鐘莉 唐坎凱 徐巍 李海東
[關(guān)鍵詞] 膈肺聯(lián)合超聲;頸髓損傷;機(jī)械通氣;撤機(jī)結(jié)局
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R445.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2021)18-0104-05
Prediction and evaluation of weaning outcome of diaphragm and lung combined ultrasound in patients with mechanical ventilation for cervical spinal cord injury
ZHONG Li? ?TANG Kankai? ?XU Wei? ?LI Haidong
Department of Intensive Care Unit,the First People′s Hospital of Huzhou in Zhejiang Province, Huzhou? ?313000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the success rate of weaning outcome of diaphragm and lung combined ultrasound in patients with mechanical ventilation for cervical spinal cord injury. Methods Patients with mechanical ventilation for upper cervical spinal cord injury treated in the intensive care unit of our hospital from January 2018 to December 2019 were enrolled in the retrospective analysis. The duration of mechanical ventilation was more than 48 hours, which met the weaning criteria of spontaneous breathing test (SBT). All patients were evaluated by bedside lung B-ultrasound and diaphragm ultrasound. The diaphragmatic displacement (DD),the diaphragmatic rapid shallow breathing index (D-RSBI), and the lung ultrasonic B-line score (LUBS) were measured. The patients were divided into the success group and the failure group according to the weaning outcome. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was adopted to evaluate and analyze the predictive value of each index. Results There were 45 patients in the success group and 15 patients in the failure group. There was no significant difference in the population characteristics between the two groups(P>0.05). The LUBS in the success group was (8.91±0.92)points, and in the failure group was (13.52±1.21) points, with statistically significant difference(P=0.001). The DD in the success group was (13.56±2.04)mm, and in the failure group was (9.36±1.12) mm,with statistically significant difference (P=0.002). The D-RSBI in the success group was significantly lower than that in the failure group, with statistically significant difference [(1.42±0.26) Times/(min·mm) vs. (2.16±0.38) Times/(min·mm), P=0.008)]. The D-RSBI, the LUBS, and the D-RSBI combined with LUBS all had predictive efficiency to failure of weaning. The predictive efficiency of D-RSBI combined with LUBS was highest,with AUC of 0.982. Conclusion Diaphragm and lung combined ultrasound can well predict the weaning outcome in patients with mechanical ventilation for cervical spinal cord injury, with the highest predictive efficiency of D-RSBI combined with LUBS.
