陸素芳 黃睿 趙紅利 王丹丹 丁玉珍 周紅
摘要:目的 探討風險評估模型對人工肝治療肝衰竭患者靜脈血栓栓塞癥(VTE)發(fā)生風險的預測價值。方法 回顧性選取2018年3月—2021年12月于南京大學醫(yī)學院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院行人工肝治療的肝衰竭患者184例,其中并發(fā)VTE組患者41例,未并發(fā)VTE患者(對照組)143例。比較兩組患者臨床資料,并采用Caprini風險評估模型對兩組患者進行評分及風險分級。計量資料兩組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗;等級資料兩組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U秩和檢驗。采用Logistic回歸分析人工肝治療肝衰竭患者發(fā)生VTE的獨立危險因素。采用受試者工作特征曲線(ROC曲線)分析Caprini量表評分、多因素預測模型及二者聯(lián)合對VTE的預測價值。結果 并發(fā)VTE組患者Caprini量表評分為(4.39±1.10)分,明顯高于對照組(3.12±1.04)分(t=6.805, P<0.001)。兩組患者Caprini量表危險度分級存在明顯差異(Z=-4.872, P<0.001),并發(fā)VTE的患者中,高危、極高危組占比更高。單因素分析結果顯示,并發(fā)VTE組與對照組患者在年齡(t=6.400,P<0.001)、置管方式(χ2=14.413,P<0.001)、人工肝治療次數(shù)(Z=-4.720,P<0.001)、活動情況(Z=-6.282,P<0.001)、合并感染(χ2=33.071,P<0.001)、D-二聚體(t=8.746,P<0.001)、28 d死亡率(χ2=5.524,P=0.022)比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義。多因素分析結果顯示,人工肝治療次數(shù)(X1)(OR=0.251, 95%CI: 0.111~0.566, P=0.001)、活動情況(X2)(OR=0.122, 95%CI: 0.056~0.264, P<0.001)、D-二聚體(X3)(OR=2.921, 95%CI: 1.114~7.662, P=0.029)為影響肝衰竭人工肝治療患者VTE發(fā)生的獨立危險因素。個體預測概率方程為P=1/[1+e-(7.425-1.384X1-2.103X2+1.072X3)]。ROC曲線分析結果顯示,Caprini評分曲線下面積為0.802(95%CI: 0.721~0.882, P<0.001),多因素模型曲線下面積為0.768(95%CI: 0.685~0.851, P<0.001),二者聯(lián)合運用曲線下面積為0.957(95%CI: 0.930~0.984, P<0.001)。結論 Caprini風險評估模型對人工肝治療肝衰竭患者VTE發(fā)生風險具有較高的預測效能,聯(lián)合多因素預測模型后可更為顯著地提高對VTE的預測價值。
關鍵詞:肝功能衰竭; 靜脈血栓栓塞;? 肝, 人工; 危險因素; 模型, 統(tǒng)計學
基金項目:國家自然科學基金青年基金項目(81702011); 南京大學現(xiàn)代醫(yī)院管理與發(fā)展研究所課題項目&南京鼓樓醫(yī)院醫(yī)學發(fā)展醫(yī)療救助基金(NDYG2021016)
Value of a risk assessment model in predicting venous thromboembolism in patients with liver failure after artificial liver support therapy
LU Sufang, HUANG Rui, ZHAO Hongli, WANG Dandan, DING Yuzhen, ZHOU Hong. (Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China)
Corresponding author:
LU Sufang, sufanglu0708@126.com (ORCID:0000-0001-5471-2511)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the value of a risk assessment model in predicting venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with liver failure after artificial liver support therapy. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 124 patients with liver failure who received artificial liver support therapy in Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School from March 2019 to December 2021, among whom there were 41 patients with VTE (observation group) and 143 patients without VTE (control group). Related clinical data were compared between the two groups, and the Caprini risk assessment model was used