盡管全球正在經(jīng)歷普遍的、廣泛的城市化，鄉(xiāng)村依然是人類聚居的基本環(huán)境類型。2020年全球總?cè)丝谶_(dá)76億，其中有約34億人居住在鄉(xiāng)村。相比于高度人工化的城市地區(qū)，全球鄉(xiāng)村面積更為廣闊，人居環(huán)境與自然環(huán)境的關(guān)系更為密切。鄉(xiāng)村聚落及所依附的農(nóng)耕、漁業(yè)、林業(yè)等蘊(yùn)含著豐富的傳統(tǒng)營建智慧和本土景觀特色，同時鄉(xiāng)村人居環(huán)境的統(tǒng)籌發(fā)展是國土空間生態(tài)系統(tǒng)治理的重要內(nèi)容，具有很高的研究價值。

不同地域文化孕育不同鄉(xiāng)村景觀，每個國家都有值得認(rèn)知和研究的鄉(xiāng)村傳統(tǒng)生態(tài)智慧。菲律賓北部伊富高（Ifugao）省宏大的高山梯田是舉世聞名的古代奇跡。它是當(dāng)?shù)赝林柯淙嗣駷榱酥\生而在裸露的山地上開墾出的田地，田地依等高線沿陡峻的山坡構(gòu)筑，圍以石墻，呈梯狀，頂部向內(nèi)微有傾斜，以使灌溉之水得以儲存發(fā)揮效益。這些梯田過濾和凈化了山頂熱帶松林中的雨水，造福了當(dāng)?shù)氐拇迩f和下游的主要城市。高山梯田是村落與森林、稻田、水系相協(xié)調(diào)的人居生態(tài)體系，也是文化與生物多樣性相適應(yīng)的國土空間治理模式。

自古以來中國鄉(xiāng)村的營建往往與自然環(huán)境融為一體，構(gòu)成一幅幅美麗的山水畫卷。元代黃公望的《富春山居圖》描繪了富春江流域依山水而居的鄉(xiāng)村風(fēng)貌，畫中富春江貫穿于兩岸丘陵之間，江中分布大小沙洲，沿江則展現(xiàn)出沃野良田、阡陌交通的景觀。流域內(nèi)的聚落依所處地貌環(huán)境，分布在沿江平原、沙洲及丘陵山地上，并形成了應(yīng)對水患順應(yīng)地勢的農(nóng)耕模式?！陡淮荷骄訄D》蘊(yùn)含了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、聚落營建與山水環(huán)境相互適應(yīng)的人與自然共生思想。今天，在富春江沿岸仍存在著如畫中所描繪的鄉(xiāng)村景觀風(fēng)貌，在濱水區(qū)及江中沙洲上的耕作田地外圍用土石等材料修筑堤壩或圍堰，以阻擋洪水侵襲，堤上設(shè)閘以靈活控水、排水，從而形成圩田。汲取地域傳承的鄉(xiāng)村營建智慧，對自然進(jìn)行循序漸進(jìn)的人工干預(yù)，這在當(dāng)下鄉(xiāng)村人居環(huán)境發(fā)展中仍具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。

當(dāng)今面臨的氣候變化、全球生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化等普遍問題為鄉(xiāng)村人居可持續(xù)發(fā)展帶來挑戰(zhàn)，風(fēng)景園林學(xué)科在鄉(xiāng)村人居環(huán)境研究和實(shí)踐中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。首先，鄉(xiāng)村人居環(huán)境是一個社會–生態(tài)的復(fù)合系統(tǒng)，孕育于廣闊的山水環(huán)境中。在國土空間規(guī)劃的背景下，鄉(xiāng)村人居環(huán)境整治需要樹立系統(tǒng)觀念，將全域自然生態(tài)空間與鄉(xiāng)村人居體系的規(guī)劃融為一體，促進(jìn)生態(tài)空間的整治和修復(fù)、生產(chǎn)空間的復(fù)合與多元、生活空間的集約與高效，從而劃定鄉(xiāng)村空間發(fā)展的一張藍(lán)圖。其次，鄉(xiāng)村人居環(huán)境應(yīng)當(dāng)是宜居宜業(yè)的美好家園。在以全域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)考慮的前提下，需要完善傳統(tǒng)鄉(xiāng)村人居環(huán)境評價體系和流程，指導(dǎo)修復(fù)、重建和優(yōu)化生態(tài)系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，為鄉(xiāng)村合理的生產(chǎn)生活及建造活動提供科學(xué)支撐，創(chuàng)造出適合人類使用、生態(tài)平衡健康且具有美學(xué)價值的鄉(xiāng)村人居。再者，鄉(xiāng)村人居環(huán)境是文化傳承的重要載體。新時代歸園田居不應(yīng)是去孤獨(dú)地株守每個空心化的村莊，也不應(yīng)是簡單地還原鄉(xiāng)村從前的模樣，而是要把從人類文明中吸納的現(xiàn)代精神，與從鄉(xiāng)土文化中汲取的傳統(tǒng)營養(yǎng)融合起來，塑造嶄新的鄉(xiāng)村人居形態(tài)，推進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村傳統(tǒng)人居生態(tài)智慧的創(chuàng)造性轉(zhuǎn)化，在實(shí)踐中豐富新時代鄉(xiāng)土語境下的規(guī)劃設(shè)計理論及實(shí)踐，解決鄉(xiāng)村特色淡化、鄉(xiāng)土價值遺失的問題。最后，以風(fēng)景園林的技術(shù)手段植入鄉(xiāng)村人居生態(tài)環(huán)境營造，因地制宜，挖掘鄉(xiāng)村原生特色和潛在價值，喚醒鄉(xiāng)村地域本色和內(nèi)生性動力，重塑生態(tài)生產(chǎn)相融合的綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)，打造最普惠的民生福祉，推進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。

