劉夢(mèng)瑩 李偉之 李培杰 馬富權(quán) 陳羽玲 孫煥煥 高恬恬 薛揮
摘要:食管胃靜脈曲張出血(EGVB)是失代償期門(mén)靜脈高壓癥的主要并發(fā)癥之一,尤其是肝硬化患者,病死率很高。EGVB以藥物聯(lián)合內(nèi)鏡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)防治為主;經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi)門(mén)體分流術(shù)(TIPS)聯(lián)合曲張靜脈栓塞術(shù)在某些高?;颊咧幸部蓛?yōu)先選擇,以肝靜脈壓力梯度為參考采取個(gè)體化診治門(mén)靜脈高壓應(yīng)當(dāng)成為最新共識(shí)和主要策略。本文主要對(duì)失代償期門(mén)靜脈高壓EGVB患者的內(nèi)鏡下防治及TIPS防治的相關(guān)適應(yīng)證選擇、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及優(yōu)劣予以綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:門(mén)靜脈高壓; 肝硬化; ? 食管和胃靜脈曲張; 出血; 門(mén)體分流術(shù), 經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi)
基金項(xiàng)目:
陜西省重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃一般項(xiàng)目(2020SF-073, 2021SF-126, 2018SF-051, 2019SF-195)
Comparison of endoscopic therapy and TIPS in prophylaxis and treatment of variceal bleeding in decompensated portal hypertension
LIU Mengying1, LI Weizhi1, LI Peijie1, MA Fuquan1, CHEN Yuling2, SUN Huanhuan1, GAO Tiantian1, XUE Hui1,2. (1. Department of Gastroenterology, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710061, China; 2. Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xian 710061, China)
Corresponding author:
XUE Hui, zj2@mail.xjtu.edu.cn (ORICD:0000-0003-3837-5361)
Abstract:
Esophagogastric variceal bleeding (EGVB) is one of the main complications of decompensated portal hypertension, especially in patients with liver cirrhosis, and it often has a high mortality rate. Medication combined with endoscopy is the main prevention and treatment method for EGVB, while transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) combined with variceal embolization can also be selected for some high-risk patients, and individualized diagnosis and treatment of portal hypertension based on hepatic venous pressure gradient should become the latest consensus and the main strategy. This article mainly reviews endoscopic therapy and TIPS for the prevention and treatment of EGVB patients with decompensated portal hypertension in terms of selection of indications, incidence rate of complications, and respective advantages and disadvantages.
Key words:
Portal Hypertension; Liver Cirrhosis; ? Esophageal and Gastric Varices; Hemorrhage; ??? Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic
Research funding:
Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Provincial in China (2020SF-073, 2021SF-126, 2018SF-051, 2019SF-195)
1 門(mén)靜脈高壓癥(portal hypertension,PH)
PH是肝硬化的初始和主要后果,肝硬化大多數(shù)并發(fā)癥歸因于PH。肝硬化在臨床上分為代償期肝硬化或代償期進(jìn)展性慢性肝?。?]和失代償肝硬化。代償期進(jìn)展性慢性肝病根據(jù)肝靜脈壓力梯度(hepatic venous pressure gradient,HVPG)分為輕度PH(HVPG>5 mmHg,且<10 mmHg)及臨床顯著門(mén)靜脈高壓[2](clinically significant portal hypertension, CSPH)。HVPG測(cè)量是目前評(píng)估CSPH存在的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),CSPH被定義為HVPG≥10 mmHg[3],而PH定義為>5 mmHg門(mén)靜脈壓力梯度,臨床上常以HVPG來(lái)評(píng)估。HVPG≥12 mmHg,PH患者已處于失代償期。食管胃靜脈曲張(gastroesophageal varices, GOV)患者中,HVPG>12 mmHg有診斷出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),HVPG≥20 mmHg預(yù)測(cè)急性GOV出血控制失敗,早期再出血及死亡[4-5]。在代償期肝硬化患者中30%~40%的患者存在食管胃靜脈曲張,而失代償肝硬化患者中,GOV可高達(dá)85%[6]。代償期肝硬化患者,靜脈曲張以每年7%~8%的速度進(jìn)展,而失代償肝硬化患者以10%~12%的速度從小曲張靜脈發(fā)展成大曲張靜脈[7]。食管胃靜脈曲張出血(esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding,EGVB)的發(fā)生率為10%~15%,取決于肝病的嚴(yán)重程度,靜脈曲張的大小和紅色征的存在。目前6周病死率被認(rèn)為是評(píng)估急性EGVB治療效果的主要終點(diǎn)[3],且肝硬化合并EGVB患者6周內(nèi)病死率為15%~25%[8]。HVPG≥20 mmHg與EGVB患者預(yù)后不良有關(guān),尤其見(jiàn)于Child-Pugh C級(jí)患者,如果不治療,60%的患者會(huì)復(fù)發(fā)EGVB,且在出血后1~2年再發(fā),病死率約33%[4]。
本文主要對(duì)失代償期門(mén)靜脈高壓EGVB患者的內(nèi)鏡下防治及經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi)門(mén)體分流術(shù)(TIPS)聯(lián)合曲張靜脈栓塞防治的相關(guān)適應(yīng)證的選擇、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及各自的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)加以綜述。
2 急性EGVB的內(nèi)鏡治療
EGVB是一種危及生命的急性失代償事件,6周內(nèi)病死率為15%~25%。治療急性EGVB的主要目標(biāo)是控制出血,防治早期再出血(5天內(nèi))和預(yù)防6周死亡。胃食管區(qū)域外的靜脈曲張,如直腸,十二指腸等部位不常見(jiàn),為異位靜脈曲張,一旦出血,治療失敗率較高,成功處理取決于靜脈曲張的產(chǎn)生部位、血管造影表現(xiàn)和內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)可操控性。
上消化道內(nèi)鏡在診斷和處理疑似靜脈曲張出血方面是確切的。在血流動(dòng)力學(xué)復(fù)蘇后,有上消化道出血和肝硬化特征患者應(yīng)盡快于12 h內(nèi)接受內(nèi)鏡檢查。內(nèi)鏡下食管靜脈曲張?zhí)自g(shù)(endoscopic esophageal varix ligation,EVL)是通過(guò)結(jié)扎食管下段靜脈曲張,閉塞靜脈,從而緩解靜脈曲張,降低再出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。EVL每2~4周1次,直到靜脈曲張消除。EVL是治療食管靜脈曲張出血和食管胃靜脈曲張1型(GOV 1型)出血的最常用方法。對(duì)于孤立性胃靜脈曲張(isolated gastric varices,IGV)出血和GOV 2型出血,推薦硬化治療和組織膠注射術(shù),內(nèi)鏡下硬化治療(endoscopic injection sclerotherapy,EIS)是內(nèi)鏡下注射硬化劑聚桂醇止血,防止食管胃靜脈曲張?jiān)俪鲅闹委熮k法,其機(jī)制是向曲張靜脈注射硬化劑引起曲張靜脈無(wú)菌性炎癥,導(dǎo)致靜脈曲張血栓、纖維瘢痕形成,最終閉塞曲張靜脈[9]。隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)[10]中使用的氰基丙烯酸酯因聚合時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)已成功用于急性食管胃靜脈曲張出血(acute esophageal-gastric variceal bleeding,AEVB)。EVL和組織膠(如N-氰基丙烯酸丁酯)注射可用于GOV 1型的AEVB治療。對(duì)于AEVB、EVL和EIS止血率可達(dá)90%~95%,有效降低再出血率[11]。內(nèi)鏡下治療最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以反復(fù)治療,逐漸減少閉塞靜脈曲張,從而達(dá)到治療AEVB的目標(biāo)[12]。EVL和EIS具有適應(yīng)證廣,操作方便,止血成功率高,并發(fā)癥少等明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。但肝硬化患者門(mén)靜脈高壓持續(xù)存在,可導(dǎo)致靜脈曲張復(fù)發(fā),影響長(zhǎng)期治療效果,因此需要定期觀察并反復(fù)治療。在臨床實(shí)踐過(guò)程中,當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)大出血,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定時(shí),內(nèi)鏡應(yīng)用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大,此時(shí)內(nèi)鏡下治療不建議作為首選[13]。此類(lèi)患者可采取其他治療方法,如三腔兩囊管壓迫止血或急診綠色通道下血管內(nèi)介入治療。
門(mén)靜脈高壓合并胃靜脈曲張發(fā)生率約為20%,比食管靜脈曲張的發(fā)生率低,但胃靜脈曲張出血率及出血相關(guān)死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于食管靜脈曲張,其3年出血率為16%~45%,病死率高達(dá)45%[14]。胃靜脈曲張常伴有胃腎分流(gastrorenal shunt,GRS)和脾腎分流(splenorenal shunt,SRS)。急性胃靜脈曲張出血患者的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定后應(yīng)盡早行增強(qiáng)CT或MRI及門(mén)靜脈系統(tǒng)血管成像,治療上首選內(nèi)鏡下組織膠注射術(shù)(endoscopic cryanoacylate glue injection,ECI)以達(dá)到止血,其止血率>90%[15]。ECI相較于EVL治療的病死率(分別為35%和62%)顯著降低,在控制胃靜脈曲張出血和預(yù)防胃靜脈曲張?jiān)俪鲅矫娓行А5珣?yīng)注意誤吸窒息及術(shù)中急性異位栓塞如肺栓塞,腦栓塞及治療后排膠潰瘍引起的再出血、敗血癥[16]。臨床上為了減少異位栓塞,首先需要完善門(mén)靜脈系統(tǒng)血管三維成像以觀察有無(wú)GRS、SRS及其他異常門(mén)腔分流;另外,用新三明治組織膠注射法(聚桂醇-組織膠-聚桂醇)來(lái)代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)三明治組織膠注射法(碘化油-組織膠-碘化油)以減少異位栓塞[17]。超聲內(nèi)鏡引導(dǎo)下彈簧圈聯(lián)合ECI能夠降低異位栓塞并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但急性EGVB接受EUS缺乏證據(jù)支持[18]。如果內(nèi)鏡下EIS、EVL或ECI不能或不適合控制的胃靜脈曲張出血,則建議盡早行TIPS聯(lián)合靜脈曲張栓塞術(shù)。
3 急性EGVB的TIPS聯(lián)合靜脈曲張栓塞術(shù)的治療
EGVB是失代償期門(mén)靜脈高壓癥的嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,對(duì)經(jīng)藥物聯(lián)合內(nèi)鏡不能控制的活動(dòng)性出血或治療后5天內(nèi)的早期再出血,應(yīng)及時(shí)推薦挽救性TIPS[3]。TIPS是通過(guò)頸內(nèi)靜脈在肝靜脈和門(mén)靜脈之間的肝實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)建立分流通道,使門(mén)靜脈系統(tǒng)的血流通過(guò)分流通道直接回到體循環(huán),從而降低門(mén)靜脈壓力。
