張曉斐 王堯 劉佳鑫 李丹璐
摘要:環(huán)烷烴類天然有機(jī)產(chǎn)物和生物醫(yī)藥分子的骨架構(gòu)建依靠環(huán)加成反應(yīng)得以實(shí)現(xiàn),而環(huán)丙基苯胺能夠在光催化條件下斷鍵產(chǎn)生胺基陽(yáng)離子自由基,繼而為環(huán)化提供自由基供體,實(shí)現(xiàn)新的C-C鍵的構(gòu)筑.但是此類反應(yīng)通常需要使用昂貴的過(guò)渡金屬光催化劑,提高了應(yīng)用成本.本文使用4CzIPN這種非金屬催化劑,以環(huán)丙基苯胺和肉桂酸酯類衍生物作為底物,通過(guò)光催化環(huán)化反應(yīng),以較為優(yōu)異的位置選擇性合成了一系列環(huán)戊烷類衍生物,為光催化自由基環(huán)化反應(yīng)提供了更加經(jīng)濟(jì)的新方法,進(jìn)一步拓寬了環(huán)丙基苯胺在光催化領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用.
關(guān)鍵詞:光催化; 自由基; 環(huán)化反應(yīng)
中圖分類號(hào):O62文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A
Study on visible-light-induced [3+2] cycloaddition of cyclopropylaniline
ZHANG Xiao-fei WANG Yao LIU Jia-xin LI Dan-lu(1.College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi′an 710021, China;? 2.Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi′an 710021, China)
Abstract:The skeleton construction of cycloalkane natural organic products and biomedical molecules is realized by cycloaddition reaction,while cyclopropylaniline can break bond under photocatalytic conditions to produce amino cation free radicals,and then provide free radical donors for cyclization to realize the construction of new C-C bond.However,such reactions usually require the use of expensive transition metal photocatalysts,which increases the application cost.In this paper,a series of cyclopentane derivatives were synthesized with excellent regioselectivity by using 4CzIPN,a non-metallic catalyst,with cyclopropylaniline and cinnamate derivatives as substrates through photocatalytic cyclization reaction,which provided a more economical new method for photocatalytic free radical cyclization reaction and further broadened the application of cyclopropylaniline in the field of photocatalysis.
Key words:photocatalysis; free radical; cyclization reaction
0引言
可持續(xù)發(fā)展是當(dāng)今世界所面臨的整體趨勢(shì).太陽(yáng)能作為自然界一種清潔、豐富、可再生的天然能源,如何將其高效快捷轉(zhuǎn)化為化學(xué)能,是如今科學(xué)家們所面臨的巨大挑戰(zhàn).在有機(jī)化學(xué)合成中,大部分有機(jī)分子都不能直接吸收太陽(yáng)光,從而限制了太陽(yáng)能在有機(jī)合成中的應(yīng)用,為解決這一問(wèn)題,通常會(huì)使用貴金屬絡(luò)合物作為光催化劑,通過(guò)其將可見光能量導(dǎo)入有機(jī)分子.例如Macmillan團(tuán)隊(duì)[1-4]、Glorius團(tuán)隊(duì)[5-9]、Yoon團(tuán)隊(duì)[10-17]、Stephenson團(tuán)隊(duì)[18,19]等通過(guò)使用釕(II)、銥(III)等貴金屬,在溫和的條件下,以較高產(chǎn)率、高選擇性實(shí)現(xiàn)各種不同雜化方式的碳碳鍵的構(gòu)架.其中,環(huán)丙基苯胺能夠在此類光催化條件下不可逆開環(huán),同時(shí)氧化為氮基正離子,進(jìn)而作為自由基供體,提供三個(gè)碳原子,完成碳碳鍵的構(gòu)筑.
早在2012年,Zheng課題組利用可見光氧化還原催化首次實(shí)現(xiàn)了環(huán)丙基苯胺(CPA)與苯乙烯的分子間[3+2]環(huán)化反應(yīng).他們發(fā)現(xiàn)在可見光及光催化劑作用下,環(huán)丙胺能夠被氧化為碳自由基陽(yáng)離子且此過(guò)程不可逆,進(jìn)而,能夠與烯烴在一定條件下,發(fā)生環(huán)化反應(yīng)形成五元碳環(huán).該方法針對(duì)烯烴兩個(gè)可能的反應(yīng)位點(diǎn)具有較好的區(qū)域選擇性,同時(shí),在對(duì)底物拓展時(shí)具有優(yōu)良的產(chǎn)率及官能團(tuán)耐受性[20].2014年,該團(tuán)隊(duì)深入探究了CPA與其他類型不飽和鍵的反應(yīng)能力[21].Zheng課題組將環(huán)丙基苯胺與端炔烴進(jìn)行反應(yīng),使用不同的光催化劑,以較好或優(yōu)秀的產(chǎn)率合成了一系列的五元環(huán)烯化合物,同時(shí),對(duì)CPA與對(duì)稱的芳香二炔、脂肪二炔的反應(yīng)也進(jìn)行了報(bào)道,以極好的產(chǎn)率和選擇性得到了一系列烯炔化合物,進(jìn)一步豐富了CPA的使用范疇.同年,該課題組通過(guò)更換光催化劑,突破性的提高了CPA與端炔烴反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)率,使得N-環(huán)丙基苯胺在與各類不飽和碳的反應(yīng)中均能以穩(wěn)定高效的碳自由基陽(yáng)離子中間體為反應(yīng)提供碳源,實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)化[22],如圖1所示.
