部孔隙和裂隙的發(fā)育程度、應(yīng)力狀態(tài)等)密切相關(guān)。而巖石的孔裂隙發(fā)育情況可影響其力學(xué)性質(zhì),因此,學(xué)者們常通過測試巖石的縱波速度來分析巖石的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)及力學(xué)等特征信息[23]。
ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)過程中巖樣的縱波速度呈現(xiàn)階段性變化,反應(yīng)時(shí)間為10 d內(nèi),縱波速度變化較小;反應(yīng)時(shí)間為10~30 d,縱波速度迅速降低,反應(yīng)時(shí)間大于30 d后,縱波速度逐步趨于穩(wěn)定。
當(dāng)ScCO2與水接觸煤層頂板之后,由于頂板巖石中含有大量的黏土礦物,堵塞流體運(yùn)移通道,酸性溶液難以進(jìn)入巖石內(nèi)部,故在ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)初期,巖樣的縱波速度基本不變;隨后,ScCO2和水進(jìn)入巖樣內(nèi)部,加劇三者之間的化學(xué)溶蝕反應(yīng),促使巖樣中溶蝕孔隙增多。另外,ScCO2和水注入誘發(fā)黏土礦物溶脹,導(dǎo)致層間結(jié)合力變?nèi)酰ね恋V物層與層之間分開,進(jìn)一步致使孔隙率增大[24]。與此同時(shí),聲波在多孔巖石結(jié)構(gòu)中傳播的反射和折射次數(shù)顯著增加,其傳播路徑增大[25],同時(shí),溶蝕孔隙數(shù)量的增大也造成縱波在傳播過程中能量的損失加劇,最終共同促使巖樣的聲波速度隨ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)時(shí)間的延長而迅速降低;當(dāng)可溶礦物被溶蝕完成之后,三者之間的地球化學(xué)反應(yīng)變?nèi)?,巖樣縱波速度幾乎不變。
峰值強(qiáng)度()、彈性模量()和泊松比()常用來表征巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)。基于受載過程中應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線,可獲得巖樣的上述3種力學(xué)性質(zhì)。其中,ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)過程中巖樣峰值強(qiáng)度從220.47 MPa降至140.20 MPa,彈性模量從3.86 GPa降至2.55 GPa,分別降低36.41%和33.94%;而泊松比從0.305增至0.481,提高57.70%。這一結(jié)果證實(shí),ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)造成巖樣力學(xué)參數(shù)變化,且隨著反應(yīng)時(shí)間的增加,3個(gè)主要力學(xué)參數(shù)呈單調(diào)遞增或單調(diào)遞減的變化趨勢,如圖6所示。
為建立ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)時(shí)間和力學(xué)性質(zhì)之間的關(guān)系,預(yù)測反應(yīng)過程中巖樣的力學(xué)參數(shù),本文引入峰值強(qiáng)度變化率(Δ)、彈性模量變化率(Δ)和泊松比變化率(Δ)3個(gè)表征參數(shù):
圖6 ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)過程中S、E和μ的變化
式中:0、0和0分別為初始巖樣的峰值強(qiáng)度、彈性模量和泊松比。
Δ、Δ和Δ隨反應(yīng)時(shí)間的演化關(guān)系如圖7所示,將Δ、Δ和Δ與ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)時(shí)間的關(guān)系采用Logistic函數(shù)擬合。Logistic函數(shù)擬合的相關(guān)系數(shù)均高于0.991,具有較高匹配性,說明Logistic函數(shù)可用來預(yù)測ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)過程中巖樣的力學(xué)參數(shù)。與縱波速度變化規(guī)律一致,巖樣力學(xué)參數(shù)變化率也呈現(xiàn)“緩慢–快速–緩慢”的階段性變化趨勢,可見,巖樣的縱波速度和力學(xué)參數(shù)之間存在較高的相關(guān)性[26-27]。
ScCO2注入煤層后,ScCO2和地層水溶蝕頂板巖石,弱化其力學(xué)性能[28]。本文采用Mohr–Coulomb準(zhǔn)則來判斷巖石是否發(fā)生破裂,巖石發(fā)生剪切破壞的判據(jù)[29]為:
式中:σ1和σ3分別為最大主應(yīng)力和最小主應(yīng)力;φ為巖石的內(nèi)摩擦角;σc為巖石的抗壓強(qiáng)度。當(dāng)F=0時(shí),巖石達(dá)到剪切破壞的臨界條件。
依據(jù)Meng Zhaoping等[30]研究結(jié)果,研究區(qū)3號煤層頂板的最大、最小主應(yīng)力分別為21.0、14.8 MPa;依據(jù)Liang Yunpei等[31]、Zhang Jiangong等[32]研究結(jié)果,研究區(qū)域3號煤層頂板巖石內(nèi)摩擦角在15o~22o。經(jīng)計(jì)算,為21.1~32.4 MPa,遠(yuǎn)大于零,故未達(dá)到巖石破壞條件。因此,雖然ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)促使頂板力學(xué)參數(shù)顯著降低,但并不會引起巖層破裂。
本次研究選取的煤層頂板巖石含有一定量的黏土礦物,黏土礦物吸水后會發(fā)生膨脹。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),砂質(zhì)泥巖吸水膨脹量可達(dá)8%~12%[33],可一定程度上阻礙ScCO2和地層水的滲流,弱化ScCO2–水–巖地球化學(xué)反應(yīng)對頂板力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響。另外,該研究區(qū)域地質(zhì)構(gòu)造簡單,頂板巖層完整性好,因此,該區(qū)域煤層頂板具有較好的封蓋性,CO2封存過程中頂板巖層發(fā)生破裂、CO2泄漏的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小。
然而,煤吸附CO2之后會發(fā)生基質(zhì)膨脹,特別是深部煤層具有較高的地應(yīng)力[34],在受限條件下,煤層吸附CO2可產(chǎn)生較大的膨脹應(yīng)力(可達(dá)20 MPa)[35],在膨脹應(yīng)力作用下可能導(dǎo)致頂板發(fā)生局部破裂。因此,在評價(jià)深部煤層CO2封存安全性時(shí),還應(yīng)關(guān)注煤層膨脹應(yīng)力對頂板的影響。
a. ScCO2、水注入煤層后,導(dǎo)致頂板巖石發(fā)生地球化學(xué)反應(yīng),反應(yīng)后巖樣中Ca、Mg元素明顯降低,證實(shí)ScCO2–水–巖之間發(fā)生了強(qiáng)烈的化學(xué)溶蝕作用?;瘜W(xué)溶蝕反應(yīng)改變了巖樣的表面形貌,隨著ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)時(shí)間的增加,樣品表面先形成孤立狀溶蝕孔,隨后溶蝕孔逐步連通、擴(kuò)大,形成“溶蝕坑”,最后,ScCO2和水滲入巖樣內(nèi)部,形成大量的“溶蝕縫”。
b. ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)過程中樣品的縱波速度呈現(xiàn)階段性變化,隨著反應(yīng)時(shí)間的增加,先緩慢減小,再快速減小,最后趨于穩(wěn)定。三者反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致巖樣中溶蝕孔隙增多,巖樣內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)不連續(xù)性增強(qiáng),使得聲波傳播路徑增大、能量損失加劇,縱波波速降低;隨著巖樣中可溶礦物的逐漸減少,縱波速度逐漸穩(wěn)定。
c. ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)后,巖樣的峰值強(qiáng)度和彈性模量降低,泊松比升高。峰值強(qiáng)度、彈性模量及泊松比變化率隨反應(yīng)時(shí)間呈現(xiàn)Logistic函數(shù)的變化關(guān)系。研究區(qū)內(nèi)煤層頂板完整性好,ScCO2–水–巖反應(yīng)過程中頂板力學(xué)性質(zhì)的弱化不足以造成蓋層的破裂和CO2泄漏,但在評價(jià)煤層CO2封存安全性時(shí),還應(yīng)考慮煤層吸附膨脹應(yīng)力對頂板造成的影響。
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Study on P-wave velocity and mechanical response characteristic of rock in coal seam roof with supercritical CO2injection
CHEN Chen1, HE Xingyi1, NIU Qinghe1,2, YU Hongxu1, XIE Xiangyu1
(1. Key Laboratory of Roads and Railway Engineering Safety Control, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China; 2. Hebei Province Technical Innovation Center of Safe and Effective Mining of Metal Mines, Shijiazhuang 050043, China)
Deep coal seam CO2geological sequestration and enhanced CH4recovery(CO2-ECBM) can both increase CBM recovery and achieve carbon emission reduction, possessing dual benefits of energy and environment. The geochemical reactions between supercritical CO2(ScCO2), water and coal seam roof can change its physical-mechanical properties and increase the risk of CO2leakage. In this paper, taking the roof rock of No.3 coal seam in Hudi Mine from Qinshui Basin as the research area, the ScCO2-water-rock geochemical reaction simulation experiment was carried out to explore the geochemical reaction process of ScCO2-water-roof under the condition of CO2coal seam storage and its influence on P-wave velocity and mechanical properties of rock. Results show that the chemical dissolution reaction between ScCO2, water and rock results in the significant decrease of Ca and Mg elements in the rock samples, which promotes the formation of isolated dissolution pores. And extensive “corrosion pits” and “corrosion fractures” are developed as the reaction time goes on. ScCO2-water-rock reaction raises the discontinuity of internal structure of rock samples, increases the propagation path and energy loss of acoustic wave, and reduces the P-wave velocity. After ScCO2-water-rock reaction, the peak strength and elastic modulus of rock samples decrease, while the Poisson’s ratio increases. There is a logistic function relationship between peak strength change rate, elastic modulus change rate and Poisson’s ratio change rate with reaction time. For this study area, the change of roof mechanical properties in the process of ScCO2-water-rock reaction is not enough to cause cap rock fractures and CO2leakage, while the influence of adsorption swelling stress should also be emphasized when evaluating the security of CO2geological storage in a coal seam.
CO2geological storage; geochemical reaction; P-wave velocity; mechanical property; security
移動閱讀
語音講解
P618.11
A
1001-1986(2021)05-0098-07
2021-05-28;
2021-08-06
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(U1967208);河北省高等學(xué)??茖W(xué)技術(shù)研究項(xiàng)目(QN2021129);石家莊鐵道大學(xué)大學(xué)生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(S202010107082)
陳晨,2000年生,女,山西臨汾人,從事CO2地質(zhì)封存過程中的巖石力學(xué)特征研究. E-mail:1458066397@qq.com
牛慶合,1990年生,男,河南洛陽人,博士,講師,從事CO2地質(zhì)封存方面的研究工作. E-mail:qinghniu@163.com
陳晨,何邢益,牛慶合,等. 超臨界CO2注入煤層對頂板巖石縱波速度及力學(xué)響應(yīng)特征研究[J]. 煤田地質(zhì)與勘探,2021,49(5):98–104. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1986.2021.05.011
CHEN Chen,HE Xingyi,NIU Qinghe,et al.Study on P-wave velocity and mechanical response characteristic of rock in coal seam roof with supercritical CO2injection[J].Coal Geology & Exploration,2021,49(5):98–104. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1986.2021.05.011
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