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高齡腹膜假黏液瘤患者術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥的影響因素

2022-04-01 17:16范喜文王沖張溥許洪斌馬瑞卿
關(guān)鍵詞:高齡患者危險(xiǎn)因素并發(fā)癥

范喜文 王沖 張溥 許洪斌 馬瑞卿

【摘要】 目的:觀察高齡腹膜假黏液瘤(pseudomyxoma peritonei,PMP)患者術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥情況并分析其影響因素。方法:選取2008年1月-2019年12月在航天中心醫(yī)院黏液瘤科接受手術(shù)治療的86例高齡PMP患者的臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,統(tǒng)計(jì)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。采用多因素logistic回歸分析高齡PMP患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果:86例高齡PMP患者中有32例患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥,發(fā)生率為37.2%。性別、年齡及是否接受腹腔熱灌注化療(hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy,HIPEC)與高齡PMP患者術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥無(wú)關(guān),差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥者手術(shù)未達(dá)到根治、既往有腹腔手術(shù)史及白蛋白水平<30 g/L比例均高于術(shù)后未發(fā)生并發(fā)癥者,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回歸分析顯示,手術(shù)未達(dá)到根治、既往有腹腔手術(shù)史、白蛋白水平<30 g/L均為高齡PMP患者術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥的危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:高齡PMP患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,且危險(xiǎn)因素較多,應(yīng)對(duì)加強(qiáng)對(duì)上述因素的監(jiān)測(cè)與干預(yù)。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 腹膜假黏液瘤 高齡患者 并發(fā)癥 危險(xiǎn)因素

Risk Factors of Postoperative Complications in Elderly Patients with Pseudomyxoma Peritonei/FAN Xiwen, WANG Chong, ZHANG Pu, XU Hongbin, MA Ruiqing. //Medical Innovation of China, 2022, 19(04): 0-030

[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the postoperative complications of pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) in elderly patients and analyze the influencing factors. Method: The clinical data of 86 elderly PMP patients who received surgical treatment in Myxoma Department of Aerospace Center Hospital from January 2008 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, and the incidence of postoperative complications was statistically analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of postoperative complications in elderly PMP patients. Result: Postoperative complications occurred in 32 cases of the 86 elderly PMP patients, with an incidence of 37.2%. Gender, age and whether hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) were not associated with postoperative complications in elderly PMP patients, and there were no statistical significance (P>0.05). The proportions of surgery without radical treatment, previous abdominal surgery history and albumin level <30 g/L in patients with postoperative complications were higher than those without postoperative complications, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for postoperative complications in elderly PMP patients were surgery without radical treatment, previous abdominal surgery history and albumin level <30 g/L (P<0.05). Conclusion: Elderly PMP patients have a high incidence of postoperative complications and many risk factors, so the monitoring and intervention of these factors should be strengthened.

[Key words] Pseudomyxoma peritonei Elderly patients Complication Risk factor

First-authors address: Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing 100049, Chinagzslib202204011727

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2022.04.006

腹膜假黏液瘤(pseudomyxoma peritonei,PMP)是一種罕見(jiàn)的腹膜惡性腫瘤,PMP以闌尾來(lái)源最為常見(jiàn),年發(fā)病率約為(1~3)/106[1]。PMP的臨床表現(xiàn)不典型,包括腹痛、腹脹、腹圍增大等,其臨床特征為彌漫性、進(jìn)行性的黏液性腹水,但一些患者甚至發(fā)病前無(wú)任何癥狀[1]。由于PMP的臨床表現(xiàn)有時(shí)較為隱匿,所以當(dāng)患者就診時(shí)黏液腹水可能已遍及全腹,處于疾病晚期,給治療上帶來(lái)較大難度。自20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái),細(xì)胞減滅術(shù)(cytoreduction surgery,CRS)聯(lián)合腹腔熱灌注化療(hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy,HIPEC)治療方案得以應(yīng)用,極大地改善了PMP患者的預(yù)后和生活質(zhì)量[2]。隨著我國(guó)逐漸步入老年化社會(huì),老年人的健康問(wèn)題也日益成為焦點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,尤其是老年患者,常患有高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥等基礎(chǔ)疾病,一旦罹患其他疾病時(shí),治療難度大、治療周期長(zhǎng)。就PMP而言,多數(shù)患者發(fā)病時(shí)已是中老年,其中高齡老年患者占有一定比例,以往研究主要關(guān)注PMP疾病本身,較少涉及PMP術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,尤其是高齡PMP患者這一特殊人群。因此,本研究回顧性分析行手術(shù)治療的高齡PMP患者的臨床資料,探討高齡PMP患者術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥的危險(xiǎn)因素,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料 選取2008年1月-2019年12月在航天中心醫(yī)院黏液瘤科接受手術(shù)治療的86例高齡PMP患者的臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):病理診斷符合PMP;接受手術(shù)治療的患者;年齡≥70歲;臨床資料完整。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):卡氏評(píng)分<70分;發(fā)現(xiàn)肝臟、肺臟等臟器遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移或伴隨其他惡性腫瘤;隨訪(fǎng)信息嚴(yán)重缺失。所有患者均簽署知情同意書(shū),本研究方案獲得醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。

