姚瑤,呂志棟,夏菁,崔茹婷,孔濱
[摘要]目的? ?探討雌激素受體β(ER-β)對三陰性乳癌細(xì)胞生物學(xué)行為和白細(xì)胞介素8(IL-8)表達(dá)的影響。方法? ?構(gòu)建外源性ER-β慢病毒表達(dá)載體,轉(zhuǎn)染人三陰性乳癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231。將細(xì)胞分為正常對照組、過表達(dá)組、陰性對照組和IL-8干預(yù)組。通過細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)及流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分別觀察各組細(xì)胞增殖、遷移及凋亡的變化。采用蛋白印跡實(shí)驗(yàn)法檢測各組細(xì)胞中ER-β、IL-8及凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Bax、Bcl-2和Cleaved caspase-3表達(dá)。結(jié)果? ?ER-β過表達(dá)慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)染MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞后,ER-β的表達(dá)明顯增加,而IL-8表達(dá)明顯降低(F=31.17、60.26,P<0.05)。上調(diào)ER-β的表達(dá)明顯抑制了MDA-MB-231的增殖和遷移能力,并促進(jìn)凋亡率的增加(F=70.89~459.50,P<0.05),同時(shí)增加凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Bax/Bcl-2和Cleaved caspase-3的表達(dá)(F=20.67、89.64,P<0.05)。 但是外源性IL-8能夠部分逆轉(zhuǎn)ER-β對細(xì)胞遷移能力及凋亡的調(diào)控作用(P均<0.05),而對增殖無明顯影響(P>0.05)。 結(jié)論? ?上調(diào)ER-β的表達(dá)可以抑制IL-8的表達(dá),從而抑制三陰性乳癌細(xì)胞遷移并促進(jìn)其凋亡。
[關(guān)鍵詞]三陰性乳癌;雌激素受體β;白細(xì)胞介素8;細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng);細(xì)胞凋亡
[中圖分類號]R737.9;R392.11
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A
[文章編號]2096-5532(2022)04-0480-06
doi: 10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2022.58.093[HT]
[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版]https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.r.20220617.1644.008.html;[JY]2022-06-2108:21:08
EFFECT OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-β ON THE BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR AND INTERLEUKIN-8 EXPRESSION OF TRIPLE-NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER CELLS
YAO Yao, L Zhidong, XIA Jing, CUI Ruting, KONG Bin
(Department of Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China)
[ABSTRACT] Objective[WTBZ] To investigate the effect of estrogen receptor-β (ER-β) on the biological behavior and interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression of triple-negative breast cancer cells.
Methods[WTBZ] A lentiviral vector overexpressing exogenous ER-β was constructed and transfected into human triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, which were divided into normal control group, overexpression group, negative control group, and IL-8 intervention group. CCK-8 assay, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry were used to observe the changes in cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, and Western blot was used to measure the expression of ER-β, IL-8, and the apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, and Cleaved caspase-3 in each group.
Results[WTBZ] After MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with the ER-β overexpression lentivirus, there was a significant increase in the expression of ER-β and a significant reduction in the expression of IL-8 (F=31.17,60.26;P<0.05). Upregulation of ER-β expression significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration abilities of MDA-MB-231 cells, promoted the increase in apoptosis rate (F=70.89-459.50,P<0.05), and increased the expression levels of the apoptosis-related proteins Bax/Bcl-2 and Cleaved caspase-3 (F=20.67,89.64;P<0.05). However, exogenous IL-8 partially reversed the regulatory effect of ER-β on cell migration and apoptosis (all P<0.05), but with no significant effect on proliferation (P>0.05).
Conclusion? Upregulation of ER-β expression can inhi-
bit the expression of IL-8, thereby inhibiting the migration of triple-negative breast cancer cells and promoting their apoptosis.