風(fēng)景園林學(xué)科在鄉(xiāng)村人居環(huán)境領(lǐng)域的實(shí)踐與創(chuàng)新，既是新時代推進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村全面振興的內(nèi)在要求和關(guān)鍵支撐，更是深刻把握我國鄉(xiāng)村特征和響應(yīng)新時代國家發(fā)展需求的必然選擇。

Rural Living Environment

The world being urbanized generally and widely, the rural area still remains as the basic type of human in-habitation, with approximately 3.4 billion people living in the rural area out of a total global population of 7.6 billion in 2020. As against the highly artificial urban areas, the global rural area is much more extensive and the living environments are more closely related to the natural environment. There are rich traditional wisdom and local landscape features in rural settlements and their dependent farming, fishery and forestry, and the overall development of rural living environment is an important part of spatial ecosystem management, with a high research value.

Different rural landscapes arise out of different regional cultures and each country is provided with its own rural traditional eco-wisdom worthy of cognition and research. As one of the world-renowned ancient wonders, the magnificent alpine terraces in Ifugao of northern Philippines are the fields reclaimed by the local indigenous tribesmen in the bare mountains for a living. These fields,constructed along steep slopes along contour lines and surrounded by stone walls, are in the shape of terraces, and with the tops sloping slightly inward to allow irrigation water to be stored and used efficiently. These terraces filter and purify rainwater from the tropical pine forests at the top of the mountains, bringing benefit to the local villages and the major cities downstream. Not only are the alpine terraces are a habitat ecosystem where villages are in harmony with forests, rice fields and water systems, but also a governance model of national land space in which culture and biodiversity are compatible.

Since ancient times, the rural construction in China has often conflated the natural environment, forming a beautiful landscape painting.Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains, a painting by Huang Gongyuan of the Yuan Dynasty, depicts the rural style of living by mountains and rivers in the Fuchun River basin. In the painting,the river runs through the hills on both riverbanks, sandbars are distributed in the river, and fertile fields and links paths appear along the river. According to their geomorphic environment, the settlements in the watershed spread on the plains, sandbars and hilly areas along the river, and have formed a farming model responding to flooding and conforming to the terrain. This painting entertains the idea that agro-production, settlement construction and landscape environment are adapted to one another and that man and nature coexist. Today, the rural landscape as depicted in the picture continues in this area. Dikes or weirs are constructed with earth and stones on the periphery of farming fields on the waterfronts and sandbars in the river to resist water intrusion. The dikes are equipped with gates to flexibly control and drain away water, thus forming polders. It is still of practical significance in the present development of the rural living environment to draw on the wisdom of rural construction inherited from the region and make an artificial intervention in nature step by step.

The sustainable development of rural living environment has risen to the challenge from such common problems we face today as climate change and deterioration of global ecological environment,and the landscape architecture discipline importantly functions in the study of rural living environment. First of all, as a socio-ecological combined system, rural living environment exist in a vast landscape environment. In the context of territorial spatial planning, it is needed in the renovation of rural living environment to have a system idea and combine the whole natural eco-space with the planning of rural living environment system to facilitate the improvement and restoration of ecological space, the recombination and diversification of production space, and the intensification and efficiency of living space, so as to draw up a blueprint for the spatial development of the rural area. Secondly, rural living environment should become a beautiful home that is livable and workable. On the premise of considering the whole ecological space, it is necessary to optimize the appraisal system and process of traditional rural living environment,conduct the restoration, reconstruction and optimization of the ecosystem network and scientifically back up the reasonable activities related to production, living and construction in the rural area so as to create rural living environment suitable for human use,balanced and healthy in ecology, and provided with aesthetic value.Furthermore, rural living environment is an important carrier of cultural inheritance. Returning to nature in the new age should not to guard each empty village alone, nor to simply restore the former appearance of the rural area. Rather, we should mix together the modern spirit absorbed from human civilization and the traditional essence drawn from the indigenous culture to shape a new form of rural living environment and boost the creative transformation of the traditional ecological wisdom for rural living environment. Besides,the theory and practice of planning and design in the local context of the new age should be enriched in practice to solve the problems related to weakening of rural characteristics and loss of rural area value. Finally, the technical means of landscape architecture should be used in the construction of rural living environment and ecological environment. The local conditions should be followed in exploring the native characteristics and potential values of the rural area and generating the regional natural features and endogenous power of rural area to improve the well-being of the people and advance rural economy with high quality by booming the green industry integrating ecological production.

Not only is the practice and innovation of landscape architecture discipline in rural living environment the intrinsic requirements and crucial brace in promoting the comprehensive revitalization of the rural area in the new era, but also the inevitable choice of the discipline in deeply grasping the characteristics of China’s rural area and responding to the national development needs in the new era.

Editor-in-Chief: Professor ZHENG Xi

February 23, 2022