江蘇省蘇州市蘇州大學(xué)第二實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校 馮奕菁
英語對(duì)話教學(xué)旨在通過培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)英語對(duì)話的興趣、交流有關(guān)個(gè)人或家庭成員的簡單信息、簡要描述小故事、唱熟悉的英語歌曲,并對(duì)日常生活中的一些話題做出相應(yīng)的回應(yīng)等,來達(dá)到在具體的真實(shí)情境中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生英語表達(dá)的自信心,提升學(xué)生英語口語表達(dá)能力和語言交際能力的最終目的。對(duì)話教學(xué)為一至六年級(jí)學(xué)生提供了一個(gè)用英語進(jìn)行交流和溝通的平臺(tái),使學(xué)生加深對(duì)英語語言知識(shí)和語言技能的理解和應(yīng)用,從而提升對(duì)話能力。
而課內(nèi)外融合閱讀課可以提升學(xué)生語言的輸入量,拓寬學(xué)生的視野,提升學(xué)生的英語閱讀素養(yǎng)。在選擇匹配的繪本時(shí),教師應(yīng)遵循模塊主題匹配、目標(biāo)語言匹配和認(rèn)知情感對(duì)應(yīng)的原則,并根據(jù)主教材的內(nèi)容選用“獨(dú)立式”或“互補(bǔ)式”的課堂教學(xué)模式,幫助學(xué)生在課堂上逐步建立閱讀能力。此外,教師還應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行課外英語閱讀,只有將課內(nèi)外閱讀相結(jié)合,將精讀與泛讀相結(jié)合,才能幫助學(xué)生從閱讀能力的構(gòu)建走向閱讀品格的培養(yǎng),最終提升學(xué)生的閱讀素養(yǎng)。
在英語閱讀課堂中,對(duì)話的理念隨處可見。大家常見的課前熱身所播放的歌曲、看Story time的動(dòng)畫視頻,包括聽取音頻獲得信息,都是一種視聽文本的過程,是人聲對(duì)話的體現(xiàn)。閱讀文本是學(xué)生與自我對(duì)話的一個(gè)過程。要理解文本,學(xué)生可以通過與教師對(duì)話,也可以與同伴對(duì)話,而表達(dá)文本則體現(xiàn)在學(xué)生與習(xí)得知識(shí)的對(duì)話等方面。學(xué)生與思維品質(zhì)對(duì)話是拓展文本的途徑。
基于對(duì)英語融合閱讀課中對(duì)話教學(xué)的意義認(rèn)識(shí),筆者以譯林版英語四年級(jí)上冊(cè) Unit 8 Dolls為例,探討融合閱讀課堂中的對(duì)話教學(xué)。本課是該單元的第二課時(shí),是對(duì)Story time進(jìn)行的一個(gè)補(bǔ)充閱讀。教師選擇了外研社《麗聲北極星分級(jí)繪本》第一級(jí)下Prince Seb’s Pet來進(jìn)行課內(nèi)外的融合閱讀教學(xué)。雖然這本繪本是第一級(jí)下的分級(jí),但是,教師對(duì)其進(jìn)行了句型的拓展,使其符合四年級(jí)學(xué)生的學(xué)情。而這些拓展,如Its neck is long. Its legs are long.也恰恰是Unit 8 Dolls的重點(diǎn)句型His/Her... is/are...的補(bǔ)充,所以,學(xué)生也容易接受和理解。整堂課,學(xué)生學(xué)得較為輕松愉悅。教學(xué)過程如下:
讀前活動(dòng)的目的主要是激活學(xué)生已有的知識(shí)背景,引出本課話題。本課的授課對(duì)象是四年級(jí)學(xué)生,他們的英語基礎(chǔ)扎實(shí)?!尔惵暠睒O星分級(jí)繪本》第一級(jí)下的級(jí)別,對(duì)他們來說沒有難度。所以,教師要充分兼顧課外拓展的內(nèi)容。以下是教學(xué)片段:
(課前播放與話題相關(guān)的歌曲Head, shoulders, knees and toes)
Step 1 Warming up and revision
T: Hello, boys and girls. Do you like the song?
Ss: Yes!
T: This song is about body parts, right? What body parts are in the song?
S1: Eyes, mouth, nose and ears.
S2: Head and shoulders.
S3: Knees and toes.
T: Wonderful! And now, let’s play a game——I say you do.
T: Touch your mouth/hair/nose/toes...
(Ss do the action)
T: Cool! Last class, we learned Story time. It’s also about body parts. Let’s have a revision.
T: Look! This is Su Hai’s doll. Her... is/are... She is beautiful/...
S: Her hair is long. Her eyes are big. Her nose is small.She is beautiful.
T: Well done! How about Liu Tao’s doll?
T: This is Liu Tao’s doll. I think he is funny. Why?Please talk it with your partner.
S: His hair is short.His eyes and nose are small. But his mouth is big. His ears are big too.
T: Good job! Now let’s think. Can we use “its” to describe? Of course, yes.