[Key words] Diaphragm and lung combined ultrasound; Cervical spinal cord injury; Mechanical ventilation; Weaning outcome
急性頸髓損傷是臨床工作中比較常見(jiàn)的危重疾患,常可導(dǎo)致患者感覺(jué)、運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的喪失,高位的頸髓損傷甚至可影響呼吸和循環(huán)中樞,其致殘率及病死率均較高,預(yù)后較差。肺部感染和呼吸衰竭是創(chuàng)傷性頸髓損傷最常見(jiàn)的兩大致死因素[1]。為改善通氣功能、促進(jìn)排痰和避免吸入性肺炎的發(fā)生,提高頸髓損傷患者救治率,機(jī)械通氣已成為頸髓損傷后一個(gè)重要的輔助治療措施。然而,有研究顯示,20%~30%的機(jī)械通氣患者會(huì)存在呼吸肌的依賴(lài),造成撤機(jī)的延長(zhǎng),而撤機(jī)失敗將增加患者40%~50%的死亡率[2]。因此,評(píng)估撤機(jī)時(shí)機(jī)和預(yù)測(cè)撤機(jī)結(jié)局非常重要[3-4]。近年來(lái),超聲因其無(wú)創(chuàng)化的特點(diǎn)在重癥領(lǐng)域蓬勃發(fā)展,而膈肌超聲和肺部超聲在重癥患者中的運(yùn)用更是成為熱點(diǎn)[5]。有研究顯示,肺部超聲B線(Lung B-line score,LUBS)、膈肌移動(dòng)度(Diaphragm mobility,DD)及膈肌淺快呼吸指數(shù)(Diaphragmatic rapid shallow breathing index,D-RSBI)對(duì)評(píng)估撤機(jī)有很好的臨床指導(dǎo)價(jià)值[6-7]。目前,LUBS聯(lián)合DD及D-RSBI在預(yù)測(cè)頸髓損傷患者撤機(jī)結(jié)局中的應(yīng)用鮮有報(bào)道,因此本研究旨在評(píng)估LUBS聯(lián)合DD及D-RSBI對(duì)高位頸髓損傷機(jī)械通氣患者撤機(jī)結(jié)局的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1? 一般資料
回顧性分析在浙江省湖州市第一人民醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科進(jìn)行,通過(guò)本院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有納入研究的患者均征求患者及其家屬的同意并簽署知情同意書(shū)。選取2018年1月至2019年12月入住本院重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(Intensive care unit,ICU)高位脊髓損傷并使用機(jī)械通氣患者60例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①中重度頸髓損傷;②需要經(jīng)口腔氣管插管或氣管切開(kāi)呼吸機(jī)輔助呼吸;③>18周歲;④機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間>48 h;⑤必須符合自主呼吸試驗(yàn)(Spontaneous breathing trial,SBT)的撤機(jī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①無(wú)創(chuàng)呼吸機(jī)輔助通氣;②≤18周歲;③既往存在神經(jīng)肌肉源性疾病;④血?dú)庑?、胸腔閉式引流或縱隔氣腫;⑤多發(fā)肋骨骨折、連枷胸;⑥研究前48 h內(nèi)使用過(guò)肌松劑;⑦患者或家屬不配合臨床診治或不簽屬知情同意書(shū)。所有納入研究的患者均達(dá)到進(jìn)行SBT試驗(yàn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),根據(jù)脫機(jī)成功與否分為撤機(jī)成功組和撤機(jī)失敗組,兩組患者人群特征無(wú)明顯差異。
1.2 方法
機(jī)械通氣患者嘗試撤機(jī)的條件:①咳嗽有力;②氧合指數(shù)>150 mmHg;③呼氣末正壓通氣指標(biāo)<5 cmH2O;④已停用血管升壓藥和鎮(zhèn)靜類(lèi)藥物。用120 min T管法進(jìn)行SBT,SBT過(guò)程中監(jiān)測(cè)患者生命體征,出現(xiàn)下列任何一項(xiàng)均被認(rèn)為SBT失?。孩賱?dòng)脈血氧飽和度<90%;②心率>140次/min或變化>20%,或出現(xiàn)新發(fā)的心律失常;③呼吸頻率>35次/min或<8次/min;④出現(xiàn)意識(shí)煩躁、大汗淋漓、焦慮或呼吸困難;⑤收縮壓<90 mmHg或>180 mmHg。通過(guò)自主呼吸試驗(yàn)后1 h拔除氣管插管。撤機(jī)成功定義為在沒(méi)有任何呼吸支持的情況下自主呼吸達(dá)到48 h。SBT失敗或48 h內(nèi)需要再插管、接受有創(chuàng)或無(wú)創(chuàng)通氣均視為撤機(jī)失敗。
納入研究的患者在嘗試撤機(jī)前均行膈肺聯(lián)合超聲檢查。比較撤機(jī)成功組與撤機(jī)失敗組相關(guān)超聲指標(biāo)的差異,分析超聲相關(guān)指標(biāo)預(yù)測(cè)撤機(jī)失敗的能效,為膈肺聯(lián)合超聲預(yù)測(cè)頸髓損傷機(jī)械通氣患者撤機(jī)結(jié)局提供依據(jù)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
所有患者的床邊膈肌超聲和肺部超聲B超均由同一研究人員獨(dú)立操作完成,在進(jìn)行超聲檢查時(shí)注意探頭消毒避免交叉感染的發(fā)生。