2017年,Zheng團(tuán)隊(duì)不滿足于僅猜測(cè)反應(yīng)過(guò)程中所經(jīng)由的中間體,而通過(guò)N-環(huán)丙基苯胺(CPA)和苯乙烯分子間[3+2]環(huán)化反應(yīng),利用電噴霧電離質(zhì)譜(ESI-MS),結(jié)合在線激光照射,對(duì)二者反應(yīng)中生成的瞬態(tài)胺基陽(yáng)離子進(jìn)行檢測(cè).他們通過(guò)高分辨質(zhì)譜(HRMS)成功地檢測(cè)到了反應(yīng)中的還原性光催化劑Ru(I)(bpz)3+以及[3+2]環(huán)化產(chǎn)物陽(yáng)離子2+·中間體,為Ru(II)促進(jìn)的[3+2]環(huán)化反應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)機(jī)制提供了強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù),成功確認(rèn)了由CPA參與的環(huán)化反應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵步驟,也為后續(xù)拓展CPA的其他反應(yīng)提供了可靠的理論基礎(chǔ)[23].
然而,目前已知的針對(duì)CPA的反應(yīng)都是由貴金屬光催化劑促進(jìn),具有成本較高、毒性強(qiáng)的缺點(diǎn),且通常使用在與端烯、端炔這類較為特殊的底物之上,進(jìn)一步限制了其在藥物合成領(lǐng)域及工業(yè)化領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展.
本文擬采取N-環(huán)丙基苯胺及其衍生物作為自由基供體,在有機(jī)廉價(jià)非金屬光催化劑4CzIPN存在的條件下,經(jīng)藍(lán)光照射之后產(chǎn)生胺基陽(yáng)離子自由基再發(fā)生環(huán)加成反應(yīng),得到高選擇性的2-苯基-3-(苯基氨基)環(huán)戊烷羧酸乙酯衍生物,具體過(guò)程如圖2所示.
1實(shí)驗(yàn)部分
1.1試劑和儀器
1.1.1主要試劑
溴苯、環(huán)丙氨、肉桂酸乙酯、4-甲氧基肉桂酸、膦?;宜崛阴ァ?-甲基肉桂酸、氫化鈉、甲酸、三(2,2′-聯(lián)吡啶)釕(II)二(六氟磷酸)鹽、三聯(lián)吡啶氯化釕六水合物、四氟間苯二腈,以上試劑均購(gòu)買自薩恩化學(xué)技術(shù)(上海)有限公司;曙紅Y、羅丹明、氯化鈰、咔唑、4-甲基肉桂酸、4-乙基苯甲醛、4-叔丁基苯甲醛、4-三氟甲基肉桂酸、4-氟肉桂酸、4-溴苯甲醛、4-氯苯甲醛、1-溴-4-乙基苯、1-溴2-甲基苯、1-溴-3-甲基苯、1-溴-3氯苯、1-溴-4氯苯,以上試劑均購(gòu)買自上海畢得醫(yī)藥科技有限公司;THF、DMF、DMC等溶劑均購(gòu)買自廣東光華科技股份有限公司;200~300目柱層析用硅膠購(gòu)買自青島海洋化工廠.
1.1.2主要儀器
SGW X-4B 型顯微熔點(diǎn)儀,上海儀電物理光學(xué)儀器有限公司;20 W 藍(lán)色LED實(shí)驗(yàn)燈,前方照明公司;AVANCE Ⅲ 400 MHz 型核磁共振儀,Impact HD Q-TOF 型高分辨質(zhì)譜儀,VECTOR Ⅱ 型光譜儀,德國(guó)Bruker公司;旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)儀RE-52AA,上海亞榮科技有限公司;加熱磁力攪拌器MS-H-Pro+,SCILOGEX公司.
1.22-苯基-3-(苯基氨基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯衍生物的合成
1.2.1環(huán)丙苯胺類底物的合成
根據(jù)前人的方法指導(dǎo),合成一系列環(huán)丙苯胺類底物[24].將溴苯(1.9 mmol),環(huán)丙氨(2.3 mmol),醋酸鈀(10 mol%),叔丁醇鉀(2.7 mmol),2-(二環(huán)已基膦)-3,6-二甲氧基-2,4,6-三異丙基-1,1-聯(lián)苯(0.06 mmol),甲苯(10 mL)加入反應(yīng)瓶中,氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)并使用錫箔紙避光,80 ℃反應(yīng)18 h.待反應(yīng)完成后,冷卻至室溫,加入10 mL飽和食鹽水,使用乙酸乙酯萃取洗滌(3*10 mL)之后收集有機(jī)相,減壓除去溶劑,快速柱層析(PE/EA=30∶1,體積比),得到相應(yīng)的N-環(huán)丙基苯胺及其衍生物.