[KEY WORDS]? triple negative breast neoplasms; estrogen receptor beta; interleukin-8; cell movement; apoptosis
三陰性乳癌(TNBC)是乳癌中最具侵襲力的一種亞型,具有較高的局部復(fù)發(fā)和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率,給健康帶來巨大威脅[1]。目前,對于TNBC病人內(nèi)分泌治療是需要探索的領(lǐng)域。雌激素在乳癌中通過雌激素[LL]受體α(ER-α)和雌激素受體β(ER-β)兩個(gè)核受體發(fā)揮其作用[2]。ER-β首次發(fā)現(xiàn)至今已有30余年,在乳癌中的確切作用仍有爭議[3]。白細(xì)胞介素8(IL-8)也稱作CXCL8,是趨化因子的一種[4]。IL-8被證實(shí)可聯(lián)合血管內(nèi)皮生長因子建立腫瘤新的脈管系統(tǒng),從而促進(jìn)乳癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展[5]。有研究表明,ER-β可通過炎癥通路來調(diào)控IL-8等相關(guān)炎性因子進(jìn)而抑制前列腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展[6]。同時(shí)也有研究證實(shí),在乳癌中ER-β可上調(diào)IL-8的啟動(dòng)子活性,從而促進(jìn)乳癌的侵襲[7]。本研究以TNBC細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231為模型,探討了ER-β對IL-8的調(diào)控作用并進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證其對乳癌細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和凋亡的影響。
1材料和方法
1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
人乳癌細(xì)胞株MDA-MB-231由湖北普諾賽公司提供。ER-β過表達(dá)慢病毒(Ubi-MCS-3FLAG-CBh-gcGFP-IRES-puromycin,上海吉?jiǎng)P公司),高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)液(大連美侖公司),胎牛血清(進(jìn)階生物公司),人重組IL-8(蘇州派普泰克公司),CCK-8細(xì)胞增殖檢測試劑盒和結(jié)晶紫(北京索萊寶公司),Annexin V-7ADD/PE凋亡檢測試劑盒(美國BD公司),抗ER-β、Bax、Bcl-2和Cleaved caspase-3單克隆一抗(美國CST公司),抗IL-8單克隆一抗(上海艾博抗公司),二抗及GAPDH一抗(武漢伊萊瑞特公司)。熒光顯微鏡、倒置相差顯微鏡(日本Olympus公司),酶標(biāo)儀(瑞士Tecan公司),流式細(xì)胞儀(美國Apogee公司),顯影儀(賽默飛世爾科技公司)。
1.2實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與分組MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞接種在含有體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.10胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液中,置于37 ℃、體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.05 CO2培養(yǎng)箱中,細(xì)胞匯合度90%左右傳代。實(shí)驗(yàn)分組:未轉(zhuǎn)染的人乳癌細(xì)胞為正常對照組(a組),轉(zhuǎn)染ER-β過表達(dá)慢病毒為過表達(dá)組(b組),載體空載為陰性對照組(c組),在轉(zhuǎn)染ER-β過表達(dá)慢病毒后再使用人重組IL-8(150 μg/L)為IL-8干預(yù)組(d組)。
1.2.2 細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染將對數(shù)生長期的乳癌細(xì)胞接種在6孔板中,當(dāng)細(xì)胞匯合度達(dá)到60%~70%時(shí),更換1 mL含有體積分?jǐn)?shù)為0.10胎牛血清的高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)液,ER-β過表達(dá)組加入40 μL助轉(zhuǎn)試劑A和2 μL的 ER-β過表達(dá)慢病毒,空載組加入40 μL助轉(zhuǎn)試劑A和2 μL陰性對照慢病毒,輕輕晃勻,根據(jù)細(xì)胞狀態(tài)8~12 h后換液。72 h后熒光顯微鏡下觀察,取穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染的細(xì)胞用于后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2.3 細(xì)胞增殖實(shí)驗(yàn)將各組按每孔5×103個(gè)細(xì)胞接種于96孔板中,設(shè)置5個(gè)復(fù)孔。24 h后每孔更換90 μL完全培養(yǎng)液,并加入10 μL 的CCK-8試劑,37 ℃、避光孵育2 h后使用酶標(biāo)儀檢測450 nm波長處的吸光度,連續(xù)測量5 d。細(xì)胞活力以O(shè)D值表示。
1.2.4 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測細(xì)胞凋亡分別收集各組細(xì)胞1×105個(gè),以PBS洗滌2次后重懸于100 μL的1×Binding buffer中,分別在細(xì)胞懸液中加入Annexin V-7ADD和PE試劑各5 μL,在常溫、避光條件下孵育20 min,使用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測各組細(xì)胞的凋亡率。
