洹水，沿太行東麓蜿蜒南下，輾轉(zhuǎn)于豐腴富饒的安陽小平原，孕育了古老而燦爛的殷商故都。尋著甲骨文傳遞的隱晦信息，歷經(jīng) 90 多年的科學(xué)考古發(fā)掘，這座長眠于地下 3 000 多年的商都的神秘面紗逐漸被揭開。迥異于“商朝五遷”建立的亳、囂、相、耿、庇、奄等有著明確城垣的早期王城封閉形象，盤庚在此規(guī)劃的商都大開大合，將洹水作為殷都規(guī)劃的核心要素，所有功能都依洹河兩岸布置展開，綿延超過10 km。一條橫貫東西的主干水渠流經(jīng)幾乎半個殷墟，與東南方向的眾多支渠形成的枝狀水系，保證居民區(qū)與作坊區(qū)生產(chǎn)生活給水與運輸?shù)谋憷！皟煽v三橫”的都城干道穿越殷墟腹地，覆蓋王族居住與宮殿宗廟區(qū)域，昔日車馬縱橫痕跡猶存。大規(guī)模的水系與路網(wǎng)無一不驗證了晚商時期的都邑是人工介入自然系統(tǒng)重塑人居環(huán)境的結(jié)果。它們同甲骨文、青銅鼎等文物遺產(chǎn)一樣，講述著商代晚期的燦爛文明，是證明殷墟為晚商都邑的有力證據(jù)。

近年來，大遺址不斷被發(fā)現(xiàn)，承載著古代先民勞動創(chuàng)造和改造自然的歷史結(jié)果，大遺址保護的對象不再是彼此孤立的歷史遺址，而是擴展到這些遺址所處的山水環(huán)境，以及人類與自然交互作用過程中衍生出的獨特地域文化，即蘊含人類與自然互動過程意義的景觀系統(tǒng)。也正由此，當今大遺址保護也超出了考古學(xué)、博物館學(xué)等傳統(tǒng)遺產(chǎn)保護學(xué)科的研究范疇，呈現(xiàn)跨學(xué)科、跨領(lǐng)域的特征。

景觀考古學(xué)的跨學(xué)科性質(zhì)使遺址保護與區(qū)域人居環(huán)境間建立橋梁成為可能。早期考古對景觀的研究側(cè)重于景觀演替與區(qū)域人類活動之間的動態(tài)相互作用，彼時考古學(xué)語義學(xué)下的景觀動態(tài)概念已初具雛形。20 世紀 60 年代，人文地理學(xué)的深入研究對考古學(xué)理論發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了重要的影響，出現(xiàn)“景觀考古學(xué)”（Landscape Archaeology）的概念。除了對地表空間特征和自然環(huán)境變化進行考證外，強調(diào)人類在改造自然的過程中對周圍環(huán)境的認識，并試圖揭示不同遺址的社會文脈與景觀演替的歷史聯(lián)系，作為通往真實過去的有效途徑。20 世紀80年代中后期，隨著后過程考古主義的興起與成熟，景觀被視作不同文化背景下社會關(guān)系的構(gòu)成與運作的空間載體，景觀考古研究不再局限于人地關(guān)系的協(xié)調(diào)與互動，而是圍繞社會認同、社會秩序、社會變遷等社會關(guān)系的表達，實現(xiàn)過去人類社會如海德格爾所稱的“在世”（being-in-the-world）經(jīng)驗的復(fù)制和重建。簡言之，景觀考古學(xué)視野下的考古遺跡，特別是大遺址，為理解當下景觀的自然和文化形成過程、解釋人類和歷史發(fā)展進程提供了新的敘事圖景。

在景觀考古學(xué)的學(xué)科交叉視野推動下，大遺址從單純的考古學(xué)對象，拓展為破解區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境、人文社會結(jié)構(gòu)耦合關(guān)系及過程的關(guān)鍵密碼，打開了大遺址在區(qū)域景觀歷史演進過程中的文化現(xiàn)象圖景。新的認知視野對大遺址保護工作提出了更具系統(tǒng)性、開放性的要求。諸如國家考古遺址公園等文化遺產(chǎn)活態(tài)保護模式，不僅依賴于更廣闊的國際保護理念，也需要新的跨學(xué)科綜合分析與應(yīng)用技術(shù)的支撐，幫助大遺址景觀空間要素的研究實現(xiàn)從定性描述向定量分析、計算機模擬的轉(zhuǎn)變，促進了大遺址的科學(xué)性、完整性、真實性保護。

2021年適逢中國現(xiàn)代考古學(xué)誕生100周年，相比于前輩們的篳路藍縷，而今的考古學(xué)有了更為強大的支撐，也收獲了更加精彩的發(fā)現(xiàn)。如習(xí)近平總書記所強調(diào)的“歷史、現(xiàn)實、未來是相通的。歷史是過去的現(xiàn)實，現(xiàn)實是未來的歷史”。景觀考古學(xué)提供的學(xué)術(shù)框架與認知視野，大遺址研究與保護展示的豐富區(qū)域人文、歷史信息，最根本目的仍是回饋當代以及未來人類的發(fā)展與生活。結(jié)合大遺址保護，增加公眾教育、科研、游憩等服務(wù)社會的功能成為國家建設(shè)大遺址公園的新嘗試，通過大遺址文化生態(tài)的整體保護，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)歷史遺產(chǎn)與公眾生活的有機對接，讓文化遺產(chǎn)更好地活在當下。