患者床頭抬高20°~40°,超聲探頭置于鎖骨中線或腋前線與肋弓下緣交界處,以肝臟作為透聲窗,探頭指向背側(cè)及頭側(cè),聲束到達(dá)并垂直于膈肌中后1/3部位,在理想的二維圖像基礎(chǔ)上采用M超顯示膈肌運(yùn)動(dòng)。分別測(cè)量呼氣末及吸氣末膈肌距基線的距離。DD(mm)=吸氣末膈肌距基線距離-呼氣末膈肌距基線距離。同時(shí)應(yīng)用呼吸機(jī)監(jiān)測(cè)患者潮氣量(Tidal volume,VT)、自主呼吸頻率(Respiration rate,RR)。計(jì)算膈肌淺快呼吸指數(shù)D-RSBI (D-RSBI=RR/DD)。
進(jìn)行床旁肺部超聲檢查時(shí)患者取仰臥位,采用中國(guó)重癥超聲專(zhuān)家共識(shí)推薦的檢查方法[8],凸陣探頭垂直于肋間隙,分別于兩側(cè)胸壁的PLAPS點(diǎn)、上下藍(lán)點(diǎn)及后藍(lán)點(diǎn)來(lái)檢測(cè)B線數(shù)目。選取每個(gè)觀察點(diǎn)采集切面吸氣相最多的B線數(shù)目,一條B線計(jì)一分,進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù),當(dāng)出現(xiàn)碎片征(即肺部實(shí)變征象)時(shí)記五分,統(tǒng)計(jì)雙側(cè)肺超LUBS數(shù)值總和,即為肺部超聲B線積分(LUBS)。
1.4? 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行醫(yī)學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料進(jìn)行正態(tài)檢驗(yàn),符合正態(tài)分布的資料以(x±s)表示,組間數(shù)據(jù)比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(QR)表示,組間數(shù)據(jù)采用秩和檢驗(yàn)比較。繪制受試者工作特征曲線(ROC),計(jì)算曲線下面積(Area under roc curve,AUC)和95%置信區(qū)間(Confidence interval,CI),評(píng)價(jià)D-RSBI、膈肌位移(DD)及LUBS對(duì)撤機(jī)失敗的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2? 結(jié)果
2.1? 兩組患者基本資料比較
重度頸髓損傷需機(jī)械通氣患者60例,其中,撤機(jī)成功組45例,撤機(jī)失敗組15例。撤機(jī)成功組男29例,女16例,年齡26~75歲,平均(58.25±12.66)歲,ASIA分級(jí)A級(jí)32例,B級(jí)13例;撤機(jī)失敗組男10例,女5例,年齡26~78歲,平均(59.16±13.82)歲,ASIA分級(jí)A級(jí)11例,B級(jí)4例。兩組患者人群特征比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2? 兩組患者撤機(jī)相關(guān)參數(shù)比較
撤機(jī)成功組LUBS為(8.91±0.92)分,撤機(jī)失敗組為(13.52±1.21)分,兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)意義(P=0.001);撤機(jī)成功組DD為(13.56±2.04)mm,撤機(jī)失敗組為(9.36±1.12)mm,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.002)。相似的,撤機(jī)成功組D-RSBI明顯低于撤機(jī)失敗組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[(1.42±0.26)次/(min·mm) vs. (2.16±0.38)次/(min·mm),P=0.008)]。兩組人群VT、RR比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3? 各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)對(duì)撤機(jī)失敗的預(yù)測(cè)能力
D-RSBI、LUBS及兩者聯(lián)合對(duì)撤機(jī)失敗均有預(yù)測(cè)效能。LUBS的最佳臨界值為9時(shí),其預(yù)測(cè)撤機(jī)失敗的敏感度為100.0%,但特異度只有56.9%。D-RSBI的預(yù)測(cè)效能好于前者,最佳臨界值為1.41次/(min·mm)時(shí),預(yù)測(cè)撤機(jī)失敗的敏感度為91.6%,特異度為82.2%。LUBD聯(lián)合D-RSBI的預(yù)測(cè)效能最大,AUC值為0.982。見(jiàn)圖1,表3。
3 討論
重度頸髓損傷可引起多功能器官障礙和并發(fā)癥,其中呼吸系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥仍是頸髓損失患者最常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥和死亡原因[9]。據(jù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),頸髓損傷可引起呼吸肌麻痹、呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙,氣道自凈能力下降,造成肺部感染、肺不張等呼吸系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率可高達(dá)40%-70%[10]。臨床上對(duì)此類(lèi)患者盡早進(jìn)行氣道干預(yù)可顯著降低患者死亡率及縮短住院時(shí)間[11]。
