歷史園林（historic gardens）的概念由國際古跡遺址理事會（ICOMOS）與國際歷史園林委員會于1982年頒布的《佛羅倫薩憲章》中確定，并表述其為：是一種文化、一種風(fēng)格、一個時代的見證。歷史園林的類型涵蓋小型花園（small gardens）和大型公園（large parks），分為古代歷史園林和近現(xiàn)代歷史園林?！吨腥A人民共和國文物保護法》（2002年）將歷史園林歸類為“物質(zhì)類”，其中歷史園林僅包括古典園林。自20世紀(jì)90年代以來，中國大規(guī)模的城市更新給歷史園林的保護及再生帶來了機遇與挑戰(zhàn)，歷史園林作為特定的遺產(chǎn)類型，是典型的物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)，其保護與可持續(xù)利用是地域性園林傳承和融合的重要基礎(chǔ)。

古典園林的興衰是一個城市經(jīng)濟、社會、文化發(fā)展的直接標(biāo)志。上海古典園林于南北朝開始逐步發(fā)展，明嘉靖十五年（1536年）后進入修建高潮期，在理論和實踐中仍保持創(chuàng)新，形成了開放又自成一體的獨特風(fēng)格，這種具有創(chuàng)新意識地善于用“在地自然資源”，正是其兼容并蓄的優(yōu)秀品格。本期專題1聚焦“上海地區(qū)古典園林研究”，江灘水遠是一種更為悠遠的、植根于上海這片土地的情結(jié)，通過地域風(fēng)貌對人及物的深度浸潤，成為造園者一種內(nèi)化自覺的審美意識與營園偏好，繼而成為了“西風(fēng)東漸下”驅(qū)動近代上海私園變遷的內(nèi)在動力；伴隨近年來計算機技術(shù)、遙感技術(shù)的進步，文化遺產(chǎn)研究和保護進入了數(shù)字化階段，為解決遺產(chǎn)保護中的特征評價這一關(guān)鍵問題尋找到了技術(shù)途徑，尤其是在傳統(tǒng)假山營造智慧的傳承和推廣應(yīng)用方面；古園的變遷史研究以及重修則不僅是對傳統(tǒng)文人造園理論的實踐印證，更飽含傳統(tǒng)文人借園林筆墨，吐情懷志趣之深意，宣誓了造園工作者的時代意識，承寄了傳統(tǒng)園林藝術(shù)上征而向榮的殷殷理想。

近代公園（又稱近代歷史公園，modern historic parks）指建于中國近代（1840-1949年）作為城市公共空間對公眾開放的園林。其具有區(qū)別于古典園林的特殊文化遺產(chǎn)價值，見證了城市特定時期的發(fā)展歷程。上海是中國近代公園的發(fā)源地，其近代公園更新改造需求尤為迫切。如何保護近代公園的特殊歷史價值不在更新中被磨滅，又如何更新才能在保護歷史的同時獲得持續(xù)的發(fā)展和活力？本期專題2聚焦“近代歷史公園保護與更新”，拓展了“紀(jì)念”在歷史公園保護和更新中的作用，強調(diào)了保存物質(zhì)本體作為歷史延續(xù)的穩(wěn)定基礎(chǔ)，同時應(yīng)積極挖掘本體潛存的符號紀(jì)念意義，激發(fā)公園活力和新紀(jì)念空間的誕生；歸納了近代城市公園游憩功能的形成發(fā)展，提出近代公園的有機更新與保護途徑需堅持與城俱進，并突出以人的休閑游憩需求與體驗為基本目的；提出近代公園附屬設(shè)施配置應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)人群多元需求將“品質(zhì)提升”具體化為設(shè)施類型、功能、服務(wù)的提升，并構(gòu)建了針對近代公園的附屬設(shè)施配置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