T: A game for you: Mystery boxes. Listen and choose from Box A, B and C.
(學(xué)生聽錄音:Look at the doll. Its eyes are big. Its nose is long. It’s funny. )
T: Which box? Yes, Box B! It’s Pinocchio!
T: Wow! I have a Box D for you. Open the box and here is a picture book. It’s about pets.
(Watch a video about pets)
點(diǎn)評(píng)和思考:課始,教師用了一首歌曲,復(fù)習(xí)了有關(guān)身體部位的知識(shí),再進(jìn)行了TPR游戲,使學(xué)生快速進(jìn)入學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)。此后的課文復(fù)習(xí)也因此能更好地得以輸出。教師通過聽音選盲盒的游戲,讓學(xué)生說明為什么是選這個(gè)娃娃,體現(xiàn)在Its...is/are...,讓學(xué)生不僅會(huì)說,還會(huì)聽。否則,如果單純描述娃娃的話,那么,教學(xué)內(nèi)容與第一課時(shí)沒有任何區(qū)別,其中的對(duì)話教學(xué)理念體現(xiàn)在很多方面。學(xué)生通過視聽文本、人聲對(duì)話、與歌曲對(duì)話等方式,從歌曲中激活舊知,同時(shí)拓展了其他有關(guān)身體部位的單詞。在復(fù)習(xí)環(huán)節(jié),學(xué)生又通過自我對(duì)話、與他人對(duì)話、與同桌合作等方式,從He is funny. 反推理由His... is/are...,更熟練地運(yùn)用了句型。而猜盲盒的游戲其實(shí)是一種學(xué)生與習(xí)得知識(shí)的對(duì)話。學(xué)生聽了音頻,與所學(xué)內(nèi)容構(gòu)建起來,從而能更進(jìn)一步地表達(dá)文本。對(duì)話,無處不在。
在復(fù)習(xí)完Story time后,教師遵循目標(biāo)語言匹配原則進(jìn)行了一個(gè)“互補(bǔ)式”繪本的拓展。隨后,教師采用圖片環(huán)游的方式,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)看圖觀察、思考交流和討論分享。
【教學(xué)片段1】
Step 2 Extended reading
T: Look at the book’s cover. The title is Prince Seb’s Pet.
T: What do you see on the cover?
S: I see a pool, a whale, an umbrella and a prince.
T: Perfect! Is the whale Seb’s pet? Maybe yes, maybe no. What will happen next?
(學(xué)生聽錄音:Prince Seb wants a new pet. People bring animals to him.)
T: Can you read after the tape and try to act?
(Act: I want a new pet! )
T: What animals does Seb see? Let’s watch and tick.
(學(xué)生進(jìn)行圖片環(huán)游,觀看視頻)
T: What animals does Prince Seb want? What doesn’t he want?
[Think: Seb makes... his pet(s). Seb doesn’t make...his pet(s).]
T: First, listen. They show him a...
S: They show him a giraffe.
T: How is the giraffe? Here are some sentence structures for you. Its... is.../Its... are...
S:Its neck is long. Its legs are long too.
T: Super! Does Seb want the giraffe? No? Why? Listen.
S: It’s too tall.
T: So clever of you! So, Seb does not make the giraffe his pet.
(用相同的方法處理the elephant, the whale and the golden fish)
點(diǎn)評(píng)和思考:進(jìn)入閱讀繪本封面環(huán)節(jié),教師主要是做雙層閱讀。第一層是獲取直接的信息,讓學(xué)生說說在圖片上看到了什么。第二層是加上一些推斷,想想接下去會(huì)發(fā)生什么。也就是說,學(xué)生在封面閱讀的時(shí)候,不僅與圖片進(jìn)行了對(duì)話,還有一個(gè)思維上的深度對(duì)話。在處理王子不要的這四個(gè)動(dòng)物的時(shí)候,教師與學(xué)生在讀的過程中提煉出來What doesn’t he want? Why? 繪本原文只有They show him a giraffe. It’s too tall.這兩句。當(dāng)教師拓展了Its...is/are...的句型框架讓學(xué)生說時(shí),學(xué)生很容易就能說出Its neck is long. Its legs are long too.等。這何嘗不是學(xué)生與教材知識(shí)的對(duì)話?學(xué)生在課本的基礎(chǔ)上又進(jìn)行了延伸。到了golden fish這個(gè)動(dòng)物的時(shí)候,由于圖片、單詞都能看出復(fù)數(shù),學(xué)生也發(fā)現(xiàn)句型不能再用Its...了。此時(shí),教師積極引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考,得出正確答案應(yīng)為Their...are...學(xué)生思索的過程,也是一個(gè)自我推敲、自我斟酌、自我對(duì)話的過程。四個(gè)動(dòng)物,一開始,一個(gè)學(xué)生講一句,最后一個(gè)動(dòng)物,學(xué)生試著講一段。在這個(gè)過程中,學(xué)生的能力也慢慢提升,而這也是一種與自我思維品質(zhì)的對(duì)話。
【教學(xué)片段2】
T: Now, let’s conclude the reasons and say a chant.