1.2.2肉桂酸乙酯類底物的合成
方法一:將肉桂酸或其衍生物(3.0 mmol),濃硫酸(0.5 mL,98%),乙醇(3.8 mL),裝入圓底燒瓶中,82 ℃下回流5 h,反應(yīng)完成后冷卻至室溫,加入飽和碳酸氫鈉中和反應(yīng)液后使用乙酸乙酯(3*30 mL)萃取,收集有機(jī)相,減壓除去溶劑,經(jīng)快速柱層析(PE/EA=2∶1,體積比),得到對(duì)應(yīng)的肉桂酸酯類衍生物.
方法二:將膦?;宜崛阴サ乃臍溥秽芤海?2.0 mmol,1.0 mmol/L THF)在氮?dú)獗Wo(hù),0 ℃下緩慢滴入氫化鈉溶液(12.0 mmol,1.0 mmol/L THF)中,攪拌15 min,再將帶取代基的苯甲醛類溶液(10.0 mmol,1.0 mmol/L THF)緩慢滴入混合溶液中,0 ℃下攪拌0.5 h后,在80 ℃下回流過(guò)夜,待反應(yīng)完成后冷卻至室溫,加入飽和食鹽水,經(jīng)乙酸乙酯萃取之后收集有機(jī)相,減壓除去溶劑,經(jīng)快速柱層析(PE/EA=10∶1,體積比),得到反應(yīng)原料肉桂酸酯類衍生物.
1.2.32-苯基-3-(苯基氨基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯衍生物的合成
將肉桂酸酯類衍生物(0.1 mmol),環(huán)丙苯胺類衍生物(0.2 mmol),光反應(yīng)催化劑2,4,5,6-四(9-咔唑基)-間苯二睛,以下簡(jiǎn)稱為4CzIPN(2.0 mol%),反應(yīng)溶劑無(wú)水甲醇(2.0 mL)依次加入10 mL透光反應(yīng)管中,氮?dú)饷芊?,在室溫下?jīng)20 W藍(lán)光照射下攪拌12 h,反應(yīng)完全后,加入水溶液猝滅反應(yīng),使用乙酸乙酯(3*10 mL)萃取三次,合并有機(jī)相,無(wú)水硫酸鈉干燥減壓除去溶劑后進(jìn)行快速柱層析(PE/EA=30∶1,體積比),得到相對(duì)應(yīng)的2-苯基-5-(苯基氨基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯衍生物,最后使用核磁共振,X-射線單晶衍射對(duì)產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行表征.
產(chǎn)品的表征數(shù)據(jù)如下:
2-苯基-5-(苯基氨基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3aa,淡黃色油狀液體,78%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3):δ 7.34-7.20 (m,5H),7.14-7.07 (m,2H),6.67 (t,J=7.3 Hz,1H),6.52 (d,J=7.7 Hz,2H),4.08 (q,J=7.1 Hz,2H),3.95-3.86 (m,2H),3.27 (t,J=8.6 Hz,1H),2.95 (d,J=7.4 Hz,1H),2.45-2.37 (m,1H),2.27-2.07 (m,2H),1.81-1.70(m,1H),1.17 (t,J=7.1 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.33,147.66,141.54,129.18,128.71,127.55,126.97,117.34,113.38,61.54,60.68,56.19,50.68,32.50,28.08,14.18.
2-苯基-3-(苯基氨基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4aa,淡黃色油狀液體,15%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3):δ 7.32-7.17 (m,5H),7.10 (t,J=7.7 Hz,2H),6.67 (t,J=7.2 Hz,1H),6.46 (d,J=7.9 Hz,2H),4.18-4.09 (m,3H),3.81 (t,J=7.4 Hz,1H),3.42-3.30 (m,2H),2.37-2.19 (m,2H),2.08-1.97 (m,1H),1.91-1.81 (m,1H),1.23 (t,J=7.1 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 176.12,147.48,138.68,129.20,128.70,128.62,127.08,117.46,113.49,60.79,57.80,51.67,47.01,31.86,27.63,14.32.
2-(苯胺基)-5-(對(duì)甲苯基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3ab,淡黃色油狀液體,81%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.17-7.10 (m,6H),6.66 (t,J=7.28 Hz,1H),6.52 (d,J=7.84 Hz,2H),4.12-4.07 (m,2H),3.89-3.84 (m,1H),3.26 (t,J=8.72 Hz,1H),2.99-2.92 (m,1H),2.41-2.36(m,1H),2.32 (s,3H),2.25-2.06 (m,2H),1.79-1.70 (m,1H),1.18 (t,J=7.12,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.38,147.72,138.42,136.49,129.38,129.13,127.38,117.26,113.38,61.46,60.60,55.73,50.65,32.44,28.02,21.04,14.19.
3-(苯胺基)-2-(對(duì)甲苯基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4ab,淡黃色固體,18%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.18-7.09 (m,6H),6.68 (t,J=8 Hz,1H),6.51 (d,J=7.8 Hz,2H),4.18-4.07 (m,3H),3.79 (t,J=7.52,1H),3.41-3.34 (m,1H),2.34 (s,3H),2.28-2.19 (m,2H),2.08-1.99 (m,1H),1.92-1.83 (m,1H),1.25 (t,J=7.12Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 176.08,147.49,136.54,135.43,129.25,129.01,128.45,117.32,113.45,60.64,57.69,51.27,46.92,31.70,27.55,21.04,14.25.