歷史園林記錄和承載了城市歷史過程的演變，表現(xiàn)為系統(tǒng)發(fā)掘或遺產(chǎn)秩序，融入了現(xiàn)代社會日常生活，外化為城市游憩活動的新引擎，與城融合、與城俱進，才能不斷煥發(fā)新的生命力與活力，兼具發(fā)展的持久力。本期對上海古典園林以及近代歷史公園的研討，為歷史園林領(lǐng)域理論體系的完善，保護、修復(fù)及特征評價技術(shù)方法的更新作了梳理。相信風(fēng)景園林領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者們還將會繼續(xù)深耕，以推進中國地域性歷史園林保護利用研究和制度體系建設(shè)的不斷完善。

主編

2022年9月2日

Protection and Sustainable Utilization of Historical Gardens in Shanghai

The concept of “historical gardens” was defined inThe Florence Charterissued by ICOMOS and the International Commission on Historic Gardens in 1982, and expressed as: a culture, a style and a witness of an era.The types of historic gardens include small gardens and large parks, which are divided into ancient historical gardens and modern historical gardens.The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics(2002) class ifi es historic gardens as “material”,in which historic gardens only include classical gardens.Since the 1990s, China’s large-scale urban renewal has brought opportunities and challenges to the protection and regeneration of historic gardens.As a spec ifi c type of heritage, historic gardens are typical material cultural heritage, and their protection and sustainable utilization are important foundations for the inheritance and integration of regional gardens.

The rise and fall of classical gardens is a direct sign of the economic, social and cultural development of a city.Shanghai classical gardens began to develop gradually in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.After the 15th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1536), it entered a period of construction climax.Shanghai classical gardens remained innovative in theory and practice, and formed a unique style of openness and integration.This kind of innovative awareness of being good at using“l(fā)ocal natural resources” is its excellent character of inclusiveness.Topic 1 of this issue focuses on “Research on Shanghai Classical Gardens”.Jiangtan Shuiyuan is a more distant complex rooted in the land of Shanghai.Through the deep infiltration of the regional landscape, it has become an internalized conscious aesthetic consciousness and garden preference of the garden makers, and has subsequently become the internal driving force for the change of private gardens in modern Shanghai; With the progress of computer technology and remote sensing technology in recent years,the research and protection of cultural heritage has entered the digital stage, and a technical approach has been found to solve the key problem of feature evaluation in heritage protection, especially in the inheritance, promotion and application of traditional rockery construction wisdom; The study of the history and the reconstruction of ancient gardens are not only the proof of the practice of the traditional literati’s gardening theory, but also full of the feelings and aspirations of traditional literati, swearing in the sense of the times of the gardening workers, and bearing the lofty ideals of traditional garden art.

The modern historic parks refer to gardens built in modern China (1840-1949)as urban public spaces open to the public.It has a special cultural heritage value that is different from classical gardens, and has witnessed the development of the city in a spec ifi c period.Shanghai is the birthplace of China’s modern parks, and its modern parks renovation needs are particularly urgent.How to protect the special historical value of modern parks from being erased in the process of renewal, and how to achieve sustainable development and vitality while preserving the history? The topic 2 of this issue focuses on “Protection and Renewal of Modern Historic Parks”, expands the role of “memorial” in the protection and renewal of historical parks and emphasizes the preservation of material noumenon as a stable basis for historical continuation.At the same time, it actively explores the hidden symbols of noumenon commemorative sign ifi cance, and stimulates the vitality of the park and the birth of a new commemorative space; The formation and development of the recreational function of modern urban parks are summarized, the organic renewal and protection of modern parks should keep pace with the city are proposed; Besides, the view is proposed that the configuration of ancillary facilities of modern parks should embody the “quality improvement” into the improvement of facility types, functions and services according to the diverse needs of people.

The historic garden records and carries the evolution of the urban historical process, which is manifested as the systematic excavation or heritage order, integrated into the daily life of modern society, and externalized as a new engine of urban recreation activities.Only by integrating with the city can the historic garden continuously radiate new vitality and vitality and have a lasting force for development.The discussion on Shanghai classical gardens and modern historic parks in this issue has combed the improvement of the theoretical system in the field of historical gardens and the updating of protection, restoration and feature evaluation techniques and methods.We believe that scholars in the field of landscape architecture will continue to work hard to promote the continuous improvement of the research on the protection and utilization of China’s regional historic gardens and the construction of the system.

Editor-in-Chief

September 02th, 2022