Giraffe, giraffe, no no no. It’s too tall.
Elephant, elephant, no no no. Its nose is too long.
Whale, whale, no no no. It’s too big.
Golden fish, golden fish, no no no. They’re too small.
T: Okay. Can you read page 8 to 11 and find: What does Seb want?
S: The chicks. Seb makes the chicks his pets.
T: Nice! Where are the chicks from? Let’s listen and find.
S: A hen lives in the garden.
T: Cool! Can you go on?
S: The hen has many eggs.
T: Wonderful!
S: The eggs turn into chicks.
T: You’re really amazing!
T: Why does Seb make them his pets?
T: Listen“Chirp, chirp,”say the chicks.
S: They can make sound.
T: You’re right! Any other reasons? Look at the chicks.
S: Their mouths are small. Their eyes are small. Their legs are short. They’re so cute.
T: Well done! Who helps Seb find the pets? Let’s find.Yes. The man works in the garden. He is a gardener. Now,shall we look for where the gardener shows up?
點(diǎn)評(píng)和思考:學(xué)完四個(gè)動(dòng)物之后來做一個(gè)chant,增加了整堂課的音律美,甚至可以說是一個(gè)跨學(xué)科的對(duì)話、學(xué)生與音樂節(jié)奏的對(duì)話。緊接著,教師拋出問題:“Seb想要的到底是什么動(dòng)物呢?”要求學(xué)生自己讀,找出答案。接下來,教師再拋出一個(gè)疑問:“這些chicks是哪里來的呢?”隨后引導(dǎo)學(xué)生看母雞,母雞下了雞蛋,雞蛋孵出了小雞,再問學(xué)生:“是誰幫助了Seb?”學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)是gardener,繼而仔細(xì)讀圖。教師再讓學(xué)生思考:“翻翻看還有哪幾頁上也出現(xiàn)了園丁呢?”學(xué)生回顧繪本,與書中圖片對(duì)話,去尋找園丁的身影,提高了課堂的趣味性。課堂的邏輯性也非常清晰,學(xué)生能夠主動(dòng)參與課堂活動(dòng)。最后,教師以Seb的視角回顧全文,讓學(xué)生嘗試復(fù)述課文。學(xué)生與繪本對(duì)話,甚至與繪本中的人物進(jìn)行了隔空對(duì)話,站在Seb的立場上思考問題,從而學(xué)會(huì)換位思考、理解他人。
眾所周知,學(xué)生永遠(yuǎn)是學(xué)習(xí)的主體,是課堂的主角。教師沒有按部就班地去處理一個(gè)一個(gè)的活動(dòng),因?yàn)檫@樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致學(xué)生完全不知道教師下一步要干什么,就只能被動(dòng)地跟著讀讀說說,就會(huì)使課堂變得很沉悶。這里的讀后活動(dòng),教師放手讓學(xué)生去表達(dá)文本、拓展文本,使學(xué)生的體驗(yàn)與感悟很美好。以下是教學(xué)片段:
Step 3 Consolidation
T: Seb has his pets now. How about you? If you have a pet, try to describe it with these sentence structure.If you don’t have a pet, try to describe your ideal pet.
S1: I have a pet. It’s a dog. Its ears are big and long. Its nose is small. It’s very cute. I love the dog!
S2: I want a pet. It’s a rabbit. Its eyes are round. Its tail is short. I love rabbits!
T: Nice! We should know that If we have pets, we should love our pets, and we should be responsible for them. OK?
點(diǎn)評(píng)和思考:閱讀完繪本故事后,教師布置分層任務(wù)——學(xué)生如果有寵物,該怎么介紹它;如果沒有寵物,又該如何去形容他理想中的寵物的。學(xué)生能很好地運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí),與真實(shí)事物產(chǎn)生聯(lián)系,促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)。最后,學(xué)生通過與情感態(tài)度對(duì)話認(rèn)識(shí)到,如果養(yǎng)寵物,就要愛護(hù)它們,對(duì)它們負(fù)責(zé)。
課堂就是一個(gè)語義場,教師的教學(xué)要符合學(xué)生的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn),是學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)問題和解決問題的過程。縱觀全課,教師的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì),提升學(xué)生的語言能力,增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)能力,這也是對(duì)話育人所追尋的目標(biāo)。課堂中充滿了人聲對(duì)話、師生對(duì)話、生生對(duì)話、學(xué)生與舊知及新知對(duì)話、學(xué)生與思維品質(zhì)對(duì)話等一系列對(duì)話活動(dòng),充分且有效地激發(fā)了學(xué)生用英語表達(dá)的欲望,豐富了他們的想象力,增強(qiáng)了他們的學(xué)習(xí)能力,讓每個(gè)人都能表達(dá)心中最真實(shí)的聲音,給聽眾留下了非常深刻的記憶。