金秋 楊婧 馬紅琳 劉清清 李蘋菊 胡紹山
摘要:骨質(zhì)疏松癥是肝硬化常見的肝外并發(fā)癥,合并骨質(zhì)疏松不僅增加患者經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)而且給患者的生活質(zhì)量和預(yù)后帶來不良影響。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肌肉減少癥、脂聯(lián)素、瘦素、鳶尾素和炎癥因子等參與了肝硬化骨質(zhì)疏松的發(fā)生,常用的抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物有鈣劑、維生素D和雙膦酸鹽等。本文總結(jié)了肝硬化合并骨質(zhì)疏松的危險(xiǎn)因素、發(fā)病機(jī)制和治療的研究進(jìn)展,指出部分因子對骨質(zhì)疏松的影響尚存爭議,仍需進(jìn)一步探究相關(guān)發(fā)病機(jī)制以及探索更多安全有效的治療方案。
關(guān)鍵詞:肝硬化; 骨質(zhì)疏松; 肌減少癥; 脂聯(lián)素; 鳶尾素
基金項(xiàng)目:昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)2022年研究生創(chuàng)新基金(2022S275); 昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院院內(nèi)臨床研究項(xiàng)目(ynllT2021012)
Advances in the risk factors, pathogenesis, and treatment of liver cirrhosis with osteoporosis
JIN Qiu, YANG Jing, MA Honglin, LIU Qingqing, LI Pingju, HU Shaoshan. (Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, China)
Corresponding author:
YANG Jing, yangjing_dl@163.com (ORCID:0000-0003-3305-8893)
Abstract:
Osteoporosis is a common extrahepatic complication of liver cirrhosis, and it not only increases the economic burden of patients, but also brings adverse effects on their quality of life and prognosis. Recent studies have shown that sarcopenia, adiponectin, leptin, irisin, and inflammatory factors are involved in the development of osteoporosis in patients with liver cirrhosis, and commonly used anti-osteoporosis drugs include calcium supplement, vitamin D, and bisphosphonates. This article reviews the advances in the risk factors, pathogenesis, and treatment of liver cirrhosis with osteoporosis and points out that there are still controversies over the influence of some factors on osteoporosis, and further studies are needed to explore related pathogeneses and safe and effective treatment regimens.
Key words:
Liver Cirrhosis; Osteoporosis; Sarcopenia; Adiponectin; Irisin
Research funding:
Postgraduate Innovation Fund of Kunming Medical University in 2022(2022S275); Hospital Clinical Research Project of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University(ynllT2021012)