2-(苯胺基)-5-(間甲苯基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3ac,淡黃色油狀液體,63%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.19 (t,J=7.68 Hz,1H),7.13-7.02 (m,5H),6.66 (t,J=7.28 Hz,1H),6.53 (d,J=8.04 Hz,2H),4.16-4.06 (m,2H),3.91-3.85 (m,1H),3.24 (t,J=8.48 Hz,1H),3.00-2.94 (m,1H),2.42-2.35 (m,1H),2.32 (s,3H),2.26-2.05 (m,2H),1.79-1.71 (m,1H),1.17 (t,J=7.12 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.36,147.69,141.49,138.20,129.12,128.55,128.31,127.73,124.53,117.27,113.42,61.50,60.60,56.13,50.67,32.50,28.14,21.50,14.17.
3-(苯胺基)-2-(間甲苯基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4ac,淡黃色固體,29%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.14-7.00 (m,6H),6.69-6.49 (m,1H),6.48 (d,J=7.88 Hz,2H),4.13-4.08 (m,3H),3.78 (t,J=7.44 Hz,1H),3.42-3.36 (m,1H),2.36-2.28,(m,1H),2.32 (s,3H),2.26-2.19 (m,1H),2.07-1.98 (m,1H),1.92-1.83,(m,1H),1.24 (t,J=7.08 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 176.04,147.46,138.10,129.57,129.07,128.38,127.76,125.39,117.34,113.48,60.62,57.69,51.55,46.78,31.73,27.59,21.49,14.23.
2-(4-甲氧基苯基)-5-(苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3ad,淡黃色油狀液體,62%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.18 (d,J=8.72 Hz,2H),7.11 (t,J=8.04 Hz,2H),6.83 (d,J=8.6 Hz,2H),6.65 (t,J=7.28 Hz,1H),6.51 (d,J=7.84 Hz,2H),4.11-4.06 (m,2H),3.86-3.80 (m,1H),3.77 (s,3H),3.22 (t,J=8.04 Hz,1H),2.95-2.89 (m,1H),2.41-2.33 (m,1H),2.23-2.04 (m,2H),1.77-1.69 (m,1H),1.17 (t,J=7.12 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.37,158.55,147.76,133.37,129.15,128.50,117.30,114.10,113.38,61.45,60.60,55.44,55.26,50.71,32.38,27.88,14.20.
2-(4-甲氧基苯基)-3-(苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4ad,淡黃色固體,21%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.12-7.09 (m,4H),6.84 (d,J=8.6 Hz,2H),6.66 (t,J=7.28 Hz,1H),6.47 (d,J=7.88 Hz,2H),4.17-4.11 (m,2H),4.08-4.04 (m,1H),3.79 (s,3H),3.76-3.73 (m,1H),3.35-3.29 (m,1H),2.33-2.18 (m,2H),2.05-1.98 (m,1H),1.88-1.80 (m,1H),1.23 (t,J=7.12 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 176.05,147.47,130.45,129.56,129.08,117.33,113.92,113.43,60.63,57.67,55.24,50.92,47.12,31.73,27.52,14.22.
2-(4-乙基苯基)-5-(苯基胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3ae,淡黃色油狀液體,69%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.24-7.14 (m,6H),6.71 (t,J=7.28 Hz,1H),6.57 (d,J=7.72 Hz,2H),4.17-4.11 (m,2H),3.94-3.89 (m,1H),3.31 (t,J=8.6 Hz,1H),2.69-2.64 (m,2H),2.42-2.38 (m,1H),2.29-2.13 (m,2H),1.81-1.76 (m,1H),1.29-1.20 (m,6H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.48,147.78,142.89,138.71,129.19,128.23,127.48,117.31,113.44,61.52,60.66,55.78,50.66,32.48,30.65,28.50,19.27,15.58,14.24.
2-(4-乙基苯基)-3-(苯基胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4ae,淡黃色固體,23%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.15-7.01 (m,6H),6.66 (t,J=7.32 Hz,1H),6.48 (d,J=7.84 Hz,2H),4.17-4.08 (m,3H),3.78 (t,J=7.16 Hz,1H),3.40-3.34 (m,2H),2.66-2.60 (m,2H),2.35-2.16 (m,2H),2.06-1.97 (m,1H),1.91-1.82 (m,1H),1.25-1.21 (m,6H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 176.10,147.47,142.87,135.62,129.07,128.48,128.02,117.29,113.44,60.61,57.68,51.27,46.84,31.64,28.41,27.53,15.49,14.22.
2-(4-(叔丁基)苯基)-5-(苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3af,淡黃色油狀液體,67%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.35 (d,J=7.04 Hz,2H),7.24-7.16 (m,4H),6.70 (t,J=6.68 Hz,1H),6.57 (d,J=7.28 Hz,2H),4.14-4.13 (m,2H),3.92-3.90 (m,1H),3.32 (t,J=7.92 Hz,1H),3.05-2.99 (m,1H),2.41-2.15 (m,3H),1.50-1.49 (m,1H),1.34 (s,9H),1.21 (t,J=6.84 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.48,149.66,147.71,138.39,129.13,127.11,125.57,117.24,113.38,61.42,60.60,55.50,50.46,32.38,31.35,28.09,14.17.