然而,機(jī)械通氣的撤離一直是臨床上面臨的重要挑戰(zhàn)。急性呼吸衰竭患者在原發(fā)疾病得到改善時(shí),大多數(shù)能夠脫離機(jī)械通氣。臨床上20%~30%患者出現(xiàn)呼吸機(jī)依賴(lài),撤機(jī)失敗,導(dǎo)致其長(zhǎng)期需要機(jī)械通氣支持,從而增加機(jī)械通氣的并發(fā)癥、重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(ICU)住院時(shí)間、醫(yī)療費(fèi)用[12],直接導(dǎo)致病死率增加大約40%~50%[2]。撤機(jī)失敗本質(zhì)上是多因素造成的;可以由膈肌功能障礙,機(jī)械負(fù)荷過(guò)大,撤機(jī)誘發(fā)的心血管功能障礙或清除分泌物的能力降低等引起。根據(jù)單一的參數(shù)來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)撤機(jī)成功與否是不合適的。撤機(jī)前對(duì)心肺功能及膈肌功能進(jìn)行全面、綜合的分析評(píng)估非常重要。
膈肌作為主要的呼吸肌,是影響機(jī)械通氣患者能否成功撤機(jī)的主要因素之一[13]。目前,評(píng)估重癥患者膈肌功能的手段非常有限,有研究顯示床旁超聲檢查是評(píng)估膈肌功能的有效方法[14],具有無(wú)創(chuàng)、簡(jiǎn)便易操作、可床旁即時(shí)使用的特點(diǎn),而且具有準(zhǔn)確性高、組間及組內(nèi)可重復(fù)性高的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[15-16]。RSBI是最常用的預(yù)測(cè)撤機(jī)結(jié)局的指標(biāo)之一,但是RSBI在不同人群及檢測(cè)方法下,其預(yù)測(cè)撤機(jī)結(jié)局的敏感度及臨界值及均不同[17-18],導(dǎo)致其指導(dǎo)撤機(jī)價(jià)值不高[19-20]。Kim等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SBT時(shí)膈肌位移小于10 mm時(shí)患者撤機(jī)失敗發(fā)生率更高;樊麥英等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與撤機(jī)成功組相比,撤機(jī)失敗組膈肌位移更小、RSBI及D-RSBI更高;而失敗組患者機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間較更長(zhǎng),這一研究結(jié)果證實(shí)了膈肌功能影響撤機(jī)結(jié)局及患者預(yù)后。他們認(rèn)為相比于傳統(tǒng)的RSBI,膈肌位移及D-RSBI可以準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣至少48 h患者撤機(jī)失敗,對(duì)臨床撤機(jī)結(jié)局的預(yù)測(cè)具有重要的指導(dǎo)作用。
肺部超聲評(píng)分(LUS)可以用來(lái)評(píng)估重癥患者在脫機(jī)過(guò)程中因肺泡塌陷導(dǎo)致的通氣功能的障礙[23]。Soummer等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肺超可通過(guò)識(shí)別局部或整體的肺復(fù)張情況,提高撤機(jī)成功的預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確性。肺部超聲能協(xié)助臨床醫(yī)生快速的對(duì)肺通氣模式進(jìn)行調(diào)整及優(yōu)化,從而選擇更好的SBT時(shí)機(jī)[25]。鄭清江等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BNP、LAP數(shù)值的增加都均可使LUBS增加,LUBS與SBT 30 min BNP以及LAP均有顯著相關(guān)性,從側(cè)面驗(yàn)證LUBS可以反應(yīng)心功能的情況。失敗組往往存在更為嚴(yán)重的肺泡間質(zhì)綜合征,包括肺部炎性滲出或更差的心功能,而成功組的B線積分更低;肺臟超聲有助于選擇正確的SBT時(shí)機(jī)。較低的LUBS評(píng)分提示可縮短機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間,而較高的LUBS患者,提示不適合準(zhǔn)備撤機(jī)和盡早撤機(jī)。重癥醫(yī)師需實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)床邊LUBS評(píng)分的變化,快速、及時(shí)的調(diào)整治療策略,促使患者早期脫機(jī)。
目前,采用膈肺聯(lián)合超聲對(duì)脊髓損傷機(jī)械通氣患者進(jìn)行評(píng)估判定脫管時(shí)機(jī)的研究較少。本研究以高位頸髓損傷機(jī)械通氣患者這一特定人群為研究對(duì)象,采用床邊膈肺聯(lián)合超聲檢測(cè),認(rèn)為D-RSBI聯(lián)合B線更能準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測(cè)撤機(jī)的成敗,對(duì)今后的研究提供很好的方向。同時(shí),本研究也存在一些問(wèn)題,例如單中心研究、病例數(shù)少等缺點(diǎn),需要大樣本的多中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究來(lái)證實(shí)。
綜上所述,膈肺聯(lián)合超聲能有效預(yù)測(cè)頸髓損傷機(jī)械通氣患者的脫管結(jié)局,其中,D-RSBI聯(lián)合LUBS在指導(dǎo)撤機(jī)上優(yōu)于DD,對(duì)臨床撤機(jī)結(jié)局的預(yù)測(cè)具有指導(dǎo)作用。
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(收稿日期:2021-02-16)