1.2 方法 臨床資料包括患者臨床病理資料、圍手術(shù)期數(shù)據(jù)、隨訪(fǎng)信息。每份病理報(bào)告請(qǐng)兩名專(zhuān)業(yè)病理醫(yī)生做出診斷核對(duì),病理診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及病理類(lèi)型以PSOGI專(zhuān)家共識(shí)為參照[3]。納入患者均行細(xì)胞減滅術(shù),手術(shù)方法參照國(guó)際通用Sugarbaker腹膜切除流程[4],手術(shù)范圍包括受累的腹膜和臟器切除。手術(shù)腫瘤細(xì)胞減滅程度(completeness of cytoreduction,CC)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下:CC-0:無(wú)肉眼可見(jiàn)殘留;CC-1:殘留腫瘤<2.5 mm;CC-2:2.5 mm≤殘余腫瘤≤2.5 cm;CC-3:殘余腫瘤>2.5 cm。其中CC-0/1定義為完全性細(xì)胞減滅術(shù),即根治性手術(shù);CC-2/3定義為非根治性手術(shù),即姑息性手術(shù)。部分患者視身體耐受情況接受腹腔熱灌注化療,灌注化療藥物選用順鉑60~80 mg。術(shù)后所有患者均獲得隨訪(fǎng),末次隨訪(fǎng)日期為2020年1月30日。統(tǒng)計(jì)患者術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥情況,比較術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥患者與術(shù)后未發(fā)生并發(fā)癥患者的性別、年齡、是否行HIPEC、手術(shù)是否達(dá)到根治、既往有無(wú)手術(shù)史、白蛋白水平。采用多因素logistic回歸分析高齡PMP患者發(fā)生術(shù)后出并發(fā)癥的危險(xiǎn)因素。

1.3 術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 術(shù)后并發(fā)癥包括腸瘺、腹腔出血、切口感染、切口脂肪液化、腹腔感染、下肢靜脈血栓形成、尿瘺、肺栓塞、腹壁切口疝?;颊咝g(shù)后出現(xiàn)上述任意一項(xiàng)即視為發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 25.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。應(yīng)用多因素logistic回歸分析識(shí)別高齡PMP患者發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的危險(xiǎn)因素并計(jì)算相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(OR)和95%可信區(qū)間(95%CI)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況 86例高齡PMP患者手術(shù)治療后,有32例患者出現(xiàn)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,占比為37.2%(32/86),54例患者未發(fā)生并發(fā)癥,占比為62.8%(54/86)。

2.2 高齡PMP患者術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥單因素分析 性別、年齡及是否接受HIPEC與高齡PMP患者術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥無(wú)關(guān),差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥者手術(shù)未達(dá)到根治、既往有腹腔手術(shù)史及白蛋白水平<30 g/L比例高于術(shù)后未發(fā)生并發(fā)癥者,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。

2.3 高齡PMP患者出現(xiàn)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥多因素分析 影響因素賦值如下,手術(shù)是否達(dá)到根治:是=0,否=1;既往腹腔手術(shù)史:無(wú)=0,有=1;白蛋白水平≥30 g/L=0,<30 g/L=1。多因素logistic回歸分析顯示手術(shù)未達(dá)到根治、既往有腹腔手術(shù)史、白蛋白水平<30 g/L均為高齡PMP患者發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。