將急性GOV出血患者根據(jù)HVPG分為高危組(HVPG≥20 mmHg)和低危組(HVPG<20 mmHg)。高危組患者早期(24 h內(nèi))實(shí)施TIPS治療較內(nèi)鏡聯(lián)合藥物的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療出血控制失敗率(5%和12%)及6周病死率(35%和62%)顯著降低[19]。García-pagán等[20]對(duì)急性GOV出血的高?;颊撸–hild-Pugh C級(jí)及Child-Pugh B級(jí)正在出血患者)進(jìn)行多中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究顯示,與采用藥物聯(lián)合內(nèi)鏡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療相比,在出血后72 h內(nèi)進(jìn)行TIPS聯(lián)合靜脈曲張栓塞術(shù),控制急性出血失敗率或再出血顯著降低,生存率明顯提高;而肝性腦?。℉E)的發(fā)生率沒(méi)有增加。而另一項(xiàng)研究[21]則提示早期TIPS聯(lián)合靜脈曲張栓塞術(shù)可以改善Child-Pugh C級(jí)患者生存,而對(duì)Child-Pugh A級(jí)及Child-Pugh B級(jí)患者生存無(wú)明顯影響。一項(xiàng)薈萃分析[22]證實(shí)早期TIPS與藥物聯(lián)合內(nèi)鏡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療相比,優(yōu)先TIPS(preemptive-TIPS,P-TIPS)能顯著提高出血控制率,降低再出血率,改善Child-Pugh C級(jí)<14分和Child-Pugh B級(jí)>7分的正在出血患者的生存率,而Child-Pugh B級(jí)<7分的患者沒(méi)有生存獲益。鑒于P-TIPS能減少早期再出血和改善患者生存率,故Baveno Ⅶ推薦[10]對(duì)于Child-PughC級(jí)<14分、Child-Pugh B級(jí)>7分伴活動(dòng)性出血或HVPG>20 mmHg有很高的再出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者,應(yīng)考慮在72 h(最佳24 h)內(nèi)行P-TIPS。P-TIPS不會(huì)增加HE或腹水惡化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。入院時(shí)慢加急性肝衰竭、HE和高膽紅素血癥不應(yīng)視為P-TIPS的禁忌證[10]。
4 GOV再出血的預(yù)防
急性GOV出血后,1年再出血率高達(dá)60%,病死率約33%[19],因此要重視預(yù)防GOV再出血。非選擇性β受體阻滯劑(non-selective beta-blocker,NSBB)包括普萘洛爾、納多洛爾及卡維地洛,聯(lián)合內(nèi)鏡治療被認(rèn)為是預(yù)防GOV再出血的首選方案[3]。TIPS是NSBB聯(lián)合內(nèi)鏡治療預(yù)防GOV再出血失敗后的二級(jí)方案。然而一項(xiàng)薈萃分析[23]顯示早期TIPS(出血后5天內(nèi))相比NSBB聯(lián)合內(nèi)鏡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療可顯著降低GOV再出血患者的病死率。同樣P-TIPS被證明在預(yù)防復(fù)發(fā)性靜脈曲張出血和改善高危出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)肝硬化患者的病死率方面是安全有效的[24]。TIPS可改善肝硬化復(fù)發(fā)性腹水患者的生存,EGVB伴有復(fù)發(fā)性腹水的患者可以優(yōu)先考慮TIPS預(yù)防GOV再出血[25]。NSBB無(wú)應(yīng)答患者聯(lián)合內(nèi)鏡治療不能降低其再出血率,反而增加并發(fā)癥及患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[4]。HVPG≥20 mmHg的肝硬化患者,TIPS作為二級(jí)預(yù)防GOV 1年內(nèi)不出血率明顯高于NSBB聯(lián)合內(nèi)鏡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療組(85% vs 54%)[26]。門(mén)靜脈主干血栓超過(guò)管腔面積50%的肝硬化患者,TIPS與藥物聯(lián)合內(nèi)鏡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療相比,可降低GOV再出血率,而不增加HE發(fā)生率[27]。GOV 2型和IGV 1型胃靜脈曲張出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極高,出血時(shí)有較低的門(mén)靜脈壓力梯度,即使完成了成功的TIPS治療,仍有再出血可能[28]。TIPS聯(lián)合靜脈曲張栓塞或聯(lián)合經(jīng)球囊導(dǎo)管逆行性靜脈栓塞術(shù)(balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration,BRTO) 對(duì)GRS及SRS栓塞可顯著降低HE的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且不增加GOV再出血率[29]。