for scoring and risk classification of the patients in both groups. The t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups; the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test was used for comparison of ranked data between two groups. The logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the independent risk factors for VTE in patients with liver failure after artificial liver support therapy. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to investigate the value of Caprini score and the multivariate predictive model used alone or in combination in predicting VTE. Results The observation group had a significantly higher Caprini score than the control group (4.39±1.10 vs 3.12±1.04, t=6.805, P<0.001). There was a significant difference between the two groups in risk classification based on Caprini scale (P<0.05), and the patients with high risk or extremely high risk accounted for a higher proportion among the patients with VTE. The univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in age (t=6.400, P<0.001), catheterization method (χ2=14.413, P<0.001), number of times of artificial liver support therapy (Z=-4.720, P<0.001), activity (Z=-6.282, P<0.001), infection (χ2=33.071, P<0.001), D-dimer (t=8.746, P<0.001), 28-day mortality rate (χ2=5.524, P=0.022). The multivariate analysis showed that number of times of artificial liver support therapy (X1) (odds ratio [OR]=0.251, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.111-0.566, P=0.001), activity (X2) (OR=0.122, 95%CI: 0.056-0.264, P<0.001), D-dimer (X3) (OR=2.921, 95%CI: 1.114-7.662, P=0.029) were independent risk factors for VTE in patients with liver failure after artificial liver support therapy. The equation for individual predicted probability was P=1/[1+e-(7.425-1.384X1-2.103X2+1.072X3)]. The ROC curve analysis showed that Caprini score had an area under the ROC curve of 0.802 (95%CI: 0.721-0.882, P<0.001), and the multivariate model had an area under the ROC curve of 0.768 (95%CI: 0.685-0.851, P<0.001), while the combination of Caprini score and the multivariate model had an area under the ROC curve of 0.957 (95%CI: 0.930-0.984, P<0.001). Conclusion The Caprini risk assessment model has a high predictive efficiency for the risk of VTE in patients with liver failure after artificial liver support therapy, and its combination with the multivariate predictive model can significantly improve the prediction of VTE.
Key words:
Liver Failure; Venous Thromboembolism; Liver, Artificial; Risk Factors; Models, Statistical