2-(4-(叔丁基)苯基)-3-(苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4af,淡黃色固體,31%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.40 (d,J=7.92 Hz,2H),7.20 (t,J=8.52 Hz,4H),6.75 (t,J=7.04 Hz,1H),6.56 (d,J=8 Hz,2H),4.24-4.18 (m,3H),3.87 (t,J=7.2 Hz,1H),3.50-3.44 (m,1H),2.44-2.25 (m,2H),2.14-2.10 (m,1H),2.00-1.94 (m,1H),1.40 (s,9H),1.32 (t,J=7.08 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 176.14,149.75,147.49,135.34,129.07,128.21,125.43,117.30,113.47,60.61,57.70,51.18,46.75,34.43,31.59,31.33,27.56,14.22.
2-(苯基胺基)-5-(4-(三氟甲基)苯基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3ag,淡黃色油狀液體,63%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.60 (d,J=8.08 Hz,2H),7.43 (d,J=8.04 Hz,2H),7.15 (t,J=7.68 Hz,2H),6.72 (t,J=7.24 Hz,1H),6.53 (d,J=8.08 Hz,2H),4.17-4.11 (m,2H),4.00-3.95 (m,1H),3.38 (t,J=8.76 Hz,1H),3.05-2.99 (m,1H),2.47-2.40 (m,1H),2.33-2.15 (m,2H),1.85-1.75 (m,1H),1.22 (t,J=7.12 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 174.81,147.29,145.84,129.22,127.91,125.66,125.62,117.66,113.41,61.60,60.83,55.91,50.55,32.52,27.99,14.15.
3-(苯基胺基)-2-(4-(三氟甲基)苯基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4ag,淡黃色油狀液體,21%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.56 (d,J=8 Hz,2H),7.32 (t,J=7.52 Hz,2H),7.14 (t,J=7.76 Hz,2H),6.71 (t,J=7.4 Hz,1H),6.48 (d,J=8.16 Hz,2H),4.23-4.16 (m,3H),3.89 (t,J=7.32 Hz,1H),3.42-3.36 (m,1H),2.42-2.26 (m,2H),2.13-2.04 (m,1H),1.92-1.83 (m,1H),1.27 (t,J=7.12 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.50,146.97,143.12,129.14,128.99,125.25,125.22,117.64,113.31,60.85,57.82,51.27,47.19,31.96,27.30,14.18.
2-(4-氟苯基)-5-(苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3ah,淡黃色油狀液體,64%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.30-7.26 (m,2H),7.16 (t,J=7.52 Hz,2H),7.04 (t,J=8.64 Hz,2H),6.72 (t,J=7.28 Hz,1H),6.55 (d,J=8.2 Hz,2H),4.17-4.11 (m,2H),3.93-3.88 (m,1H),3.30 (t,J=8.04 Hz,1H),3.01-2.94 (m,1H),2.46-2.39 (m,1H),2.30-2.11 (m,2H),1.83-1.75 (m,1H),1.22 (t,J=7.12 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.06,163.05,147.52,137.12,129.17,129.01,117.46,115.39,113.36,61.55,60.68,55.49,50.73,32.38,27.82,14.16.
2-(4-氟苯基)-3-(苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4ah,淡黃色油狀液體,19%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.22-7.14 (m,4H),7.03 (t,J=8.68 Hz,2H),6.72 (t,J=7.4 Hz,1H),6.50 (d,J=7.8 Hz,2H),4.22-4.15 (m,3H),3.83 (t,J=7.56 Hz,1H),3.39-3.33 (m,1H),2.39-2.25 (m,2H),2.12-2.05 (m,1H),1.93-1.86 (m,1H),1.28 (t,J=7.12 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.75,163.01,147.22,134.39,130.12,129.11,117.49,115.37,115.16,113.34,60.73,57.69,50.93,47.38,27.40,14.20.
2-(4-氯苯基)-5-(苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3ai,淡黃色油狀液體,63%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.32-7.23 (m,4H),7.15 (t,J=7.52 Hz,2H),6.71 (t,J=7.28 Hz,1H),6.54 (d,J=7.76 Hz,2H),4.16-4.10 (m,2H),3.93-3.87 (m,1H),3.28 (t,J=8.76 Hz,1H),2.99-2.93 (m,1H),2.46-2.37 (m,1H),2.29-2.10 (m,2H),1.82-1.74 (m,1H),1.22 (t,J=7.12 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 174.96,147.44,140.05,130.93,129.19,128.88,128.82,117.52,113.38,60.73,55.55,50.62,32.44,27.89,19.19,14.17.
2-(4-氯苯基)-3-(苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4ai,淡黃色油狀液體,16%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.31 (d,J=8.04 Hz,2H),7.19-7.15 (m,4H),6.73 (t,J=7.32 Hz,1H),6.51 (d,J=7.84 Hz,2H),4.23-4.17 (m,3H),3.82 (t,J=7.24 Hz,1H),3.39-3.33 (m,1H),2.41-2.25 (m,2H),2.13-2.05 (m,1H),1.93-1.83 (m,1H),1.29 (t,J=7.12 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.67,147.15,137.30,132.73,129.97,129.14,128.54,117.54,113.35,60.78,57.70,50.93,47.23,31.88,27.35,14.22.
