楊瑤, 曾貴俊, 黃玉平, 趙勇
(云南師范大學(xué) 化學(xué)化工學(xué)院,云南 昆明 650500)
羊角拗(Strophanthusdivaricatus(Lour.) Hook.et Arn.)別名羊角扭,系夾竹桃科(Apocynaceae)羊角拗屬(Strophanthus)植物,野生于丘陵山地、路旁疏林或山坡灌木叢中,多為灌木或小喬木[1],是我國華南地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)中草藥[2-3].羊角拗的根、莖、葉、花和種子均可入藥[4],但同時(shí)羊角拗全株有毒,誤食會(huì)產(chǎn)生心律失常、惡心嘔吐及腹瀉等強(qiáng)心苷中毒癥狀[5],在民間常用其治療跌打損傷、骨折、蛇傷、癬疥、風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、多發(fā)性膿腫及小兒麻痹后遺癥等[6],臨床上主要用于治療慢性心力衰竭及心律失常.文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,羊角拗屬植物主要化學(xué)成分有強(qiáng)心苷類、黃酮類、蒽醌類及生物堿類等[7].為進(jìn)一步了解羊角拗的活性成分,對采自云南省西雙版納傣族自治州的羊角拗甲醇提取物進(jìn)行分離純化,得到12個(gè)化合物,其結(jié)構(gòu)見圖1.
正相硅膠柱層析硅膠(75~150 μm和48~75 μm,青島海洋化工廠);反相硅膠柱層析硅膠RP-18(40~65 μm,德國Merck公司);Sephadex LH-20(德國Merck公司);分析型GF254高效薄層層析硅膠板(100 mm×200 mm,青島海洋化工廠);柱層析溶劑:石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、丙酮及甲醇等(工業(yè)純,昆明福海達(dá)有限公司);氘代試劑:CDCl3和MeOD(北京希凱創(chuàng)新科技有限公司).核磁共振儀(TMS為內(nèi)標(biāo),DRX-400,瑞士Bruker公司);旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)儀(EYELAN-1100,日本東京理化有限公司);低溫冷卻液循環(huán)泵(DLSB-5L/25,鞏義市予華儀器有限公司);電子天平(Kern ABS 80-4,德國Kern公司);真空泵(SHZ-D(Ⅲ),鞏義市予華儀器有限公司);恒溫電爐(HP-05,上海學(xué)森儀器有限公司);磨口玻璃柱及其他常見玻璃儀器(北京欣維爾玻璃儀器有限公司).
圖1 化合物1-12的結(jié)構(gòu)
植物樣品于2018年8月采自云南省西雙版納傣族自治州,經(jīng)中國科學(xué)院昆明植物研究所陳瑜老師鑒定為夾竹桃科羊角拗屬植物羊角拗(Strophanthusdivaricatus(Lour.) Hook.et Arn.),標(biāo)本保存于中國科學(xué)院昆明植物研究所.
將2 kg干燥的羊角拗樣品用甲醇冷浸提取3次,每次24 h,將提取液利用旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)儀減壓濃縮得甲醇總浸膏26 g.浸膏用75~150 μm硅膠拌樣,以石油醚-乙酸乙酯(1∶0-0∶1,體積比,下同)梯度洗脫,經(jīng)TLC分析合并為Fr A(1 g)、Fr B(2 g)、Fr C(1.5 g)和Fr D(0.6 g)4個(gè)部分.Fr B經(jīng)硅膠柱層析,以石油醚-丙酮(1∶0-2∶1)梯度洗脫,分離得到Fr B1-B4.其中Fr B1(0.3 g)經(jīng)硅膠柱層析,石油醚-乙酸乙酯(120∶1-1∶1)洗脫,分離得到化合物9(4.5 mg)和10(3.2 mg).Fr B2(0.2 g)經(jīng)RP-18柱層析,甲醇-水(3∶2-1∶1)洗脫,分離得到化合物1(3.0 mg)和8(2.7 mg).Fr B3(0.4 g)經(jīng)硅膠柱層析,石油醚-乙酸乙酯(80∶1-1∶1)洗脫,分離得到化合物5(2.8 mg)和6(4.2 mg).Fr C經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20柱層析,氯仿-甲醇(1∶1)洗脫,分離得到Fr C1-C4.其中C2(0.2 g)經(jīng)RP-18柱層析,甲醇-水(3∶2-1∶0)洗脫,分離得到化合物7(3.4 mg)和11(4.5 mg).Fr C3(0.3 g)經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20柱層析,采用氯仿-甲醇(1∶1)洗脫,分離得到化合物2(2.5 mg)、3(2.8 mg)和12(3.8 mg).Fr C4(0.1 g)經(jīng)硅膠柱層析,氯仿-丙酮(120∶1)洗脫,分離得到化合物4(3.1 mg).