Research funding:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81702011); Research Project of Modern Hospital Management and Development Institute of Nanjing University and Medical Development and Medical Assistance Fund of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (NDYG2021016)
靜脈血栓栓塞癥(venous thromboembolism,VTE)是指在靜脈管腔內血液出現(xiàn)不正常的凝結,導致靜脈血管完全或不完全阻塞,從而引發(fā)靜脈回流障礙的一種血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)疾病[1]。VTE的主要表現(xiàn)包括下肢神靜脈血栓和肺栓塞,是醫(yī)院住院重癥患者常見并發(fā)癥之一,嚴重威脅患者的生存預后[2]。肝衰竭是一種臨床常見的嚴重肝病癥候群,病死率極高[3],人工肝支持系統(tǒng)是目前最為有效的治療手段之一,但是由于人工肝支持系統(tǒng)需要行深靜脈插管,插管留置時間較長,且肝衰竭患者由于基礎疾病的凝血功能障礙,常發(fā)生感染、出血以及VTE等多種并發(fā)癥[4]。因此,及時應用科學有效的風險評估工具,對人工肝支持治療肝衰竭患者危險因素進行風險評估并實施有效的預防措施,對預防VTE的發(fā)生以及改善患者臨床預后具有重要價值[5]。本研究旨在探討分析風險評估模型對接受人工肝治療的肝衰竭患者發(fā)生VTE的預測價值。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究對象 回顧性選取2018年3月—2021年12月于本院接受人工肝治療的肝衰竭患者。納入標準:(1)符合《肝衰竭診治指南(2012年版)》[6]中關于肝衰竭的診斷標準;(2)患者均接受人工肝治療;(3)VTE患者采用靜脈彩超/靜脈造影進行確診;(4)患者臨床資料完整;(5)年齡≥18歲。排除標準:(1)臨床資料不完整者;(2)合并嚴重活動性出血或彌散性血管內凝血患者;(3)合并循環(huán)功能衰竭患者;(4)在人工肝治療期間發(fā)生血漿、魚精蛋白、肝素等血制品或藥物高度過敏患者;(5)妊娠期患者。根據(jù)是否并發(fā)VTE將所有患者分為并發(fā)VTE組和對照組。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 臨床資料 收集患者一般資料,包括年齡、文化程度、BMI、空腹血糖、吸煙情況、置管方式、置管有無使用肝素、促凝治療、人工肝治療次數(shù)、肝衰竭病因、合并感染、肝性腦病、TBil、ALT、D-二聚體、纖維蛋白原、28 d病死率。
1.2.2 血栓風險評估 采用2013版Caprini評分對本研究納入患者進行評分。根據(jù)Caprini風險模型,將每項風險因素對VTE的影響進行加權賦值,按照總分將患者分為4個風險層級。低危組(0~1分):血栓發(fā)生風險<10%;中危組(2分):血栓發(fā)生風險10%~20%;高危組(3~4分):血栓發(fā)生風險20%~40%;極高危組(≥5分):血栓發(fā)生風險40%~80%。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法 采用SPSS 25.0進行統(tǒng)計學數(shù)據(jù)分析。計量資料以x±s表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗;等級資料兩組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U秩和檢驗。采用Logistic回歸分析人工肝治療肝衰竭患者發(fā)生VTE的獨立危險因素。采用受試者工作特征曲線(ROC曲線)分析Caprini量表評分、多因素預測模型及二者聯(lián)合對VTE的預測價值。P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 一般資料 共納入接受人工肝治療的肝衰竭患者184例,其中并發(fā)VTE組患者41例,未并發(fā)VTE的對照組患者143例。
2.2 兩組患者Caprini量表評分及危險分級比較 并發(fā)VTE組患者Caprini量表評分為(4.39±1.10)分,明顯高于對照組[(3.12±1.04)分](t=6.805, P<0.001)。兩組患者Caprini量表危險度分級存在明顯差異(Z=-4.872, P<0.001),并發(fā)VTE的患者中,高危、極高危組占比更高(表1)。
2.3 人工肝治療肝衰竭患者發(fā)生VTE的單因素分析單因素分析結果顯示,并發(fā)VTE組與對照組患者在年齡(t=6.400,P<0.001)、置管方式(χ2=14.413,P<0.001)、人工肝治療次數(shù)(Z=-4.720,P<0.001)、活動情況(Z=-6.282,P<0.001)、合并感染(χ2=33.071,P<0.001)、D-二聚體(t=8.746,P<0.001)、28 d病死率(χ2=5.524,P=0.022)比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(表2)。