2-(4-溴苯基)-5-(苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3aj,淡黃色油狀液體,67%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.40 (d,J=7.64 Hz,2H),7.13-7.08 (m,4H),6.65 (t,J=7.2 Hz,1H),6.48 (d,J=7.84 Hz,2H),4.10-4.04 (m,2H),3.87-3.81 (m,1H),3.21 (t,J=8.76 Hz,1H),2.93-2.87 (m,1H),2.40-2.31 (m,1H),2.21-2.07 (m,2H),1.76-1.68 (m,1H),1.16 (t,J=6.88 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 174.95,147.42,140.60,131.76,129.27,129.19,120.73,117.53,113.38,61.47,60.75,55.59,50.57,32.45,27.91,14.17.
2-(4-溴苯基)-3-(苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4aj,淡黃色固體,27%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.37 (t,J=7.36 Hz,2H),7.32-7.28 (m,3H),7.16 (t,J=7.44 Hz,1H),6.99 (d,J=7.24 Hz,1H),6.70-6.67 (m,2H),4.23-4.14 (m,3H),3.91 (t,J=7.12 Hz,1H),3.56-3.56 (m,1H),2.44-2.30 (m,2H),2.16-2.08 (m,1H),2.01-1.94 (m,1H),1.28 (t,J=7.12 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.89,145.43,138.46,129.95,128.64,128.49,122.64,116.96,110.37,60.66,57.67,52.08,46.76,32.09,27.98,14.24.
2-((4-乙基苯基)胺基)-5-苯基環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3ba,淡黃色油狀液體,68%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.38-7.28 (m,5H),7.02 (d,J=8.04 Hz,2H),6.53 (d,J=8.36 Hz,2H),4.17-4.12 (m,2H),3.95-3.90 (m,1H),3.34 (t,J=8.52 Hz,1H),3.07-3.00 (m,1H),2.60-2.54 (m,2H),2.48-2.39 (m,1H),2.29-2.15 (m,2H),1.86-1.76 (m,1H),1.25-1.21 (m,6H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.31,145.62,141.59,133.23,128.67,128.47,127.55,126.91,113.55,61.81,60.60,56.15,50.65,32.56,28.07,27.89,15.97,14.17.
3-((4-乙基苯基)胺基)-2-苯基環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4ba,淡黃色固體,28%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.37-7.30 (m,5H),7.01 (d,J=8.24 Hz,2H),6.47 (d,J=8.32 Hz,2H),4.22-4.11 (m,3H),3.85 (t,J=7.24 Hz,1H),3.48-3.42 (m,1H),2.60-2.54 (m,2H),2.40-2.23 (m,2H),1.98-1.89 (m,1H),1.83-1.76 (m,1H),1.32-1.21 (m,6H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 176.04,145.35,138.56,130.94,128.58,128.51,128.40,126.95,113.56,60.62,58.05,51.83,46.75,31.81,27.90,19.21,15.99,14.22.
2-苯基-5-(鄰甲苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3ca,淡黃色油狀液體,70%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.40-7.33 (m,5H),7.17-7.10 (m,2H),6.72 (t,J=7.04 Hz,1H),6.60 (d,J=7.72 Hz,2H),4.21-4.17 (m,2H),4.01-3.96 (m,1H),3.45 (t,J=7.84 Hz,1H),3.17-3.10 (m,1H),2.54-2.48 (m,1H),2.35-2.25 (m,2H),2.16 (s,3H),1.91-1.83 (m,1H),1.27 (t,J=7.04 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.64,147.12,137.84,131.46,130.92,130.33,129.13,128.84,120.83,117.53,113.34,60.78,57.64,50.94,47.16,31.85,27.32,17.50,14.21.
2-苯基-3-(鄰甲苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4ca,淡黃色油狀液體,25%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.35-7.29 (m,5H),7.13-7.06,(m,2H),6.68 (t,J=7.24 Hz,1H),7.07 (d,J=7.52 Hz,2H),4.16-4.14 (m,2H),3.95-3.93 (m,1H),3.40 (t,J=7.92 Hz,1H),3.12-3.06 (m,1H),2.48-2.46 (m,2H),2.12 (s,3H),1.83-1.75 (m,2H),1.52-1.50 (m,1H),1.23 (t,J=7.28 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.40,145.68,141.54,130.95,130.09,128.78,127.50,126.99,122.23,116.92,110.58,61.72,60.65,56.34,50.35,32.71,28.18,17.51,14.18.
2-苯基-5-(間甲苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3da,淡黃色油狀液體,56%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.36-7.29 (m,5H),7.06 (t,J=7.56 Hz,1H),6.54 (d,J=7.28 Hz,1H),6.39 (d,J=7.12 Hz,2H),4.17-4.12 (m,2H),3.97-3.91 (m,1H),3.33 (t,J=8.4 Hz,1H),3.07-3.01 (m,1H),2.46-2.40 (m,1H),2.27 (s,3H),2.24-2.11 (m,2H),1.85-1.77 (m,1H),1.22 (t,J=7.04 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.32,147.69,141.64,138.92,129.03,128.68,127.56,126.93,118.24,114.19,110.51,61.57,60.63,56.24,50.69,32.60,28.09,21.59,14.18.