3 討論

PMP是由黏液性腫瘤細(xì)胞通過(guò)在腹腔內(nèi)種植、再分布所引起的一種臨床綜合征,闌尾來(lái)源的PMP占整體的80%~90%[5-7]。2016年國(guó)際腹膜表面惡性腫瘤協(xié)作組(peritoneal surface oncology group international,PSOGI)將PMP的病理分為低級(jí)別腹膜黏液腺癌(low-grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei)、高級(jí)別腹膜黏液腺癌(high-grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei)、高級(jí)別腹膜黏液腺癌伴印戒細(xì)胞(high-grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei with signet ring cells)[5-7]。CRS和HIPEC通過(guò)切除腫瘤及其累計(jì)的腹膜和腹腔臟器,從而達(dá)到減除腫瘤負(fù)荷、延長(zhǎng)患者生存期的目的,目前已成為國(guó)際、國(guó)內(nèi)公認(rèn)的PMP標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案[5-8]。有研究表明CRS+HIPEC治療后PMP的5年生存率可達(dá)50%~95%,10年生存率可達(dá)54%~70%[8-10]。gzslib202204011727

隨著CRS+HIPEC治療方案在臨床中的廣泛應(yīng)用,其術(shù)后并發(fā)癥問(wèn)題日漸凸顯,如術(shù)后腸瘺、吻合口瘺、腹腔內(nèi)出血、切口感染等,這些并發(fā)癥的出現(xiàn)不僅使手術(shù)療效大打折扣,更重要的時(shí)影響患者預(yù)后,嚴(yán)重時(shí)甚至威脅患者生命。較早有研究報(bào)道,PMP圍手術(shù)期死亡率為0~18%,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為30%~70%[9-11]。同時(shí)也有研究表明,造成腹膜惡性腫瘤患者術(shù)后預(yù)后不良的常見(jiàn)危險(xiǎn)因素包括癌變程度、腹膜切除術(shù)次數(shù)、手術(shù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)、失血量、內(nèi)臟器官切除數(shù)量、吻合口數(shù)量和不完全根治減瘤[10-13]。Saxena等[14]通過(guò)回顧性分析145例經(jīng)CRS手術(shù)治療PMP患者的臨床資料,得出術(shù)后嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率為22%,包括:氣胸、腸瘺、腹腔出血、膀胱瘺、呼吸衰竭等,并指出手術(shù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)、回結(jié)腸造口、結(jié)腸切除及輸血等因素與圍手術(shù)期發(fā)生并發(fā)癥相關(guān),而年齡、性別、是否行HIPEC與并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率之間未見(jiàn)相關(guān)性。Youssef等[15]研究結(jié)果顯示,PMP患者術(shù)后嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為7%,3.6%的患者需二次手術(shù)。

本研究結(jié)果顯示,86例高齡PMP患者經(jīng)手術(shù)治療后,有32例患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥,占比為37.2%(32/86)。本研究共納入6種因素,分別為性別、年齡、是否行HIPEC、是否達(dá)到根治、既往腹腔手術(shù)史及白蛋白水平。單因素分析顯示,高齡PMP患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)病率在性別、年齡及是否行HIPEC等方面并無(wú)明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,這與Saxena等[14]的研究結(jié)果相一致。在發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的患者中,手術(shù)未達(dá)到根治、既往有腹腔手術(shù)史的患者占比更高,且該部分患者的白蛋白水平較低。多因素logistic回歸分析顯示手術(shù)未達(dá)到根治、既往有腹腔手術(shù)史、白蛋白水平<30 g/L均為高齡PMP患者發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。分析其原因?yàn)?,臨床上非根治性手術(shù)患者一般腫瘤負(fù)荷較大[16],加之本研究納入對(duì)象為高齡老年患者,手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高、難度大,所以該部分患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高。而對(duì)于既往有腹腔手術(shù)史的患者而言,既往行腹腔手術(shù)一定程度上會(huì)造成腹腔內(nèi)局部粘連,腹腔內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)變化,給二次手術(shù)造成一定困難,進(jìn)而影響并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。白蛋白水平較低的患者機(jī)體免疫差,營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況不佳,更易于感染病原菌[17],因此切口感染、腹腔內(nèi)感染、肺炎等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高。術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生嚴(yán)重影響手術(shù)療效,造成患者不良預(yù)后,因此需根據(jù)患者實(shí)際病情,制定合理的治療方案,從而降低并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。

綜上所述,本研究認(rèn)為高齡PMP患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素為手術(shù)未達(dá)到根治、既往有腹腔手術(shù)史及白蛋白水平較低,應(yīng)在圍手術(shù)期制定預(yù)防措施,降低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。

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