2.4 人工肝治療肝衰竭患者發(fā)生VTE的多因素分析多因素分析結果顯示,人工肝治療次數(shù)(X1)(OR=0.251, 95%CI: 0.111~0.566, P=0.001)、活動情況(X2)(OR=0.122, 95%CI: 0.056~0.264, P<0.001)、D-二聚體(X3)(OR=2.921, 95%CI: 1.114~7.662, P=0.029)為影響肝衰竭人工肝治療患者VTE發(fā)生的獨立危險因素(表3)。由回歸結果獲得logit(P)=7.425-1.384X1-2.103X2+1.072X3,個體預測概率方程為P=1/[1+e-(7.425-1.384X1-2.103X2+1.072X3)]。
2.5 Caprini量表評分、多因素預測模型及二者聯(lián)合對VTE的預測價值 ROC曲線分析結果顯示,Caprini評分曲線下面積為0.802(95%CI: 0.721~0.882, P<0.001),多因素模型曲線下面積為0.768(95%CI: 0.685~0.851, P<0.001),二者聯(lián)合運用曲線下面積為0.957(95%CI: 0.930~0.984, P<0.001)(圖1)。
3 討論
人工肝支持系統(tǒng)是治療肝衰竭的重要治療方式,其治療機制是基于肝細胞強大的再生能力,通過機械、理化以及生物性體外裝置,幫助清除肝衰竭患者機體內各種有害物質,同時補充機體必需物質,進而改善機體內環(huán)境[7-8]。采用人工肝支持系統(tǒng)可暫時替代衰竭肝臟的部分功能,從而為肝細胞再生以及肝臟功能的恢復創(chuàng)造有利的條件[9-10]。
VTE是一種臨床常見并發(fā)癥,但是由于患者缺乏特性的臨床癥狀,臨床漏診率較高,治療效果不理想,復發(fā)率較高且患者臨床預后差[11]。由于肝衰竭患者肝臟合成凝血因子減少、脾功能亢進以及纖溶功能亢進,導致機體血小板減少,因此肝衰竭患者一般被認為處于低凝狀態(tài)[12-13]。降低VTE發(fā)生率的關鍵在于對VTE的早期識別,并及時給予有效的干預[14]。因此,亟需一種準確、簡便、有效的工具用于評估人工肝治療肝衰竭VTE發(fā)生風險,對于改善患者臨床預后具有重要價值。
Caprini量表評分被應用于多種疾病領域,且被認為其具有良好的信效度[15-16]。美國胸科協(xié)會指南[16]建議使用Caprini量表對患者進行血栓評估以及風險分級,并針對不同的風險分層采取相應的預防措施。本研究采用Caprini風險評估模型進行評估分析,探討其對人工肝治療肝衰竭患者VTE預測價值。研究結果顯示,并發(fā)VTE組患者Caprini量表評分顯著高于對照組,且并發(fā)VTE的患者中,高危、極高危組占比更高。
Logistic回歸分析結果顯示,人工肝治療次數(shù)、活動情況、D-二聚體是人工肝治療肝衰竭患者發(fā)生VTE的獨立危險因素,進入預測模型。年齡、置管方式、合并感染和28 d病死率兩組間比較雖有統(tǒng)計學差異,但并未進入回歸模型,考慮可能是由于相關樣本量所限。本研究中,Caprini評分、多因素模型及二者聯(lián)合對人工肝治療肝衰竭患者發(fā)生VTE的預測價值與既往研究[17-18]結果相近。研究表明,Caprini風險評估模型對人工肝治療肝衰竭患者VTE發(fā)生風險具有較高的預測效能,聯(lián)合多因素預測模型后可更為顯著地提高對VTE的預測價值。
倫理學聲明:本研究方案于2018年2月10日經由南京大學醫(yī)學院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院倫理委員會審批,批號:2018022。
利益沖突聲明:本研究不存在研究者、倫理委員會成員、受試者監(jiān)護人以及與公開研究成果有關的利益沖突。
作者貢獻聲明:陸素芳、黃睿負責課題設計,資料分析,撰寫論文;趙紅利、王丹丹參與收集數(shù)據(jù),修改論文;丁玉珍、周紅負責擬定寫作思路,指導撰寫文章并最后定稿。
參考文獻:
[1]RAPP CM, SHIELDS EJ, WIATER BP, et al. Venous thromboembolism after shoulder arthoplasty and arthroscopy[J]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2019, 27(8): 265-274. DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00763.
[2]WANG Q, DING J, YANG R. The venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients receiving thoracic surgery: A systematic review[J]. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol, 2021, 17(5): e142-e152. DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13386.
[3]SI N, LIU F, LIU L, et al. Effect of platelet level and platelet parameters on the prognosis of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2022, 38(2): 381-386. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.02.023.
司諾, 劉芳, 劉磊, 等. PLT水平及PLT參數(shù)對慢加急性肝衰竭患者預后的影響[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2022, 38(2): 381-386. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.02.023.