1.2.5 細(xì)胞遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)將各組細(xì)胞用無血清的高糖DMEM接種于24孔Transwell板的小室中,每孔1×105個(gè)。每孔加入500 μL含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.20胎牛血清的高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)液,培養(yǎng)24 h后棄培養(yǎng)液,擦去小室內(nèi)的細(xì)胞,以40 g/L的多聚甲醛固定30 min,用1 g/L的結(jié)晶紫染色30 min,隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)視野拍照。
1.2.6 蛋白印跡實(shí)驗(yàn)收集細(xì)胞沉淀,加入160 μL預(yù)冷的RIPA裂解液和1 μL蛋白酶抑制劑,BCA法測定蛋白濃度。將上樣緩沖液按1∶4的比例與總蛋白混勻,在95 ℃下加熱5 min。選用150 g/L的SDS-PAGE膠分離電泳(每孔30 μg),然后轉(zhuǎn)到PVDF膜上,再用50 g/L脫脂奶粉封閉2 h。TBST洗滌PVDF膜3次,一抗孵育過夜(4 ℃),二抗孵育1.5 h。 ECL發(fā)光成像,使用Image J軟件分析目的條帶灰度值,以GAPDH為內(nèi)參照。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
使用Graph Pad Prism 8軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以[AKx-D]±s表示,多組間均數(shù)比較使用單因素方差分析,不同天數(shù)組間細(xì)胞增殖的比較采用析因設(shè)計(jì)方差分析,兩兩比較使用單因素LSD法。以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1ER-β過表達(dá)慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)染效率檢測
ER-β過表達(dá)及空載慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)染72 h后,在熒光顯微鏡下觀察有90%以上的細(xì)胞內(nèi)綠色熒光蛋白(GFP)表達(dá)陽性(圖1)。Western blot半定量分析表明,3組ER-β蛋白表達(dá)量差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=60.26,P<0.05),過表達(dá)組(0.52±0.10)高于正常對照組(0.06±0.01)和陰性對照組(0.06±0.01);3組IL-8的蛋白表達(dá)量差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=31.17,P<0.05),過表達(dá)組(0.10±0.02)低于正常對照組(0.22±0.03)和陰性對照組(0.20±0.01)。見圖2。提示慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)染能夠明顯增加乳癌細(xì)胞中ER-β的表達(dá),同時(shí)降低IL-8的表達(dá)。
2.2ER-β對人乳癌細(xì)胞增殖能力的影響
CCK-8檢測結(jié)果顯示,ER-β過表達(dá)抑制了細(xì)[CM)]胞活力,不同時(shí)間、不同組別及其二者交互比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F時(shí)間=1 351.00,F(xiàn)組別=215.20,F(xiàn)時(shí)間×組別=70.89,P<0.05)。轉(zhuǎn)染第1、2天,4組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。值得注意的是,第3~5天,正常對照組的細(xì)胞活力值分別為0.53±0.01、0.79±0.01和1.18±0.04,陰性對照組分別為0.53±0.01、0.77±0.01和1.14±0.06,這兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);[JP2]過表達(dá)組分別為0.41±0.01、0.54±0.03和0.68±0.04,這3組間差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。IL-8干預(yù)組第1~5天的細(xì)胞活力值則分別為0.32±0.02、0.38±0.02、0.45±0.01、0.54±0.02和0.72±0.02,與過表達(dá)組比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見圖3。
2.3ER-β對人乳癌細(xì)胞遷移能力的影響
細(xì)胞遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果顯示,正常對照組的遷移細(xì)胞數(shù)量為每高倍視野545.00±27.94,過表達(dá)組為291.30±11.59,陰性對照組為554.00±18.68,IL-8干預(yù)組為443.70±39.55,4組細(xì)胞的遷移能力比較差異有顯著意義(F=84.84,P<0.05)。正常對照組與陰性對照組遷移細(xì)胞數(shù)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而過表達(dá)組則明顯少于正常對照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);IL-8干預(yù)組明顯多于過表達(dá)組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見圖4。