β-谷甾醇化合物(1):白色針狀結(jié)晶.經(jīng)TLC多個(gè)體系展開,與β-谷甾醇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品在多種溶劑系統(tǒng)中對照,Rf值均相等,故確定化合物1為β-谷甾醇.
periplocymarin(2):白色粉末.1H NMR(125 MHz,CDCl3)δ:5.93(1H,s,H-22),4.66(2H,m,H-21),4.66(1H,overlap,H-1′),4.18(1H,m,H-3),3.46(3′-OCH3),1.24(3H,d,J=6.2 Hz,H-6′),0.95(3H,s,H-19),0.90(3H,s,H-18);13C NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:174.4(C-20),173.4(C-23),117.8(C-22),98.2(C-1′),86.4(C-14),79.1(C-3′),77.2(C-3),75.8(C-5),75.3(C-21),74.3(C-4′),71.5(C-5′),58.2(3′-OCH3),51.9(C-17),50.9(C-13),41.8(C-8),41.6(C-10),40.9(C-12),40.2(C-9),35.8(C-4),35.7(C-6),35.5(C-2′),33.3(C-15),28.0(C-16),26.8(C-2),26.6(C-1),24.8(C-7),22.7(C-11),18.6(C-6′),17.3(C-19),16.3(C-18).其數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[8]報(bào)道的基本一致,故鑒定化合物2為periplocymarin.
carisursane A(3):白色粉末.1H NMR(125 MHz,CD3OD)δ:5.26(1H,t,J=3.4 Hz,H-12),3.65(1H,m,H-2),2.93(1H,d,J=9.6 Hz,H-3),1.04(6H,CH3-24,25),0.91(3H,d,J=6.4 Hz,H-29),1.14,1.00,0.87,0.83(each 3H,s,CH3× 4);13C NMR(500 MHz,CD3OD)δ:139.8(C-13),126.6(C-12),84.4(C-3),69.5(C-2),56.7(C-5),54.4(C-18),49.9(C-9),48.3(C-1),43.3(C-14),40.8(C-8),40.5(C-17),40.4(C-4,19),39.2(C-10),38.2(C-22),34.2(C-7),31.8(C-21),29.3(C-20,23),29.2(C-15),25.3(C-16),24.4(C-11),24.1(C-27),21.6(C-29),19.5(C-6),17.8(C-28),17.7(C-26),17.5(C-25),17.2(C-24).以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[9]報(bào)道的基本一致,故鑒定化合物3為carisursane A.
