申鳳香

在批改高中生寫(xiě)的英語(yǔ)作文時(shí)，筆者常發(fā)現(xiàn)高中生會(huì)犯一些相同類(lèi)型的錯(cuò)誤。如果高中生在寫(xiě)作時(shí)能夠避免這些常見(jiàn)的典型錯(cuò)誤，就會(huì)有效提升他們的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作水平。

典型錯(cuò)誤一：詞性使用錯(cuò)誤

一些學(xué)生在寫(xiě)作時(shí)，由于沒(méi)有掌握單詞的詞性，而錯(cuò)誤使用了單詞。比如，把名詞用作動(dòng)詞，把介詞用作動(dòng)詞，把形容詞用作副詞等。

【錯(cuò)誤】Experts who strongly against the view be- lieve that those people will lose their health if they work overtime for a long time every day.

【正確】Experts who are strongly against the view believe that those people will lose their health if they work overtime for a long time every day.

解析：本句中考生誤把介詞 against 當(dāng)成了動(dòng)詞來(lái)用。against 為介詞，意為“反對(duì)、碰、違反”等。句子的主語(yǔ)是 Experts 為復(fù)數(shù)形式，再結(jié)合本句中所使用的時(shí)態(tài)可知，應(yīng)在 against前面加 be動(dòng)詞are。

【錯(cuò)誤】Shops in some countries are opened from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays and close on rest days.

【正確】Shops in some countries are open from 9 a. m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays and closed on rest days.

解析：open作為形容詞，意為“開(kāi)放的”，表示一種狀態(tài);而 close 作為形容詞，有“親密的”等意思，沒(méi)有“關(guān)著的”意思，但作為動(dòng)詞，有“關(guān)、關(guān)閉”的意思。故把 opened 改為 open;把 close 改為closed。

典型錯(cuò)誤二：時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤

有些考生在寫(xiě)作時(shí)會(huì)錯(cuò)用時(shí)態(tài)，比如應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而錯(cuò)用了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。有些考生在寫(xiě)作時(shí)應(yīng)該用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)而錯(cuò)用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，或者應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)而錯(cuò)用了主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

【錯(cuò)誤】Jack was very sad to hear that his parents will not come back from Canada.

【正確1】Jack is very sad to hear that his parents will not come back from Canada.

【正確2】Jack was very sad to hear that his parents would not come back from Canada.

解析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，主從句的時(shí)態(tài)不一致。當(dāng)主句的時(shí)態(tài)用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí)，那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)一般也應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，故可把 will 改為 would;也可把主句的時(shí)態(tài)改為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從而與從句的時(shí)態(tài)相呼應(yīng)，故可把 was 改為is。

Jacqueline's? father gave? some? life? advice to her and her brother.（變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

【錯(cuò)誤】Her and her brother was given some life ad- vice to by Jacqueline's father .

【正確】Some life advice was given to her and her brother by Jacqueline's father.

解析：錯(cuò)誤的句子錯(cuò)選了賓語(yǔ)，her and her brother 是介詞 to 的賓語(yǔ)，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不能作主語(yǔ)，而是應(yīng)把緊緊跟在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 gave后的賓語(yǔ)（some life advice） 置于句首作句子的主語(yǔ)。

典型錯(cuò)誤三：句法錯(cuò)誤

一些考生在寫(xiě)作時(shí)，常出現(xiàn)這樣的句法錯(cuò)誤，比如，句子成分錯(cuò)誤;關(guān)聯(lián)詞應(yīng)用不恰當(dāng)，比如 because 和 so不可以同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句子中;省略應(yīng)用不當(dāng)，比如省略句子成分時(shí)，少省略或者多省略了句子成分。

【錯(cuò)誤】Fixed time to start playing football is from Monday to Friday at 9 o 'clock am.

【正確】Fixed? time? to? start? playing? football? is 9 o 'clock am from Monday to Friday.

解析：本句中的表語(yǔ)是9 o'clock am，應(yīng)跟在 be動(dòng)詞 is之后，而不是在表語(yǔ)的前面加介詞 at，作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)放到句子的最后。

漢譯英：并非所有的學(xué)生都喜歡做好事。

【錯(cuò)誤】None of students like to do good deeds.【正確】Not all students like to do good deeds.

解析：錯(cuò)誤的句子表全部否定，其意為“所有的學(xué)生都不喜歡做好事?！闭_的句子表示部分否定，也可譯為“不是所有的學(xué)生都喜歡做好事?！?/p>

以上僅列舉了部分典型錯(cuò)誤。學(xué)生的水平不同，所犯的錯(cuò)誤也是千差萬(wàn)別，在寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中教師應(yīng)根據(jù)學(xué)生的實(shí)際錯(cuò)誤，采取針對(duì)性的措施，以有效提升學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作水平。