馮雪 羅波 張金鎖 鄒紹輝 王玲
摘要:中國(guó)煤礦托管相關(guān)法律法規(guī)規(guī)定,礦井生產(chǎn)只能進(jìn)行整體承包,這就導(dǎo)致在煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)實(shí)踐中的2個(gè)參與者,即煤礦委托方和提供煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)的承包方,構(gòu)成二元博弈關(guān)系。在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中,承包方往往掌握更多的信息,而且其努力程度很難量化。相較委托方而言,處于信息優(yōu)勢(shì)地位,這種現(xiàn)象導(dǎo)致雙方信息不對(duì)稱。正是在煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)委托方與承包方的非對(duì)稱信息情況下,引入博弈論的分析方法,通過委托代理理論和基于線性生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的方法,構(gòu)建雙方的合作博弈模型。根據(jù)最優(yōu)理論,利用一階條件,求解得出博弈雙方的合作策略。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),在均衡結(jié)果下,委托方對(duì)承包方的激勵(lì)系數(shù)越大,承包方越努力,更能實(shí)現(xiàn)雙方利益的最大化。結(jié)果表明:如果雙方只考慮自身利益最大化,合作過程很難順利進(jìn)行,從而影響雙方的收益。反之,如果雙方統(tǒng)一煤炭生產(chǎn)任務(wù)的目標(biāo),相互合作,必然達(dá)成雙贏的局面。該結(jié)論為煤礦行業(yè)委托人制定激勵(lì)措施,并實(shí)現(xiàn)雙方利益最大化,具有一定的借鑒作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù);博弈論;委托代理理論;線性生產(chǎn)函數(shù);合作策略
中圖分類號(hào):O 157.1文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1672-9315(2022)02-0335-06
DOI:10.13800/j.cnki.xakjdxxb.2022.0218開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID):
Game analysis of coal production and service
based on linear production functionFENG Xue LUO Bo ZHANG Jinsuo ZOU ShaohuiWANG Ling
(1.School of Management, Xian University of Finance and Economics,Xian 710100, China;
2.Research Center for Modern Management Decision and Countermeasures,Xian 710100,China;
3.School of Management,Xian Polytechnic University,Xian 710048,China;
4.Research Center for Energy Economy and Management,Xian University of Science and Technology,Xian 710054,China;
5.College of Safety Science and Engineering,Xian University of Science and Technology,Xian 710054,China;
6.School of Economics and Management,Yanan University,Yanan 716000,China;
7.College of Management,Xian University of Science and Technology,Xian 710054,China)Abstract:According to the relevant laws and regulations of coal mine trusteeship in China,coal mine production can only be contracted as a whole,which leads to a binary game relationship between two participants(coal mine entrusting party and the contractor providing coal production service)in the practice of coal production and service.The contractor,actually,often has more information,and its efforts are difficult to quantify.For the entrusting party,it is in the position of information superiority,which leads to information asymmetry between the two parties.In this study,the game theory is introduced to analyze the asymmetric information between the client and the contractor of coal production service.Through the principal-agent theory and the method based on linear production function,the cooperative game model of the two sides is constructed.According to the optimal theory,the cooperation strategy of both sides of the game is obtained using the first-order condition.The results show that,under the balanced result,the greater the incentive coefficient of the client to the contractor,the harder the contractor works,the better to maximize the interests of both parties.It is concluded that if the two sides only consider the maximization of their own interests,it is difficult for the cooperation process to proceed smoothly,thus affecting the benefits of both sides.On the contrary,if the two sides agree on the goal of coal production task and cooperate with each other,they will surely achieve a win-win situation.This study provides a reference? for clients of coal industry to make incentive measures and to maximize the interests of both sides.