骨質(zhì)疏松癥(osteoporosis,OP)是指骨量和礦物質(zhì)密度降低,骨組織宏觀和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化,導(dǎo)致骨脆性和骨折易感性增加的全身性骨病。無論病因如何,肝硬化本身是OP的危險(xiǎn)因素,肝硬化合并OP的發(fā)生率為12%~55%[1]。目前推薦雙能X線骨密度檢查作為OP的診斷方法,骨密度值常用T值表示,T值=(實(shí)測值-同性別、同種族健康青年峰值骨密度)/同性別、同種族健康青年峰值骨密度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,T值≤-2.5可診斷OP[2]。本文將圍繞近年肝硬化合并OP的危險(xiǎn)因素、發(fā)病機(jī)制和治療等方面進(jìn)行綜述,旨在幫助臨床醫(yī)生及時(shí)識別肝硬化發(fā)生OP的高危人群,早期進(jìn)行OP防治。
1 危險(xiǎn)因素
1.1 低握力 握力測定是評估肌肉力量的簡便方法,肝硬化患者肌肉力量下降和OP的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。Santos等[3]對肝硬化患者進(jìn)行握力測定,發(fā)現(xiàn)低握力和腰椎T值降低相關(guān),低握力能夠有效預(yù)測腰椎骨質(zhì)疏松,截?cái)嘀岛褪茉囌吖ぷ魈卣髑€下面積分別為23.5 kg和0.70。對肝硬化患者測定握力有助于篩查骨骼疾病,握力降低反映機(jī)體活動能力減少,與肝硬化長期的分解代謝消耗有關(guān)。
1.2 肝纖維化和肝功能 肝纖維化是由基質(zhì)和纖維瘢痕組織包裹修復(fù)損傷的肝細(xì)胞所形成,肝纖維化分期與骨密度值呈負(fù)相關(guān),骨形成和骨吸收標(biāo)志物水平隨肝纖維化程度增加而升高,表明肝纖維化患者骨密度降低可能和骨轉(zhuǎn)換增加有關(guān)[4]。Zhang等[5]對189例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的研究指出,骨質(zhì)疏松組的肝臟硬度值明顯高于骨量正常組,高肝臟硬度是OP的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。同時(shí),Child-Pugh評分升高和骨密度降低相關(guān)[6],惡化的肝功能是OP的危險(xiǎn)因素之一。
1.3 脂肪組織 脂肪組織具有儲能、產(chǎn)熱和內(nèi)分泌等功能,一項(xiàng)觀察性研究[7]通過CT圖像計(jì)算肝硬化患者腹部皮下脂肪組織指數(shù)(subcutaneous adipose tissue index,SATI)指出,低SATI和女性患者的病死率升高相關(guān),反映了肝硬化能量消耗所致的不良預(yù)后。Huldén等[8]的研究進(jìn)一步表明,低皮下脂肪量是肝硬化發(fā)生OP的危險(xiǎn)因素。慢性炎癥和骨量丟失有關(guān),皮下脂肪細(xì)胞可分泌抗炎細(xì)胞因子抑制炎癥反應(yīng),可能參與OP發(fā)生發(fā)展,但目前相關(guān)研究較少,尚需大量研究肯定其價(jià)值。
1.4 肌肉減少癥 肌肉減少癥又稱肌少癥,是一種隨年齡增長而出現(xiàn)肌量減少和/或肌肉力量下降或肌肉生理功能衰退的疾病,肌少癥使骨折、摔倒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。骨骼-肌肉之間相互作用受到重視,最近研究[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),肌少癥是OP的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。Saeki等[10]將肝硬化患者分為OP組和非OP組,OP組合并肌少癥比例明顯升高(63.3% vs 18.3%, P<0.001),且骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)是OP的有效預(yù)測因子。肌少癥與OP密切相關(guān),在合并肌少癥的肝硬化人群中應(yīng)注意篩查OP。
1.5 其他 肝硬化發(fā)生OP的其他危險(xiǎn)因素包括:年長、絕經(jīng)女性和不良生活方式(如體力活動減少、吸煙和過量飲酒),長期蛋白質(zhì)營養(yǎng)攝入不足、低BMI、鈣、維生素D和維生素K缺乏等營養(yǎng)相關(guān)因素[11],膽汁淤積致膽紅素和石膽酸升高損害成骨細(xì)胞[12],長期使用糖皮質(zhì)激素、抗病毒藥物如富馬酸替諾福韋二吡呋酯和免疫抑制劑等藥物,合并內(nèi)分泌和風(fēng)濕免疫系統(tǒng)疾病等。
2 發(fā)病機(jī)制
2.1 骨微結(jié)構(gòu)改變 肝硬化使得患者的骨微結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生相應(yīng)變化,骨小梁微結(jié)構(gòu)的改變導(dǎo)致椎體強(qiáng)度降低。Jadzic等[13]使用micro-CT對腰椎結(jié)構(gòu)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),與健康對照組相比,酒精性肝硬化患者骨小梁數(shù)目、小梁厚度和骨體積分?jǐn)?shù)降低,證明肝硬化骨小梁結(jié)構(gòu)退化,但并未發(fā)現(xiàn)骨皮質(zhì)微結(jié)構(gòu)改變。相關(guān)研究[14]進(jìn)一步表明,肝硬化患者的皮質(zhì)骨厚度降低而皮質(zhì)骨孔隙明顯增加,證明骨小梁和皮質(zhì)骨微結(jié)構(gòu)均有明顯受損。骨微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的改變直接影響骨骼的強(qiáng)度,并增加骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