2-苯基-3-(間甲苯胺基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4da,淡黃色油狀液體,41%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.37-7.27 (m,5H),7.07 (t,J=7.08 Hz,1H),6.56 (d,J=7.12 Hz,1H),6.35-6.33 (m,2H),4.22-4.18 (m,3H),3.87 (t,J=6.68 Hz,1H),3.46-3.42 (m,1H),2.39-2.35 (m,2H),2.30 (s,3H),2.12-2.07 (m,1H),1.95-1.93 (m,1H),1.30 (t,J=6.88 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 176.01,147.45,138.84,130.96,128.98,128.61,128.54,126.98,118.32,114.24,110.50,60.66,57.79,51.78,46.86,31.87,27.59,21.61,14.24.
2-((3-氯苯基)胺基)-5-苯基環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3ea,淡黃色油狀液體,55%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.35-7.30 (m,5H),7.03 (t,J=7.56 Hz,1H),6.69-6.63 (m,1H),6.50 (s,1H),6.39 (d,J=7.96 Hz,1H),4.14-4.12 (m,2H),3.92-3.89 (m,1H),3.30 (t,J=7.72 Hz,1H),3.04-3.02 (m,1H),2.41-2.09 (m,3H),1.78-1.77 (m,1H),1.20 (t,J=6.84 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.24,148.72,141.27,134.89,130.04,128.76,127.46,127.08,117.08,112.84,111.69,61.44,60.70,56.15,50.53,32.30,27.99,14.15.
3-((3-氯苯基)胺基)-2-苯基環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4ea,淡黃色固體,27%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.34-7.30 (m,5H),7.02 (t,J=6.8 Hz,1H),6.65 (d,J=7.6 Hz,1H),6.46 (s,1H),6.34 (d,J=7.88 Hz,1H),4.19-4.12 (m,3H),3.84 (t,J=7.88 Hz,1H),3.45-3.38 (m,1H),2.36-2.27 (m,2H),2.09-2.04 (m,1H),1.88-1.87 (m,1H),1.27 (t,J=7.04 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.76,148.51,138.38,134.81,130.01,128.59,128.56,127.12,117.16,112.97,111.61,60.73,57.55,51.47,47.02,31.74,27.50,14.21.
2-((4-氯苯基)胺基)-5-苯基環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(3fa,淡黃色油狀液體,75%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.35-7.30 (m,5H),7.08 (d,J=7.48 Hz,2H),6.46 (d,J=7.76 Hz,2H),4.14-4.13 (m,2H),3.97-3.89 (m,1H),3.31 (t,J=7.84 Hz,1H),3.04-3.02 (m,1H),2.40-2.11 (m,3H),1.51-1.49 (m,1H),1.21 (t,J=7.24 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.25,146.13,141.46,128.90,128.74,127.45,127.02,114.43,61.74,60.67,56.17,50.63,32.34,28.00,14.14.
3-((4-氯苯基)胺基)-2-苯基環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯(4fa,淡黃色固體,23%):1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3) δ 7.31-7.05 (m,8H),6.39 (d,J=7.88 Hz,1H),4.17-4.10 (m,3H),3.82 (t,J=7.04 Hz,1H),3.38-3.36 (m,1H),2.34-2.25 (m,2H),2.07-2.02 (m,1H),1.83-1.73 (m,1H),1.25 (t,J=7.24 Hz,3H).13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3):δ 175.85,145.94,138.53,128.86,128.58,128.52,127.04,114.41,60.70,57.79,51.31,47.10,31.68,27.42,14.20.
2結(jié)果與討論
2.1條件優(yōu)化
在文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研基礎(chǔ)上,本文以環(huán)丙苯胺和肉桂酸乙酯為模板底物,通過(guò)對(duì)光催化劑和溶劑的篩選對(duì)反應(yīng)條件進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,如圖3和表1所示.
首先,對(duì)Ru(bpy)3Cl2·6H2O,Ru(bpy)3·2PF6,以及Eosin Y等光催化劑進(jìn)行了考察,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,4CzIPN的催化效果較好,不僅以較高的收率(3aa收率:57%)得到目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物,同時(shí),使得產(chǎn)物同分異構(gòu)體的收率比例提高至2.2∶1.
在1~8條目對(duì)光催化劑的選擇中,以4CzIPN的催化效果最好(3aa收率為57%),因此本文在該催化劑的參與下,又考察了常見有機(jī)溶劑對(duì)反應(yīng)結(jié)果的影響.本文使用了甲醇、乙醇、TFE、DMC、甲苯等作為溶劑(條目9~17)發(fā)現(xiàn),醇類溶劑會(huì)使反應(yīng)產(chǎn)率進(jìn)一步提高,特別是使用甲醇作溶劑時(shí),反應(yīng)以78%的產(chǎn)率得到了3aa,且其同分異構(gòu)體4aa較少.使用甲醇作為溶劑,本文重新考察了過(guò)度金屬催化劑[Ir(dtb-bpy)(ppy)2]PF6的催化能力,結(jié)果顯示與4CzIPN相比,產(chǎn)率并沒有較大提升.最終,本文確定了最優(yōu)反應(yīng)條件為:1a(0.2 mmol),2a(0.1 mmol),4CzIPN(2 mol%),以甲醇(2 mL)為溶劑在20 W藍(lán)光照射下,常溫反應(yīng)12 h.