GOV 2型、IGV 1型和異位靜脈曲張患者,BRTO可視為內(nèi)鏡治療或TIPS的替代療法[10]。TIPS在以下情況可以作為預(yù)防食管胃靜脈曲張?jiān)俪鲅膬?yōu)選方案:(1)NSBB不耐受或應(yīng)用NSBB作為一級(jí)預(yù)防GOV出血失敗者;(2)合并復(fù)發(fā)性或頑固性腹水;(3)合并門(mén)靜脈血栓;(4)門(mén)靜脈壓力梯度或HVPG≥20 mmHg;(5)伴有GRS或SRS。GOV 2型和IGV 1型的胃靜脈曲張患者,優(yōu)先選擇P-TIPS聯(lián)合靜脈曲張栓塞,也可以再聯(lián)合BRTO[30]。
TIPS在降低門(mén)靜脈壓力防治肝硬化合并EGVB方面較于內(nèi)鏡治療獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟,TIPS術(shù)后5年因支架失功引起再出血率遠(yuǎn)低于藥物聯(lián)合內(nèi)鏡治療(19.5% vs 66.7%),但TIPS術(shù)后5年HE高于藥物聯(lián)合內(nèi)鏡治療(25.3% vs 10%)[31]。另外,TIPS術(shù)后肝性脊髓?。╤epatic myelopathy,HM)發(fā)生率較低,但卻是困擾臨床的棘手問(wèn)題。肝臟儲(chǔ)備功能差、分流量過(guò)大、低鈉血癥、肌少癥被認(rèn)為是TIPS術(shù)后HE的主要危險(xiǎn)因素,而限制支架的直徑或?qū)χЪ苓M(jìn)行亞擴(kuò)張可以降低TIPS術(shù)后HE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[32]。HM是肝硬化少見(jiàn)嚴(yán)重神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥,肝硬化時(shí)有一定的自然發(fā)生率[33],TIPS術(shù)后誘發(fā)或加重HM,主要表現(xiàn)為進(jìn)行性雙下肢對(duì)稱性痙攣性截癱,減少門(mén)腔分流量能改善肝硬化患者TIPS術(shù)后HM[34]。
5 展望
內(nèi)鏡下治療(EVL、EIS和ECI)和TIPS聯(lián)合曲張靜脈栓塞術(shù)是能夠有效控制和預(yù)防EGVB的微創(chuàng)治療方法。然而還需大量的臨床研究來(lái)區(qū)分不同治療方案的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、利弊及其在不同人群中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。同時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)患者的具體情況,HVPG或門(mén)靜脈壓力梯度測(cè)定和GOV出血患者的危險(xiǎn)分層,選擇個(gè)體化治療方案。內(nèi)鏡下防治和TIPS聯(lián)合食管胃靜脈曲張栓塞防治GOV出血都有各自的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),未來(lái)更期待通過(guò)嚴(yán)格設(shè)計(jì)的前瞻性研究,對(duì)比出TIPS和內(nèi)鏡治療干預(yù)節(jié)點(diǎn),從而探索出GOV出血合理的治療策略。
利益沖突說(shuō)明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明:劉夢(mèng)瑩參與收集分析文獻(xiàn),撰寫(xiě)文章及修改;李偉之參與文章修改;李培杰、馬富權(quán)、陳羽玲、孫煥煥、高恬恬參與收集文獻(xiàn);薛揮負(fù)責(zé)撰寫(xiě)文章,指導(dǎo)文章修改及最后定稿。
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收稿日期:
2023-05-09;錄用日期:2023-06-10
本文編輯:王瑩
引證本文:
LIU MY, LI WZ, LI PJ, et al.
Comparison of endoscopic therapy and TIPS in prophylaxis and treatment of variceal bleeding in decompensated portal hypertension
[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2023, 39(7): 1529-1534.
劉夢(mèng)瑩, 李偉之, 李培杰,? 等. 失代償期門(mén)靜脈高壓癥防治:食管胃靜脈曲張出血內(nèi)鏡vs經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi)門(mén)體分流術(shù)
[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(7): 1529-1534.