2.2 硬化蛋白 骨硬化蛋白是由sost基因編碼,骨細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的抑制骨形成的糖蛋白。Wnt/β-catenin通路能夠促進(jìn)成骨細(xì)胞增殖分化,Wnt與細(xì)胞膜上卷曲蛋白(Frizzled)、低密度脂蛋白受體相關(guān)蛋白5/6(LRP5/6)受體結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物從而激活散亂蛋白,促使糖原合酶激酶-3β、軸蛋白、酪蛋白激酶1和腺瘤性結(jié)腸息肉病基因復(fù)合物解體,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的β-catenin進(jìn)入胞核,激活成骨相關(guān)基因表達(dá)(圖1)。硬化蛋白是Wnt/β-catenin通路的調(diào)節(jié)因子,其阻礙Wnt和其受體結(jié)合而抑制骨形成[15]。Moradi等[16]通過結(jié)扎膽管誘導(dǎo)小鼠發(fā)生肝硬化,發(fā)現(xiàn)肝硬化小鼠股骨強(qiáng)度減低,肝硬化組小鼠的硬化蛋白水平明顯高于正常對照組,證明高水平硬化蛋白和肝硬化的低骨量有關(guān)。有研究的結(jié)論與之相反,Wakolbinger等[17]使用ELISA法檢測與LRP5/6相互作用位點(diǎn)的硬化蛋白,肝硬化組的硬化蛋白水平略低于健康對照組,在酒精性肝硬化中顯著降低。上述結(jié)果產(chǎn)生矛盾的原因可能和酒精促進(jìn)骨細(xì)胞凋亡以及更多的硬化蛋白片段未被ELISA法檢測到有關(guān),未來還需大樣本前瞻性研究。
2.3 胰島素樣生長因子-1(insulin-like growth factor -1,IGF-1) IGF-1主要在肝臟合成,參與骨形成和骨吸收的過程。骨保護(hù)素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)/核因子-κB受體活化因子(receptor activator of nuclear factor κB,RANK)/RANK配體(RANK ligand,RANKL)系統(tǒng)是調(diào)節(jié)破骨細(xì)胞成熟和分化的經(jīng)典途徑。RANKL可由成骨細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,與破骨細(xì)胞表面RANK結(jié)合激活破骨細(xì)胞來調(diào)控骨吸收,OPG競爭性與RANKL結(jié)合減少破骨細(xì)胞增殖分化(圖2)。IGF-1可通過OPG/RANK/RANKL途徑減少骨破壞,也可以通過Wnt/β-catenin通路增加成骨細(xì)胞生成[15]。關(guān)于原發(fā)性膽汁性膽管炎(primary biliary cholangitis,PBC)的研究[9]顯示,OP組的IGF-1水平顯著低于非OP組,Saeki等[10]針對肝硬化患者的研究亦得出相同結(jié)論。生長激素參與IGF-1合成,肝硬化由于肝臟合成能力下降以及肝細(xì)胞表面生長激素受體減少,導(dǎo)致IGF-1水平降低。
2.4 促炎因子 肝硬化患者體內(nèi)多種促炎因子表達(dá)上調(diào),如IL-6、IL-1β、IL-17、前列腺素和TNFα,這些促炎因子均可刺激RANKL的表達(dá)來促進(jìn)破骨細(xì)胞分化,IL-6、IL-1β和TNFα還能直接作用于破骨細(xì)胞致骨吸收增加[18]。
2.5 脂肪因子
2.5.1 脂聯(lián)素 脂聯(lián)素是由脂肪細(xì)胞分泌的細(xì)胞因子,不僅能夠調(diào)節(jié)胰島素抵抗、糖類和脂肪代謝,還具有促進(jìn)骨形成和骨吸收的雙重作用,其通過脂聯(lián)素受體1/c-Jun氨基端激酶和脂聯(lián)素受體1/p38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶途徑促進(jìn)成骨細(xì)胞增殖分化,還通過增加RANKL/OPG比值促進(jìn)骨吸收[19]。脂聯(lián)素水平升高是普通人群發(fā)生OP的危險(xiǎn)因素[20]。血清脂聯(lián)素主要由肝臟清除,Moradi等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),與無肝硬化的小鼠相比,肝硬化小鼠血清脂聯(lián)素水平升高和骨量丟失相關(guān),進(jìn)一步研究[21]表明,脂聯(lián)素水平隨著肝硬化患者Child-Pugh分級惡化而升高。以上研究證明了高脂聯(lián)素水平和肝硬化發(fā)生OP相關(guān),其可能通過OPG/RANK/RANKL途徑和以濃度依賴性誘導(dǎo)軟骨細(xì)胞增加IL-6的釋放從而促使骨吸收有關(guān)[22]。