2.4ER-β對人乳癌細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析顯示,正常對照組細(xì)胞凋亡率為(4.60±0.46)%,過表達(dá)組為(46.57±1.48)%,陰性對照組為(5.20±0.36)%,IL-8干預(yù)組為(25.00±3.15)%,4組細(xì)胞凋亡率比較差異具有顯著性(F=459.50,P<0.05)。正常對照組細(xì)胞凋亡率和陰性對照組相比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而過表達(dá)組明顯低于正常對照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);IL-8干預(yù)組明顯高于過表達(dá)組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見圖5。
2.5 各組細(xì)胞Bax、Bcl-2和Cleaved caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)比較
蛋白印跡實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,4組細(xì)胞中Bax/Bcl-2、Cleaved caspase-3的表達(dá)水平比較,差異具有統(tǒng)[CM)]
計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=20.67、89.64,P<0.05)。過表達(dá)組Bax/Bcl-2、Cleaved caspase-3表達(dá)均明顯高于正常對照組及陰性對照組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05);正常對照組和陰性對照組比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)染組細(xì)胞加入IL-8培養(yǎng)后,Bax/Bcl-2、Cleaved caspase-3蛋白的表達(dá)較過表達(dá)組均明顯降低,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。見圖6。
3討論
目前乳癌病理分類中將ER的狀態(tài)完全取決于ER-α的表達(dá)[8],但與其結(jié)構(gòu)有一定同源性的ER-β的作用尚不明確?,F(xiàn)有研究已證實(shí),大約有30%的TNBC細(xì)胞表達(dá)ER-β[9],ER-β能否像ER-α一樣成為內(nèi)分泌治療靶點(diǎn)值得期待[10]。既往研究報(bào)道,ER-β在ER-α存在的情況下發(fā)揮抗乳癌細(xì)胞增殖的作用,而在ER-α缺失的情況下又發(fā)揮促增殖作用[11]。也有研究結(jié)果證實(shí),ER-β的激活可在沒有配體(雌激素)誘導(dǎo)的情況下,通過誘導(dǎo)胱抑素分泌蛋白家族在TNBC中引發(fā)有效的抗癌作用[9]。近期ALEXANDROVA等[12]也在3種TNBC細(xì)胞中證實(shí),ER-β1過表達(dá)可降低細(xì)胞增殖能力,抑制了細(xì)胞克隆形成。本研究以TNBC細(xì)胞株MDA-MB-231為研究對象,通過上調(diào)細(xì)胞中ER-β表達(dá)來觀察其對細(xì)胞學(xué)行為的影響,結(jié)果表明,過表達(dá)ER-β后癌細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)增殖的抑制、更高的凋亡率以及低遷移率等。這與ALEXANDROVA等[12]研究結(jié)果相一致。提示ER-β可能是調(diào)控TNBC生物學(xué)行為的重要因子,深入研究其下游分子機(jī)制具有重要意義。
IL-8是一種炎癥趨化因子,在黑色素瘤、肺癌等多種癌癥進(jìn)展中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用[13-16]。已有研究證明,在乳癌中IL-8與其侵襲潛力之間存在正相關(guān)[17-19]。既往主要將其歸因于IL-8對中性粒細(xì)胞的趨化作用所致[20],而近年研究結(jié)果顯示,IL-8可通過上調(diào)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2或基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9的表達(dá)和激活PI3K-Akt/MAPK信號通路來增加TNBC細(xì)胞的侵襲性[21-22]。在體內(nèi)模型中,靶向阻斷IL-8-CXCR1/2軸可有效阻止癌細(xì)胞生長和擴(kuò)散[23]。有研究報(bào)道,化療期間血漿IL-8濃度越低的病人可獲得越高的長期存活率[24]。在一項(xiàng)針對前列腺癌研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),過表達(dá)ER-β可抑制炎性因子的表達(dá),進(jìn)而抑制腫瘤的發(fā)展[7]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,ER-β可通過影響IL-8的表達(dá)實(shí)現(xiàn)對乳癌細(xì)胞生物學(xué)行為的調(diào)控。ER-β過表達(dá)后,IL-8的表達(dá)明顯降低,線粒體途徑凋亡蛋白Bax/Bcl-2、Cleaved caspase-3的表達(dá)量增加,從分子水平解釋了ER-β過表達(dá)后乳癌細(xì)胞凋亡率增加的機(jī)制。
綜上所述,過表達(dá)ER-β可以抑制MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中IL-8表達(dá),抑制其遷移并促進(jìn)其凋亡,這可能為TNBC病人的內(nèi)分泌治療提供依據(jù)。同時(shí),本研究顯示ER-β可抑制癌細(xì)胞的增殖,但并非通過調(diào)控IL-8通路,其具體分子機(jī)制還有待進(jìn)一步探討。今后,我們也將在更多的TNBC細(xì)胞系中進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證該結(jié)論的可靠性。
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(本文編輯于國藝)