向陽森 楊昆憲
【摘要】 隨著健康體檢與癌癥篩查的普及,甲狀腺腫瘤的早期檢出率逐漸增加。甲狀腺腫瘤的治療通常以手術(shù)切除為主,而甲狀腺腺體后方的甲狀旁腺對機(jī)體鈣調(diào)節(jié)和維持內(nèi)環(huán)境平衡至關(guān)重要,術(shù)中對于甲狀旁腺的保護(hù)是避免術(shù)后發(fā)生甲狀旁腺功能減退的關(guān)鍵步驟,故甲狀腺術(shù)中對甲狀旁腺的精準(zhǔn)識別尤為重要。目前,甲狀旁腺的識別在很大程度上依賴手術(shù)醫(yī)生的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技巧,術(shù)中準(zhǔn)確而快速識別甲狀旁腺的技術(shù)可為臨床提供重要的輔助治療手段。最近幾年,熒光圖像引導(dǎo)手術(shù),得到了廣泛的研究,并越來越受歡迎。為此,本文將對術(shù)中甲狀旁腺熒光顯影技術(shù)及其最新的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行簡單的如下綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 甲狀旁腺 熒光顯影 自發(fā)熒光 近紅外自發(fā)熒光 生物電阻抗波譜 激光散斑對比成像
Research Progress of Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging of Parathyroid Gland/XIANG Yangsen, YANG Kunxian. //Medical Innovation of China, 2023, 20(36): -168
[Abstract] With the popularity of physical examination and cancer screening, the early detection rate of thyroid tumors is gradually increasing. Surgical resection is usually the main treatment of thyroid tumors, and the parathyroid gland behind the thyroid gland is very important to regulate calcium and maintain the balance of the internal environment. The protection of parathyroid gland during operation is the key step to avoid hypoparathyroidism after operation, so the accurate identification of parathyroid gland during thyroid surgery is particularly important. At present, the recognition of parathyroid largely depends on the clinical experience and skills of surgeons. The technique of accurate and rapid recognition of parathyroid can provide important reference value for clinical practice. In recent years, fluorescence image-guided surgery has been widely studied and become more and more popular. For this reason, this article will briefly review the intraoperative fluorescence imaging of parathyroid gland and its latest research progress.
[Key words] Parathyroid gland Fluorescence development Autofluorescence Near infrared autofluorescence Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy Laser speckle contrast imaging
First-author's address: School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2023.36.037