α-香樹脂醇(4):白色粉末.1H NMR(125 MHz,CD3OD)δ:5.20(1H,t,J=3.6 Hz,H-12),3.18(1H,dd,J=11.5,4.7 Hz,H-3),1.00(6H,s,CH3-24,25),0.85(3H,d,J=6.5 Hz,H-30),1.11,0.96,0.95,0.81(each 3H,CH3× 4),0.78(3H,d,J=2.8 Hz,H-29);13C NMR(500 MHz,CD3OD)δ:142.1(C-13),124.9(C-12),79.7(C-3),56.8(C-5),54.6(C-17),44.0(C-14),41.4(C-8),40.5(C-4),40.0(C-20),39.9(C-19),39.7(C-1),39.3(C-10),38.2(C-22),34.7(C-7),33.5(C-21),32.8(C-15),32.3(C-2),28.8(C-23),27.9(C-16),24.8(C-11),24.2(C-27),23.4(C-30),21.6(C-6),19.5(C-26),18.3(C-28),17.7(C-29),16.4(C-24),16.1(C-25).其數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[10]報(bào)道的基本一致,故鑒定化合物4為α-香樹脂醇.
羽扇豆醇(5):白色粉末.C30H50O,MW=426.4.1H NMR(125 MHz,CDCl3)δ:4.72(1H,d,J=7.4 Hz,H-29a),4.60(1H,d,J=7.5 Hz,H-29b),3.22(1H,m,H-3),2.40(2H,m,H-2),1.70(3H,s,CH3-21),1.05,0.98,0.97,0.85,0.80,0.78(each 3H,s,CH3× 6);13C NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:150.9(C-20),109.3(C-29),79.0(C-3),55.2(C-5),50.4(C-9),48.3(C-18),48.0(C-19),43.0(C-17),42.8(C-14),40.8(C-8),40.0(C-22),38.9(C-4),38.7(C-1),38.0(C-13),37.2(C-10),35.6(C-16),34.3(C-7),29.8(C-21),28.0(C-23),27.4(C-2,15),25.1(C-12),20.9(C-11),19.3(C-30),18.3(C-6),18.0(C-28),16.1(C-25),16.0(C-26),15.4(C-24),14.6(C-27).與文獻(xiàn)[11]數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故鑒定化合物5為羽扇豆醇.
樺木腦(6):白色粉末.1H NMR(125 MHz,CDCl3)δ:4.70(1H,s,H-29a),4.60(1H,s,H-29b),3.82(1H,d,J=10.9 Hz,H-28a),3.36(1H,d,J=10.9 Hz,H-28b),3.21(1H,dd,J=11.1,6.2 Hz,H-3),1.70(3H,s,CH3-21),1.04,1.00,0.99,0.84,0.78(each 3H,s,CH3× 5);13C NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:150.6(C-20),109.6(C-30),79.0(C-3),60.5(C-28),55.3(C-5),50.4(C-9),48.7(C-19),47.8(C-17,18),42.7(C-14),40.9(C-8),38.9(C-4),38.7(C-1),37.3(C-10),37.2(C-13),34.2(C-7),34.0(C-22),29.7(C-21),29.2(C-16),28.0(C-23),27.4(C-2),27.2(C-15),25.2(C-12),20.8(C-11),18.3(C-6),16.1(C-25),16.0(C-26),15.4(C-24),14.8(C-27).與文獻(xiàn)[12]數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故鑒定化合物6為樺木腦.
槲皮素-3-O-蕓香苷(7):黃色油狀.1H NMR(125 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.69(1H,br s,H-2′),7.65(1H,br d,J=8.2 Hz,H-6′),6.89(1H,d,J=8.2 Hz,H-5′),6.43(1H,br s,H-8),6.23(1H,br s,H-6),5.13(1H,d,J=6.4 Hz,H-1″),4.54(1H,br s,H-1?),3.32~3.81(10H,protons of rutinose),1.21(3H,d,J=5.9 Hz,H-6?);13C NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:179.3(C-4),166.0(C-7),163.0(C-5),159.3(C-9),158.5(C-2),150.0(C-4′),145.8(C-3′),135.6(C-3),123.6(C-6′),123.1(C-1′),117.7(C-2′),116.0(C-5′),105.6(C-10),104.7(C-1″),102.4(C-1?),99.9(C-6),94.9(C-8),78.2(C-3″),77.2(C-5″),75.7(C-2″),73.9(C-4?),72.2(C-3?),72.1(C-2?),71.4(C-4″),69.7(C-5?),68.5(C-6″),17.9(C-6?).與文獻(xiàn)[13]數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故鑒定化合物7為槲皮素-3-O-蕓香苷.