[4]ZHOU L, CHEN Y. Model selection and curative effect judgment criteria for artificial liver in the treatment of liver failure[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2022, 30(2): 127-130. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20220108-00008.
周莉, 陳煜. 人工肝治療肝衰竭模式選擇及其療效判斷標準[J]. 中華肝臟病雜志, 2022, 30(2): 127-130. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20220108-00008.
[5]WANG L, XU WX, ZHU Z, et al. Influence of artificial liver support system therapy on platelet in treatment of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2022, 38(5): 1053-1058. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.05.015.
王璐, 許文雄, 朱姝, 等. 人工肝治療HBV相關慢加急性肝衰竭的血小板計數(shù)變化及其影響因素[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2022, 38(5): 1053-1058. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.05.015.
[6]Liver failure and artificial liver group of infectious diseases branch of Chinese Medical Association, severe liver disease and artificial liver group of Hepatology branch of Chinese Medical Association. Diagnostic and treatment guidelines for liver failure (2012 version)[J]. Chin J Clin Infect Dis, 2012, 5(6): 321-327. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-2397.2012.06.001.
中華醫(yī)學會感染病學分會肝衰竭與人工肝學組, 中華醫(yī)學會肝病學分會重型肝病與人工肝學組. 肝衰竭診治指南(2012年版)[J]. 中華臨床感染病雜志, 2012, 5(6): 321-327. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-2397.2012.06.001.
[7]WU B, DU LY, MA YJ, et al. Effects of different combinations of artificial liver support system on efficacy and inflammatory indexes of patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure in early and middle stages[J/CD]. Chin J Liver Dis (Electronic Version), 2021, 13(1): 32-38. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7380.2021.01.006.
吳蓓, 杜凌遙, 馬元吉, 等. 不同組合人工肝支持系統(tǒng)治療乙型肝炎病毒相關早、中期慢加急性肝衰竭患者的療效及對炎癥指標的影響[J/CD]. 中國肝臟病雜志(電子版), 2021, 13(1): 32-38. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7380.2021.01.006.
[8]NANCHAL R, SUBRAMANIAN R, KARVELLAS CJ, et al. Guidelines for the management of adult acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure in the ICU: Cardiovascular, endocrine, hematologic, pulmonary, and renal considerations[J]. Crit Care Med, 2020, 48(3): e173-e191. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004192.
[9]MAP YQ, ZHOU XS, WANG X, et al. Study on the correlation between antithrombin Ⅲ activity and short-term prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure patients treated with artificial liver support system[J]. Chin Hepatol, 2021, 26(7): 770-775. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1704.2021. 07.016.
毛燕群, 周學士, 王霞, 等. 抗凝血酶Ⅲ活性與慢加急性肝衰竭患者人工肝治療結局的相關性[J]. 肝臟, 2021, 26(7): 770-775. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1704.2021. 07.016.
[10]PENG H, XU FF, WAN XQ, et al. Clinical efficacy of artificial liver plasma exchange in treatment of patients with severe hepatitis and influencing factors for prognosis[J]. Clin Misdiagn Misther, 2021, 34(5): 90-95. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2021.05.018.
彭歡, 許菲菲, 萬小秋, 等. 人工肝血漿置換治療重型肝炎效果及其預后影響因素分析[J]. 臨床誤診誤治, 2021, 34(5): 90-95. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2021.05.018.
[11]WANG DG, TAN CL, WANG HY, et al. Predictive value of thromboelastogram for postoperative venous thromboembolism in breast cancer patients[J]. Chin J Curr Adv Gen Surg, 2022, 25(1): 23-26, 48. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-9905.2022.01.005.
王德光, 譚春玲, 王洪燕, 等. 血栓彈力圖對乳腺癌術后靜脈血栓栓塞癥的預測價值[J]. 中國現(xiàn)代普通外科進展, 2022, 25(1): 23-26, 48. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-9905.2022.01.005.