甲狀腺腫瘤的發(fā)病率在女性最常診斷的惡性腫瘤中排名第五[1]。且中國甲狀腺癌主要亞型的發(fā)病率均呈不同程度的上升趨勢[2]。甲狀腺切除術(shù)與頸中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃已被廣泛用于治療甲狀腺腫瘤。術(shù)后低鈣血癥是甲狀腺切除術(shù)中由于意外切除正常的甲狀旁腺或無意中損害其血液供應(yīng)而發(fā)生的主要并發(fā)癥[3]。雖然術(shù)后短暫性甲狀旁腺功能減退癥可能會在幾個月內(nèi)恢復(fù),但會導(dǎo)致患者不同程度住院時間延長和生活質(zhì)量的下降。因此,術(shù)中甲狀旁腺識別顯得至關(guān)重要。熒光圖像引導(dǎo)手術(shù)使術(shù)者能夠識別出遠(yuǎn)超人眼識別范圍的重要結(jié)構(gòu),使外科醫(yī)生能更加安全地進(jìn)行手術(shù)操作并做出重要的決策。目前,越來越多的學(xué)科領(lǐng)域開始使用熒光成像技術(shù)來協(xié)助手術(shù)操作,其臨床應(yīng)用正在逐漸增加[4-5]。
1 近紅外自發(fā)熒光技術(shù)
自發(fā)熒光(autofluorescence,AF)描述了分子在特定光波長度被激發(fā)后發(fā)射的光。與亞甲藍(lán)(methylene blue,MB)和吲哚菁綠(indocyanine green,ICG)等注射型染料相比,AF是某些組織的固有特性[6]。而甲狀旁腺就具有AF特性,將其暴露于785 nm峰值熒光時,便會發(fā)射820 nm波長的自體熒光[7]。雖然甲狀腺和甲狀旁腺都表現(xiàn)出相似的峰值熒光,但據(jù)報道在接受甲狀旁腺和甲狀腺手術(shù)的患者中,甲狀旁腺的AF強(qiáng)度是甲狀腺的2至20倍[6]。2021年發(fā)表的系統(tǒng)評價顯示,熒光圖像引導(dǎo)手術(shù)可用于預(yù)防甲狀腺切除術(shù)后甲狀旁腺功能減退癥[8]。術(shù)中使用近紅外(near infrared,NIR)激發(fā)范圍內(nèi)的光源會在組織相互作用期間通過波長偏移誘導(dǎo)熒光信號的發(fā)射。具體來說,熒光是基于某些物質(zhì)在給定激發(fā)波長下吸收外部光并隨后以較低能量發(fā)射出不同波長的光的特性[9-10]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),近紅外范圍光的優(yōu)勢是具有更深的組織穿透力[11],因此,近紅外成像設(shè)備使外科醫(yī)生能夠看到組織表面的后面[12]。在NIR熒光圖像上,甲狀旁腺看起來像一個明亮的斑點(diǎn),可以較容易地將其與周圍的甲狀腺、肌肉或脂肪組織區(qū)分開來。近年來,熒光圖像引導(dǎo)手術(shù)越來越受到臨床醫(yī)生的歡迎,并且越來越多地應(yīng)用于內(nèi)分泌手術(shù),包括腎上腺、甲狀旁腺及甲狀腺等手術(shù)[12-14]。
2 近紅外自發(fā)熒光在甲狀旁腺中的臨床應(yīng)用
近紅外自發(fā)熒光(near-infrared autofluorescence imaging,NIRAF)成像檢測是一種簡單、實(shí)時、非侵入性和無標(biāo)記的方法,NIRAF成像可檢測出正常和病理狀態(tài)的甲狀旁腺[13],盡管患病的甲狀旁腺(腺瘤和增生)往往具有比正常甲狀旁腺更弱的自發(fā)熒光信號[15]。多項研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)NIRAF檢測可用于識別甲狀旁腺。Liu等[16]對20例接受甲狀腺切除術(shù)的患者使用了NIRAF檢測甲狀旁腺,發(fā)現(xiàn)甲狀旁腺的自發(fā)熒光強(qiáng)度明顯高于甲狀腺、脂肪和淋巴結(jié)。甲狀旁腺自發(fā)熒光在相應(yīng)波數(shù)處的峰值強(qiáng)度是甲狀腺自發(fā)熒光的5.55倍。20例患者中,19例患者的甲狀旁腺通過NIRAF系統(tǒng)準(zhǔn)確檢出。NIR自體熒光法對甲狀旁腺的識別敏感度為100%,準(zhǔn)確率高達(dá)95%,陽性預(yù)測值為95%。Dip等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),在NIRAF組中,從白光轉(zhuǎn)換為NIRAF能將檢測到甲狀旁腺的平均數(shù)量從2.6個增加到3.5個(P<0.001),與對照組相比,NIRAF組的低鈣血癥發(fā)生率也顯著降低(1.2% vs. 11.8%,P=0.005)。同樣,Benmiloud等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)從低鈣血癥(9.1% vs. 21.7%,P=0.007)、甲狀旁腺自體移植(3.3% vs. 13.3%,P=0.009)和無意切除甲狀旁腺(2.5% vs. 11.7%,P=0.006)這些結(jié)果來看,NIRAF組(n=121)與對照組(n=120)相比具有明顯的優(yōu)勢。Barbieri等[19]進(jìn)行了一項臨床研究,共納入134例行甲狀腺全部切除術(shù)的患者,其中67例行常規(guī)甲狀腺切除術(shù),67例行自體熒光檢測儀手術(shù)。結(jié)果顯示術(shù)中采用近紅外自體熒光技術(shù),可降低近期低鈣血癥和甲狀旁腺功能減退癥的發(fā)生率,減少術(shù)后短、中、遠(yuǎn)期甲狀旁腺激素水平的變化,減少口服補(bǔ)鈣的必要性。