Landscape Archaeology and Great Site Protection

Huan River, meandering southward along the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain and passing through the fertile Anyang Plain,gave birth to the ancient prosperous capital of Shang Dynasty.After more than 90 years of scientific and archaeological excavation according to the obscure information transmitted by Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the mysterious veil of this ancient capital which has been sleeping underground for more than 3,000 years, was gradually lifted. Different from Bo, Xiao, Xiang, Geng, Pi, Yan and other early imperial cities established during the “five migrations of the Shang Dynasty”, which had clear closed city walls, the capital of Shang planned by Pan Geng here was open and closed.With Huan River as the core of the capital planning, all functions were arranged on the two sides of Huan River, stretching for more than 10 kilometers. A main canal across the East and West flowed through almost half of the Ruins to form a branched water system with many branch canals in the southeast, which ensured the production and domestic water supply and transportation in the residential and workshop areas. The “two vertical and three horizontal” capital trunk roads passed through the hinterland of the Ruins, covering the area of royal residence as well as the palaces and temples. The vertical and horizontal traces of vehicles and horses are still there. The large-scale water system and road network all proved that the capital in the late Shang Dynasty was the result of artificial intervention in the natural system to reshape the living environment. Just like oracle bone inscriptions, bronze tripods and other cultural relics, they are also telling about the brilliant civilization in the late Shang Dynasty and are powerful evidence proving that the Shang Dynasty Ruins were the capital of the late Shang Dynasty.

In recent years, great sites, which bear the historical achievements of ancient ancestors in creating things and transforming nature, have been discovered one after another.In terms of great site protection, the targets of protection are not only each independent historical site, but also the landscape environment and the unique regional culture derived from the interaction between human and nature, namely, the landscape system which implicates the significance of human-nature interaction. That is also why the great site protection today has gone beyond the research scope of traditional heritage protection disciplines, including Archaeology and Museology, and showed interdisciplinary and cross-domain characteristics.

The interdisciplinary characteristic of Landscape Archaeology makes it possible to bridge site protection and regional human settlements. In early archaeological researches, landscape research mainly focuses on the dynamic interaction between landscape succession and regional human activities. At that time, the concept of landscape dynamics under archaeological semantics had begun to take shape. In the 1960s, the in-depth study on human geography greatly influenced the development of archaeological theory, and the concept of “Landscape Archaeology” was put forward. In addition to textual researches on the characteristics of surface space and the changes of natural environment, Landscape Archaeology attempts to emphasize the human understanding of the surrounding environment in the process of transforming nature and to reveal the historical relationship between the social context and landscape succession of different sites as an effective means to know the real past. In the middle and late 1980s, with the rise and maturity of post process archaeology, landscape was regarded as a spatial carrier for the composition and operation of social relations under different cultural backgrounds, and landscape archaeology research was no longer restricted to the coordination and interaction of human-land relations, but focused on the expression of social relations such as social identity, social order and social change, to realize the reproduction and reconstruction of the “being in the world” experience (which is defined by Heidegger) of human society in the past. In short, archaeological sites, especially great sites, in the perspective of Landscape Archaeology, has provided a new narrative picture for interpreting the natural and cultural formation process of the current landscape and for explaining the process of human and historical development.

Driven by the interdisciplinary perspective of landscape archaeology, great sites are no longer pure archaeological objects but also the key passwords to interpret the coupling relationship between the ecological environment and the human and social structure of a region as well as the coupling process, which opens up the cultural prospect of great sites in the historical evolution of regional landscape. New cognitive visions have put forward more systematic and open requirements for the protection of great sites.The living protection of cultural heritage, such as the National Archaeological Site Park, not only relies on a broader international protection concept, but also requires the support of new comprehensive interdisciplinary analysis and application technology to assist the transformation of great site landscape spatial element research from qualitative description to quantitative analysis and computer simulation and to promote the scientific, integrity and authenticity protection of great sites.

2021 witnesses the 100th anniversary of the birth of modern archaeology in China. Compared with the hardships in the early stage, archaeology today has stronger support and more wonderful discoveries. As general secretary Xi Jinping once said, “History,reality and future are interlinked. History is the reality of the past and reality is the history of future.” The most fundamental purpose of the academic framework and cognitive vision provided by landscape archaeology as well as the rich regional cultural and historical information presented by the research and protection of great sites is to support the development and life of contemporary and future mankind. Establishing public facilities to serve public education, scientific research, recreation etc., on the basis of protecting great sites, has become a new attempt for the country in building great site parks. Through the overall protection of the cultural ecology of great sites, historical heritage and public life can be organically connected, and the cultural heritage can better survive the time.

Editor-in-Chief: Professor ZHENG Xi

October 26, 2021