2.5.2 瘦素 瘦素是脂肪細(xì)胞分泌的另一種激素,能夠與中樞系統(tǒng)特殊位點(diǎn)結(jié)合來調(diào)控體質(zhì)量和能量代謝,還可激活肝星狀細(xì)胞促進(jìn)肝臟炎癥和纖維化[23]。它對骨密度的影響可能通過與下丘腦相關(guān)受體結(jié)合,興奮交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并激活成骨細(xì)胞表面β2腎上腺素能受體從而抑制成骨細(xì)胞增殖分化,還能增加RANKL和骨組織局部炎癥因子的表達(dá),促進(jìn)破骨細(xì)胞生成。瘦素還通過促進(jìn)骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSC)向成骨細(xì)胞分化以及上調(diào)OPG來增加骨量[24]。研究[25]表明慢性肝病(chronic liver disease,CLD)患者體內(nèi)瘦素水平降低,其對骨密度主要以正向調(diào)節(jié)為主,特別是在PBC患者中。
2.5.3 鳶尾素 鳶尾素是纖維連接蛋白Ⅲ型結(jié)構(gòu)域包含蛋白5的裂解片段,由脂肪和肌肉組織分泌,是具有抗肝臟炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激的細(xì)胞因子[26]。鳶尾素能夠促進(jìn)骨生成,通過上調(diào)BMSC自噬水平從而激活Wnt/β-catenin信號通路,促進(jìn)BMSC向成骨細(xì)胞分化[27],也可上調(diào)編碼骨橋蛋白基因、下調(diào)骨硬化蛋白基因表達(dá)最終促進(jìn)骨形成[28]。對CLD患者的研究[29-30]表明,鳶尾素濃度取決于肝臟組織病理學(xué)損傷的嚴(yán)重程度,其濃度隨著肝硬化嚴(yán)重程度增加而降低,鳶尾素水平降低還可能加快肝纖維化進(jìn)展。綜上,肝硬化患者低水平的鳶尾素可能參與了OP的發(fā)生機(jī)制,目前相關(guān)研究尚少,未來仍需進(jìn)一步探索。
2.6 腸道菌群 人體腸道菌群在維持機(jī)體免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)、營養(yǎng)平衡和避免病原菌侵入等方面發(fā)揮作用。健康人腸道菌群產(chǎn)生的代謝產(chǎn)物(如短鏈脂肪酸)抑制核因子κ輕鏈增強(qiáng)子的激活發(fā)揮抗炎效應(yīng),益生菌可產(chǎn)生抗氧化產(chǎn)物來減少氧化應(yīng)激,腸道菌群還能夠調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體IGF-1水平和微小RNA的表達(dá)來維護(hù)骨骼發(fā)育[31]。肝硬化由于腸黏膜屏障損傷和膽汁排泄障礙等原因?qū)е履c道通透性增加、腸道菌群多樣性減少、固有菌減少、潛在致病菌增加以及細(xì)菌移位,使肝臟暴露于大量細(xì)菌及其代謝產(chǎn)物中,上調(diào)了機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)。腸道菌群的紊亂使骨密度降低[32],增加OP的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
2.7 其他 肝硬化肝功能減退使雌激素滅活減少,雌激素反饋抑制垂體促性腺激素釋放導(dǎo)致睪酮水平降低。雌激素能夠促進(jìn)成骨細(xì)胞生成以及通過OPG/RANK/RANKL、Wnt/β-catenin通路和抑制促炎細(xì)胞因子等途徑防止骨質(zhì)流失,而雄激素可通過其受體直接促進(jìn)成骨,也可增加雌激素水平間接促進(jìn)成骨[15]。但相較于絕經(jīng)女性、男性性腺功能減退和惡化肝功能等加速骨質(zhì)流失的因素,雌激素對骨保護(hù)能力較弱。單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single-nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)可能參與OP,Tang等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn)PBC患者CLDN14基因表達(dá)減少和骨密度降低有關(guān),多種SNP和骨密度相關(guān)。另有研究[34]認(rèn)為維生素D受體基因的BsmI GG基因型增加了肝移植患者OP風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但目前對SNP的觀點(diǎn)尚未統(tǒng)一。
3 治療