[12]ZHANG L, HE JX, FAN XS, et al. Prognostic value of antithrombin Ⅲ activity combined with CLIF-C OFs score in patients with HBV related chronic plus acute liver failure[J]. Chin J Difficult Comp Cases, 2022, 21(1): 36-40, 45. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6450. 2022.01.007.
張蕾, 賀建勛, 范雪松, 等. 抗凝血酶Ⅲ活性聯(lián)合CLIF-C OFs評分對HBV相關慢加急性肝衰竭患者預后的評估價值[J]. 疑難病雜志, 2022, 21(1): 36-40, 45. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6450. 2022.01.007.
[13]YANG P, XIAO LR, YANG N, et al. The evaluation value of procalcitonin and prothrombin activity in the prognosis of liver failure complicated by infection[J]. Chin J Nosocomiol, 2022, 32(4): 531-534. DOI: 10.11816/cn.ni.2022-210509.
楊平, 肖樂堯, 楊娜, 等. 降鈣素原和凝血酶原活動度在肝衰竭合并感染預后中的評估價值[J]. 中華醫(yī)院感染學雜志, 2022, 32(4): 531-534. DOI: 10.11816/cn.ni.2022-210509.
[14]WU XJ, ZHAO WL, SU ZZ, et al. Application value of antithrombin Ⅲ in evaluating the disease progression and 28-day mortality of patients with HBV-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. Chin J Clin Lab Sci, 2020, 38(6): 458-463. DOI: 10.13602/j.cnki.jcls.2020.06.18.
吳曉娟, 趙文玲, 蘇真珍, 等. 抗凝血酶Ⅲ評價HBV感染相關慢加急性肝衰竭患者疾病進展和28天死亡率的應用價值[J]. 臨床檢驗雜志, 2020, 38(6): 458-463. DOI: 10.13602/j.cnki.jcls.2020.06.18.
[15]LIN Y, ZENG Z, LIN R, et al. The Caprini thrombosis risk model predicts the risk of peripherally inserted central catheter-related upper extremity venous thrombosis in patients with cancer[J]. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2021, 9(5): 1151-1158. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.12.075.
[16]ZHOU J, WANG QY, QIN CL. Analysis of risk factors for venous thromboembolism after operation of primary liver cancer and application of Caprini risk prediction model[J]. Mod Oncol, 2022, 30(12): 2214-2218. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-4992. 2022. 12.021.
周建, 王慶元, 秦長嶺. 原發(fā)性肝癌術后發(fā)生靜脈血栓栓塞癥的危險因素及Caprini風險預測模型的應用[J]. 現(xiàn)代腫瘤醫(yī)學, 2022, 30(12): 2214-2218. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-4992.2022. 12.021.
[17]MENG R, MA CY. Practice and effect of Caprini risk assessment model in prevention of deep venous thrombosis in ICU patients[J]. Chin J Thromb Hemost, 2017, 23(6): 1054-1056. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6213.2017.06.057.
孟蕊, 馬春園. Caprini風險評估模型在預防ICU患者深靜脈血栓中的實踐效果[J]. 血栓與止血學, 2017, 23(6): 1054-1056. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6213.2017.06.057.
[18]QIAO Y, GUO P, WANG L. Validityan alysis of Caprini thrombosis assessment scale in assessing the risk of venous thromboembolism in liver failure patients treated with artificial liver[J]. Acta Acad Med Bengbu, 2020, 45(1): 120-123. DOI: 10.13898/j.cnki.issn.1000-2200.2020.01.031.
喬艷, 郭普, 王麗. Caprini血栓風險評估量表預測人工肝治療肝衰竭病人靜脈血栓栓塞癥風險有效性分析[J]. 蚌埠醫(yī)學院學報, 2020, 45(1): 120-123. DOI: 10.13898/j.cnki.issn.1000-2200.2020.01.031.
收稿日期:
2022-08-01;錄用日期:2022-10-11
本文編輯:邢翔宇