Key words:coal production services;game theory;principal-agent theory;linear production function;cooperation strategy
0引言
2013年以來,國(guó)家政策鼓勵(lì)并支持煤炭專業(yè)化的生產(chǎn)服務(wù)模式,即煤礦托管煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù),該模式有助于發(fā)揮技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)、促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)、減少安全事故、降低生產(chǎn)成本,從而提升行業(yè)整體運(yùn)行水平。為避免安全生產(chǎn)責(zé)任缺失,中國(guó)法律法規(guī)規(guī)定,只能進(jìn)行整體承包,且只能承包給一家具有安全資質(zhì)的企業(yè)。即煤礦托管煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)實(shí)踐中,只包括煤礦委托方和提供煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)的代理商(承包方)2個(gè)參與者[1-2]。由于承包方掌握更多的信息,處于信息優(yōu)勢(shì)地位,煤礦委托方與承包方所擁有的信息是不對(duì)稱的,那么,委托方無法對(duì)承包方的安全生產(chǎn)能力和安全生產(chǎn)的努力程度做出判斷[3-4]。一旦在某一環(huán)節(jié)一方選擇自身利益最大化而傷害另一方的利益,勢(shì)必對(duì)煤礦安全生產(chǎn)造成重大危害。因此,在委托代理關(guān)系中,為了雙方獲得最大收益,并保證煤礦安全生產(chǎn),就必須對(duì)承包方提供足夠的激勵(lì),并對(duì)雙方選擇的策略進(jìn)行分析[5]。
縱觀相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),已有一些學(xué)者針對(duì)煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)展開研究,但現(xiàn)有研究主要圍繞該模式的發(fā)展機(jī)理和優(yōu)勢(shì)方面。??撕樵诿禾科髽I(yè)供給側(cè)改革的重點(diǎn)任務(wù)中提出,煤礦生產(chǎn)管理應(yīng)當(dāng)向生產(chǎn)、輔助、服務(wù)管理模塊化、專業(yè)化和市場(chǎng)化方向發(fā)展[6]。高峰等探討專業(yè)化煤炭生產(chǎn)運(yùn)營(yíng)模式的發(fā)展機(jī)理,認(rèn)為這種生產(chǎn)模式有利于形成多方共贏的局面[7]。馮夕文等采用SWOT分析方法研究出國(guó)有大型選煤廠實(shí)施托管運(yùn)營(yíng)模式的優(yōu)勢(shì)[8]。劉文崗等重點(diǎn)剖析托管煤礦的地質(zhì)技術(shù)條件和生產(chǎn)服務(wù)承托主體的準(zhǔn)入條件與建設(shè)要求,為煤礦生產(chǎn)服務(wù)外包的準(zhǔn)入、安全生產(chǎn)管理、規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等提供了指導(dǎo)性建議[9]。而煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)委托代理理論的中心任務(wù)是研究利益相互沖突和信息不對(duì)稱的環(huán)境下,委托人如何設(shè)計(jì)最優(yōu)契約以激勵(lì)承包方的行為,委托雙方實(shí)現(xiàn)收益最大化如何進(jìn)行策略選擇,這方面的研究略顯不足。
博弈論是研究決策主體間如何進(jìn)行各自的策略選擇而使利益最大化的方法[10-14]。不少學(xué)者采用演化博弈理論,對(duì)煤礦工人脫崗問題進(jìn)行分析,并找出影響煤礦安全生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的因素[15-17]。馬靖華等利用演化博弈論的方法,構(gòu)建地方政府、煤炭企業(yè)、農(nóng)民三方參與選擇的動(dòng)態(tài)博弈模型[18]。研究結(jié)果揭示煤炭企業(yè)和地方政府在壓煤村莊搬遷方案制定過程中的選擇規(guī)律,并從中確定出關(guān)鍵影響因素。譚旭紅等采用演化博弈論方法,分析煤炭礦區(qū)復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中利益相關(guān)者的識(shí)別和利益訴求[19]。曾繁偉等圍繞礦區(qū)環(huán)境治理及監(jiān)管策略問題,采用博弈模型,建立煤炭企業(yè)與地方政府系統(tǒng)雙方的演化博弈模型,明確博弈雙方的演化穩(wěn)定性[20]。姜寶棟等為了各方企業(yè)獲得最大效益,在碳交易政策下,基于演化博弈方法,分析出政府的最優(yōu)決策[21]。王廣成等從演化博弈論的角度,構(gòu)建地方政府與煤炭企業(yè)在生態(tài)修復(fù)保證金制度實(shí)施中的決策演化博弈模型,得到參與者的行為演化規(guī)律和行為演化穩(wěn)定策略[22]。蔡玲等建立各項(xiàng)主體之間的對(duì)等博弈模型,討論煤炭業(yè)的產(chǎn)能過?,F(xiàn)象[23]。曾繁偉等圍繞礦區(qū)環(huán)境治理及監(jiān)管策略問題,采用博弈模型,建立煤炭企業(yè)與地方政府系統(tǒng)雙方的演化博弈模型,明確博弈雙方的演化穩(wěn)定性[24]。從已有文獻(xiàn)可以看出,博弈論在煤炭領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用范圍較廣。針對(duì)不同研究問題,可以有效解決各個(gè)主體之間的策略選擇問題,從而使各主體的利益最大化。但目前還沒有學(xué)者將博弈論應(yīng)用于煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)領(lǐng)域的研究。