Squires等[20]的報告顯示,對于手術(shù)外科醫(yī)生無法在視覺上識別的甲狀旁腺,使用NIRAF后的甲狀旁腺檢出率提高了20%。但不少研究發(fā)現(xiàn),僅識別腺體不足以改善甲狀腺切除術(shù)后低鈣血癥的發(fā)生率,更重要的是保留腺體的血供,以確保甲狀腺術(shù)后正常的甲狀旁腺及機(jī)體正常的血鈣狀態(tài)[21-23]。評估甲狀旁腺完整的血供是一個巨大的挑戰(zhàn),外科醫(yī)生通常依靠肉眼檢查和臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)來做到這一點(diǎn)。NIRAF技術(shù)可顯著增加術(shù)中甲狀旁腺識別的數(shù)量,降低術(shù)后低鈣血癥的發(fā)生率,但NIRAF成像對甲狀旁腺的血供活力無法展現(xiàn)出來。因?yàn)樽园l(fā)熒光是甲狀旁腺本身的屬性,而與腺體活力無關(guān),甲狀旁腺的自發(fā)熒光在體外能持續(xù)長達(dá)150小時至2年。它還在極端溫度、福爾馬林固定或蛋白酶活性下持續(xù)存在[24]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ICG血管造影引導(dǎo)甲狀腺切除術(shù)是識別甲狀旁腺血管形成的有用工具,可以更好地保存甲狀旁腺并顯著降低低鈣血癥發(fā)生率[25]。
3 NIRAF和ICG聯(lián)合識別甲狀旁腺
雖然自發(fā)熒光的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是不需要額外的時間來注射外源性染料,但甲狀旁腺的灌注狀態(tài)只能通過對比增強(qiáng)的熒光來觀察。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)使用ICG的熒光成像可用于識別和評估甲狀腺和甲狀旁腺手術(shù)中甲狀旁腺的灌注[26-27]。國外有學(xué)者研究聯(lián)合使用NIRAF和ICG熒光在甲狀腺術(shù)中及術(shù)后的效果,接受全甲狀腺切除術(shù)的200例患者被隨機(jī)分配到使用NIRAF和ICG熒光的熒光組或?qū)φ战M,該研究主要是觀察術(shù)后短暫性和癥狀性低鈣血癥的發(fā)生率。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)熒光組的甲狀旁腺數(shù)量更多(3.83 vs. 3.64,P=0.028),熒光組術(shù)后癥狀性低鈣血癥的發(fā)生率顯著降低(6% vs. 17%,P=0.015),熒光組需要鈣治療的劑量(1.53 g vs. 1.91 g,P=0.007)和持續(xù)時間(32.30 d vs. 45.66 d,P=0.003)均更少[28]。我國學(xué)者進(jìn)行了一項研究旨在評估聯(lián)合使用AF和ICG是否可以降低術(shù)后甲狀旁腺功能減退癥的發(fā)生率,并提高甲狀腺全切除術(shù)中甲狀旁腺的識別率和評估水平。該試驗(yàn)納入180例患者,被隨機(jī)分成兩組,對照組憑術(shù)者肉眼及經(jīng)驗(yàn)辨別和評價甲狀旁腺。試驗(yàn)組用AF識別甲狀旁腺,用ICG評估甲狀旁腺的原位血流灌注量。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)試驗(yàn)組術(shù)后一過性甲狀旁腺功能減退發(fā)生率為27.8%,明顯低于對照組的43.3%(P=0.029)。且在術(shù)中至少有一個甲狀旁腺充分灌注的患者中,試驗(yàn)組僅4.5%發(fā)生甲狀旁腺功能減退,明顯低于對照組(34.6%)(P<0.001)[29]。Park等[30]研究了在經(jīng)口機(jī)器人甲狀腺切除術(shù)中使用ICG血管造影術(shù)對甲狀旁腺灌注的評估,在術(shù)中依據(jù)ICG血管造影的灌注情況對兩顆甲狀旁腺進(jìn)行了自體移植,術(shù)后實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查顯示鈣和甲狀旁腺激素(PTH)水平在正常范圍內(nèi)。然而,ICG血管造影仍然有一些局限所在,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ICG的毒性水平為 5 mg/kg,因此15~20 mg的劑量對于沒有過敏癥的患者被認(rèn)為是安全,但不推薦用于對增強(qiáng)CT或碘劑有副作用的患者,除此之外,由于染料會在幾分鐘內(nèi)被代謝,所以很難重復(fù)、連續(xù)地評估灌注[31]。但總體來看,與外科醫(yī)生的視覺評估相比,ICG血管造影對甲狀旁腺灌注的評估更加客觀。當(dāng)外科醫(yī)生決定是進(jìn)行自體移植還是根據(jù)甲狀旁腺灌注狀態(tài)而原位保留時,這種方法是可取的。因此,在全甲狀腺切除術(shù)中聯(lián)合應(yīng)用AF和ICG可降低術(shù)后一過性甲狀旁腺功能減退的風(fēng)險,增強(qiáng)識別和保存甲狀旁腺的能力,并提高術(shù)中甲狀旁腺血流灌注評估的準(zhǔn)確性。