植醇(8):黃色油狀.1H NMR(125 MHz,CDCl3)δ:5.43(1H,m,H-2),4.18(2H,m,H-1),2.01(2H,m,H-4),1.39~1.08(19H,overlap,H-5~15),0.90~0.86(12H,overlap,CH3-16~19);13C NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:140.3(C-3),123.0(C-2),59.4(C-1),39.9(C-14),39.4(C-4),37.4(C-8,10),37.3(C-12),36.7(C-6),32.8(C-7),32.7(C-11),28.0(C-15),25.1(C-5),24.8(C-13),24.5(C-9),22.7(C-17),22.6(C-16),19.8(C-19),19.7(C-18),16.2(C-20).與文獻(xiàn)[14]數(shù)據(jù)一致,故鑒定化合物8為植醇.
(9Z)-十七碳烯酸(9):淡黃色油狀.C17H32O2,MW=268.2.1H NMR(125 MHz,CDCl3)δ:2.37(2H,t,J=7.5 Hz,H-2),1.65(2H,m,H-3),2.03(4H,m,H-8,11),5.37(2H,m,H-9,10),1.26~1.30(20H,m,H-3~7,H-12~16),0.90(3H,t,J=6.9 Hz,H-17);13C NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:178.4(C-1),130.2(C-9),129.9(C-10),33.9(C-2),32.1(C-15),29.9~29.2(C-4~7,C-12~14),24.9(C-3),22.9(C-16),14.3(C-17).以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[15]報(bào)道的一致,故鑒定化合物9為(9Z)-十七碳烯酸.
十六碳酸(10):無色油狀.1H NMR(125 MHz,CDCl3)δ:2.36(2H,t,J=7.5 Hz,H-2),1.65(2H,m,H-3),1.27~1.36(24H,m,H-4~15),0.88(3H,t,J=6.9 Hz,H-16);13C NMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:179.1(C-1),34.0(C-2),32.1(C-14),29.8~28.9(C-4~13),24.7(C-3),22.8(C-15),14.3(C-16).以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[16]報(bào)道的一致,故鑒定化合物10為十六碳酸.
莨菪亭(11):白色針狀結(jié)晶.1H NMR(125 MHz,CD3OD)δ:7.87(1H,d,J=9.4 Hz,H-4),7.13(1H,s,H-5),6.79(1H,s,H-8),6.22(1H,d,J=9.4 Hz,H-3),3.91(3H,s,OCH3);13C NMR(500 MHz,CD3OD)δ:164.1(C-2),152.9(C-7),151.4(C-9),147.1(C-6),146.1(C-4),112.6(C-3),112.5(C-10),109.8(C-5),103.9(C-8),56.8(OCH3).以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[17]報(bào)道的一致,故鑒定化合物11為莨菪.
沒食子酸(12):淡黃色針狀晶體.經(jīng)TLC多個(gè)體系展開,與沒食子酸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品在多種溶劑系統(tǒng)中對照,Rf值均相等,故確定化合物12為沒食子酸.
從西雙版納產(chǎn)羊角拗甲醇提取物中分離得到12個(gè)化合物,利用波譜技術(shù)結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)對照,分別鑒定為:β-谷甾醇(1)、periplocymarin(2)、carisursane A(3)、α-香樹脂醇(4)、羽扇豆醇(5)、樺木腦(6)、槲皮素-3-O-蕓香苷(7)、植醇(8)、(9Z)-十七碳烯酸(9)、十六碳酸(10)、莨菪亭(11)和沒食子酸(12).