針對(duì)目前的研究現(xiàn)狀,在煤礦委托方不能觀測(cè)承包方的生產(chǎn)能力和努力水平時(shí),引入博弈論的分析方法,假設(shè)博弈雙方彼此具有有限理性,采用基于線性生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的方法構(gòu)建雙方的合作博弈模型,利用最優(yōu)理論[25],研究二者合作博弈策略。
1博弈模型假定
煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)項(xiàng)目中,選取典型的“安全生產(chǎn)能力”因素及委托代理激勵(lì)機(jī)制下承包方的“努力程度”作為承包方的主要影響因素,用a=(x,y)T∈A二維向量代表煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)承包方的一個(gè)特定行動(dòng)。其中x是煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)承包方的安全生產(chǎn)能力,x越大,表示承包方在安全、技術(shù)、設(shè)備、材料、管理和隊(duì)伍等投入越多,安全生產(chǎn)能力越高;y是煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)承包方的努力水平,y越大,其努力水平越高[26]。
2博弈模型建立
在非對(duì)稱信息下,煤礦委托方的問題是確定激勵(lì)合同s(Q(a,θ))使得煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)承包方選擇行動(dòng)α*,從而最大化效用v,即委托方利益最大化。
它包括2個(gè)約束條件:一是參與約束(IR),即煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)承包方接受合同時(shí)能得到的期望效用不能小于不接受合同時(shí)所能得到的最大期望效用,亦即承包方的保留效用u;另一是激勵(lì)相容約束(IC),承包方選擇a*=(x*,y*)T∈A時(shí)的期望效用不小于選擇其它任何行動(dòng)a′=(x′,y′)T∈A時(shí)獲得的期望效用。
即在滿足承包方激勵(lì)相容約束條件下,選擇β最大化委托方的確定性等價(jià)利潤(rùn),是一個(gè)最優(yōu)化問題,用分布函數(shù)的參數(shù)化方法建立雙方博弈模型如下。
3博弈模型求解
根據(jù)確定性等價(jià)原理,確定性等價(jià)利潤(rùn)C(jī)E等于實(shí)際貨幣收入均值減去收入的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成本和固定成本。承包方收入函數(shù)為
4博弈模型均衡結(jié)果分析
命題1如果合作之前在生產(chǎn)合同中約定的煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)商的激勵(lì)系數(shù)β*越大,那么在合作過程中煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)商付出的努力y*也會(huì)越大。
證明:由一階最優(yōu)條件,可知煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)商的最優(yōu)努力程度滿足
如:錦界煤礦(委托方錦能公司,承包方神東公司)實(shí)行噸煤激勵(lì)系數(shù)后,2016年服務(wù)協(xié)議單價(jià)105元/t,產(chǎn)能1 800萬t,實(shí)際成本100.86元/t,噸煤節(jié)約4.14元,為委托方錦能公司創(chuàng)造利潤(rùn)2.96億元,神東公司創(chuàng)利7 452萬元。2017年服務(wù)協(xié)議單價(jià)102.9元/t,產(chǎn)能1 800萬t,實(shí)際成本91.97元/t,噸煤節(jié)約成本10.93元。2017年前10月錦能公司利潤(rùn)17.45億元,神東公司利潤(rùn)1.64億。
5結(jié)論
1)在非對(duì)稱信息下,構(gòu)建了委托方和承包方煤炭生產(chǎn)服務(wù)中的合作博弈模型。根據(jù)最優(yōu)理論,求解得出煤礦策略分別為(α*,β*)和(x*,y*)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在委托方與承包方的煤炭生產(chǎn)合作中,雙方有各自的途徑來獲取各自的利益。
2)委托方將煤炭生產(chǎn)工作外包,主要通過對(duì)承包方煤炭生產(chǎn)行為的約束和控制,來實(shí)現(xiàn)任務(wù)目標(biāo),從而賺取利潤(rùn)。承包方是通過專業(yè)技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)、工期和成本等的控制,來獲取相應(yīng)的收益。
3)如果雙方都只考慮自己的利益,僅以自身利益最大化作為終極目標(biāo),無論是委托方不信任承包方而刻意為難,還是承包方企圖投機(jī)取巧違背合同約定,都會(huì)導(dǎo)致合作過程出現(xiàn)種種問題和阻礙,影響任務(wù)的完成質(zhì)量和進(jìn)度,進(jìn)而影響雙方的利益獲取。
4)相反,如果雙方增加信任,互相配合,統(tǒng)一目標(biāo),在合同簽訂時(shí)友好磋商,制定激勵(lì)性噸煤系數(shù);在合同實(shí)施過程中以戰(zhàn)略合作的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)煤炭生產(chǎn)任務(wù)的完成,雙方必然達(dá)成雙贏的局面。
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