為確定其同分異構(gòu)體3aa和4aa的結(jié)構(gòu),本文利用結(jié)晶度最好的4af對(duì)其結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行確認(rèn),其結(jié)果如圖4和表2所示.表2所示的精修參數(shù)的處理方法為:對(duì)4af進(jìn)行重結(jié)晶操作,在室溫下,將4af的晶體置于顯微鏡下,選取形狀規(guī)則透亮,尺寸適用的單晶,放置于X-射線衍射儀上,石墨單色器單色純化的Mo-Kα射線照射后,掃描該物質(zhì),收集單晶衍射數(shù)據(jù),所收集的數(shù)據(jù)運(yùn)用SAINT程序進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)修整還原,然后利用SHELXL-2014程序解析初始結(jié)構(gòu),異性精修非氫原子,同性精修氫原子,骨架結(jié)構(gòu)中的氫原子位置確定則全部利用理論加氫的方式進(jìn)行.
2.2底物適用性考察
在最優(yōu)條件下,本文對(duì)反應(yīng)的底物適用性進(jìn)行了考察,其結(jié)果如圖5所示.實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,該反應(yīng)對(duì)吸電子和給電子基團(tuán)都表現(xiàn)出了較好的耐受性.當(dāng)在肉桂酸酯的芳環(huán)對(duì)位上引入強(qiáng)給電子基團(tuán)甲氧基(如:3ad)時(shí),仍然以62%的收率得到了產(chǎn)物,其他弱給電子基團(tuán),例如甲基(3ab),乙基(3ae),叔丁基(3af)都取得了67%~81%的良好收率.當(dāng)吸電子基團(tuán)肉桂酸酯芳環(huán)對(duì)位上出現(xiàn)時(shí),例如三氟甲基(3ag),氟原子(3ah),收率為63%~64%,略有降低但仍然平穩(wěn),當(dāng)鹵素氯原子(3ai)、溴原子(3aj)取代了苯環(huán)對(duì)位氫時(shí),仍然以63%~75%的良好收率結(jié)束.當(dāng)吸電子基團(tuán)甲基取代在苯環(huán)對(duì)位(3ab)、間位(3ac,)時(shí),對(duì)反應(yīng)也沒有太大影響,也取得63%~81%的收率,當(dāng)CPA芳環(huán)對(duì)位上取代吸電子基團(tuán)乙基(3ba)、鹵素氯原子(3fa),其鄰位取代吸電子基團(tuán)甲基(3ca)時(shí),其產(chǎn)生自由基的效用仍未受到影響,以68%、75%和70%的良好收率結(jié)束,但是當(dāng)CPA的間位上取代吸電子基團(tuán)(3da)、鹵素氯原子(3ea)時(shí),收率降低到55%~56%.總體來(lái)看,該反應(yīng)能適應(yīng)大部分底物,均能取得較好收率.
2.3控制實(shí)驗(yàn)與可能性反應(yīng)機(jī)理
為探究其可能的反應(yīng)機(jī)理,本文分別設(shè)置了兩組空白對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn),其結(jié)果如圖6所示.在無(wú)催化劑或無(wú)光照,且其他條件不變的條件下進(jìn)行反應(yīng),反應(yīng)中幾乎沒有產(chǎn)物生成,表明此反應(yīng)光照和光催化劑不可或缺.另外,在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條件下,向反應(yīng)中加入TEMPO試劑(0.3 mmol)時(shí),反應(yīng)中并無(wú)產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)生,說(shuō)明該反應(yīng)可能經(jīng)由自由基過(guò)程.
鑒于空白對(duì)照結(jié)果和對(duì)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的研究,猜想其可能的反應(yīng)機(jī)理如下:光催化劑(PC)在受到可見光照射時(shí),躍升為激發(fā)態(tài)光催化劑(PC*),而激發(fā)態(tài)光催化劑(PC*)可以參與雙分子電子轉(zhuǎn)移或在分子中輕松捕獲一個(gè)電子,進(jìn)而被還原為(PC-),其環(huán)丙氨類原料則失去一個(gè)電子,誘導(dǎo)其三圓環(huán)斷裂形成胺基陽(yáng)離子自由基,其胺基陽(yáng)離子自由基進(jìn)攻肉桂酸類原料中sp2碳原子,誘導(dǎo)其雙鍵斷裂,再進(jìn)一步關(guān)環(huán),形成環(huán)戊烷類衍生物,如圖7所示.
3結(jié)論
本文開發(fā)了一種利用光催化劑自由基環(huán)化合成2-苯基-3-(苯基氨基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯衍生物的新方法,利用該方法均以較好的收率及位置選擇性得到了18種2-苯基-3-(苯基氨基)環(huán)戊烷-1-羧酸乙酯衍生物及其同分異構(gòu)體.該策略反應(yīng)條件溫和,使用有機(jī)非金屬光催化劑代替了昂貴的過(guò)渡金屬催化劑,大大提升經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,為環(huán)戊烷類化合物的合成提供了新的途徑,同時(shí)也為光誘導(dǎo)催化的自由基加成環(huán)化反應(yīng)提供了新的思路.
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