4 甲狀旁腺術(shù)中識別新技術(shù)
組織的生物電阻抗波譜(bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy,BIS)由細(xì)胞的特性、構(gòu)建方式及細(xì)胞成分(如脂質(zhì)含量和核大小等)決定?;谠摾碚摚鄥?shù)成像方法可以用于區(qū)分甲狀旁腺與周圍組織。Wang等[32]研究應(yīng)用BIS分析儀對甲狀腺組織、淋巴結(jié)、脂肪組織和疑似甲狀旁腺的組織進(jìn)行分析,當(dāng)BIS參數(shù)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)定在188.85~342.55 kHz時,從淋巴結(jié)和脂肪組織中鑒別甲狀旁腺的敏感度和特異度均為100%。在這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下,從甲狀腺組織中識別甲狀旁腺的敏感度和特異度分別為91.1%和99.0%。所以BIS可能是一種潛在的強(qiáng)大工具,可幫助在甲狀腺手術(shù)期間識別甲狀旁腺。最近,有國外學(xué)者研究術(shù)中甲狀旁腺激光散斑對比成像(laser speckle contrast imaging,LSCI)與全甲狀腺切除術(shù)患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系。LSCI是一種對淺層血流敏感的實(shí)時無標(biāo)記成像技術(shù),其工作原理是用散斑對比度表示激光照射物體表面時產(chǎn)生的干涉或散斑圖案的模糊性,散斑對比度越低表示散斑圖案越模糊,血流量越大,而對比度越高則相反。研究共納入72例患者,甲狀腺切除后,使用LSCI設(shè)備對所有已識別的甲狀旁腺進(jìn)行成像,并計算每個甲狀旁腺的散斑對比度值。計算每例患者的平均值,并根據(jù)患者在術(shù)后第1天所測量的PTH水平是正常(16~77 pg/mL)還是低水平對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分組,來建立一個散斑對比閾值。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)0.186這個閾值在區(qū)分正?;颊吆托g(shù)后PTH水平低的患者方面具有最高的敏感度和特異度,即散斑對比度低于0.186的甲狀旁腺被認(rèn)為是血管化的腺體,69例至少有一個血管化腺體(由LSCI確定)的患者中有64例(92.8%)術(shù)后PTH正常,而所有3例沒有血管化腺體的患者術(shù)后PTH均較低。該研究提示LSCI技術(shù)可作為評估甲狀旁腺血管分布的有前途的技術(shù),能幫助減少甲狀腺切除術(shù)后低鈣血癥的發(fā)生率[33]。Makovac等[34]評估電子視覺紅外(Elevision infrared,EIR)系統(tǒng)在甲狀腺和甲狀旁腺手術(shù)中的療效,選取本機(jī)構(gòu)接受甲狀腺或者甲狀旁腺手術(shù)或兩者的25例患者,在手術(shù)的各個階段,外科醫(yī)生先用肉眼尋找甲狀旁腺,然后采用該系統(tǒng)確認(rèn),結(jié)果顯示80%的甲狀旁腺被識別出,其中65%僅用肉眼能識別出,另外15%在EIR系統(tǒng)的幫助下被識別出來。隨著越來越多關(guān)于甲狀旁腺術(shù)中識別新技術(shù)研究的開展,甲狀旁腺的術(shù)中識別將更加準(zhǔn)確、多元化的服務(wù)于臨床。
5 小結(jié)
在甲狀腺或者甲狀旁腺術(shù)中準(zhǔn)確地識別甲狀旁腺對于確保去除病理性腺體和保留正常腺體至關(guān)重要。光學(xué)成像技術(shù)的多樣化應(yīng)用及缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和量化導(dǎo)致關(guān)于其臨床價值的結(jié)論不一。需要就成像協(xié)議達(dá)成共識,以確定這些技術(shù)在甲狀旁腺識別和保存方面的臨床應(yīng)用。雖然NIRAF目前無法替代外科醫(yī)生的精細(xì)化解剖,但NIRAF似乎是目前最有前途和最可靠的無創(chuàng)術(shù)中甲狀旁腺定位技術(shù),具有廣泛的適用性,并且一直顯示出出色的臨床效用。需要在不同的甲狀腺和甲狀旁腺手術(shù)患者群體中進(jìn)行更多的大型前瞻性多中心研究,以在更大范圍內(nèi)確認(rèn)這些有前途的術(shù)中甲狀旁腺檢測技術(shù)的臨床實(shí)用性。未來,隨著更多NIRAF與其他甲狀旁腺檢測技術(shù)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用研究的展開,最優(yōu)化的甲狀旁腺識別技術(shù)將為臨床提供幫助。
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(收稿日期:2023-04-11) (本文編輯:占匯娟)