3.1 維生素D和鈣劑 對于OP高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者,建議每日在飲食中補(bǔ)鈣和維生素D劑量分別為1 000~1 500 mg和800 IU[35]。Grover等[36]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),補(bǔ)充維生素D 1年可提高肝硬化患者的維生素D水平但并未改善骨密度,但目前仍建議維生素D和鈣劑用于肝硬化合并OP的預(yù)防及治療。
3.2 雙膦酸鹽 絕經(jīng)后OP使用雙膦酸鹽治療可減少骨吸收,當(dāng)前治療CLD合并OP的主要藥物仍然是雙膦酸鹽,包括利塞膦酸鈉、阿侖膦酸鈉和唑來膦酸等[37]。既往認(rèn)為該類藥物具有刺激消化道,增加食管靜脈曲張破裂出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),使其在肝硬化患者中使用受限。Lima等[38]對120例肝硬化患者進(jìn)行為期1年的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)每周口服35 mg利塞膦酸鈉能夠有效提高患者骨密度,且在定期內(nèi)鏡隨訪的情況下可安全用于伴有食管靜脈曲張的患者,目前認(rèn)為含氮雙膦酸鹽是CLD合并OP的一線治療。
3.3 激素替代 雌激素通過抑制破骨細(xì)胞活性而具有良好的抗骨吸收作用,被長期應(yīng)用于絕經(jīng)后OP的治療[39],雌孕激素在CLD的證據(jù)主要來源于PBC患者,激素替代療法可能改善肝病患者骨密度。既往認(rèn)為該療法存在加重膽汁淤積的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),Rudic等[40]表明激素替代治療并未影響PBC患者血清膽紅素水平和病死率。由于該療法存在增加門靜脈血栓、鈉水潴留和乳腺癌等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并不常規(guī)推薦在肝硬化患者中使用。
3.4 RANKL抑制劑 地諾單抗是哺乳動物細(xì)胞中產(chǎn)生的人源化IgG2單克隆抗體,是首個(gè)獲批的靶向RANKL抑制劑。與OPG作用相似,地諾單抗能夠阻止RANKL與RANK結(jié)合從而抑制骨吸收。近期研究[41]對合并OP的CLD患者每6個(gè)月注射1次地諾單抗,在治療1年時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)無論是否存在肝硬化,地諾單抗均能增加CLD患者的骨密度,其治療CLD合并OP是安全有效的。Gkoufa等[42]報(bào)道了1例失代償期肝硬化患者首次使用地諾單抗60 mg后出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的低鈣血癥,肝硬化患者使用地諾單抗治療前需糾正低鈣血癥,使用期間應(yīng)注意監(jiān)測血鈣水平。
3.5 其他 降鈣素能夠抑制破骨細(xì)胞生成并增加成骨,在鈣磷調(diào)節(jié)中發(fā)揮重要作用。一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究[43]證明鮭魚降鈣素聯(lián)合鈣劑治療后的骨密度顯著高于單純鈣劑治療,鮭魚降鈣素有效提高肝硬化OP患者的骨密度。治療OP的藥物還包括甲狀旁腺素類似物、氟化鈉和選擇性雌激素受體調(diào)節(jié)劑,相關(guān)研究集中于PBC人群,現(xiàn)有研究數(shù)目以及所納入的樣本量較少,缺乏高質(zhì)量證據(jù)支持其能夠用于肝硬化患者的治療。四烯甲萘醌和雷奈酸鍶分別為維生素K類和鍶鹽,可提高OP患者的骨量,目前暫無針對肝硬化患者的相關(guān)研究。肝硬化經(jīng)支持治療無法改善的唯一有效方法是肝移植,由于糖皮質(zhì)激素和免疫抑制劑的使用,骨密度丟失多發(fā)生于移植后的3~6個(gè)月,后期骨密度可逐漸恢復(fù)至移植前水平。
4 小結(jié)
OP是肝硬化不容忽視的并發(fā)癥,其危險(xiǎn)因素和機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,炎癥、激素和腸道菌群等均參與了OP的發(fā)生發(fā)展,同時(shí),肌少癥、脂肪因子以及SNP等為探索肝硬化合并OP的機(jī)制提供了新思路。肝硬化繼發(fā)OP和原發(fā)性O(shè)P在治療上均以預(yù)防為主,但治療方案仍有一定差別,前者在于治療肝臟原發(fā)病來延緩肝功能惡化,減少OP危險(xiǎn)因素以及適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充鈣、維生素D和雙膦酸鹽等防治OP,且地諾單抗被證實(shí)是有效的。目前部分藥物研究較少,未來仍需大量研究給予循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)支持。同時(shí),PBC、肝硬化和肝移植后的患者應(yīng)注意監(jiān)測骨密度。
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收稿日期:
2022-07-31;錄用日期:2022-09-20
本文編輯:林姣