王雪迪,孟雨,楊欣,黎凍,王雪峰
[摘要]目的:分析鼻整形術(shù)中放置鼻翼緣移植物對(duì)術(shù)后鼻翼緣退縮的影響。方法:選取2018年12月-2020年12月在筆者醫(yī)院初次行鼻整形術(shù)的女性就醫(yī)者40例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組,每組20例。實(shí)驗(yàn)組鼻整形術(shù)中常規(guī)放置鼻翼緣移植物,對(duì)照組不放置鼻翼緣移植物。拍攝就醫(yī)者側(cè)面觀照片,觀察就醫(yī)者鼻小柱與鼻翼緣關(guān)系,測(cè)量其鼻孔長(zhǎng)軸以及鼻翼緣最高點(diǎn)與鼻孔長(zhǎng)軸線之間的距離并計(jì)算鼻孔軸距比。比較就醫(yī)者術(shù)前及術(shù)后1年的鼻孔軸距比。結(jié)果:術(shù)后隨訪1年,失訪12例。最終實(shí)驗(yàn)組15例,對(duì)照組13例。實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組術(shù)前鼻孔軸距比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后實(shí)驗(yàn)組鼻孔軸距比小于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組術(shù)前與術(shù)后鼻孔軸距比比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。對(duì)照組術(shù)前與術(shù)后鼻孔軸距比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。兩組就醫(yī)者均未出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥。結(jié)論:鼻整形術(shù)中常規(guī)放置鼻翼緣移植物,對(duì)術(shù)后就醫(yī)者鼻翼緣退縮有明顯的改善作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞]鼻翼緣退縮;肋軟骨;鞍鼻;短鼻;鼻整形術(shù)
[中圖分類號(hào)]R622? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2023)04-0046-04
Effect of the Alar Contour Grafts on the Postoperative Alar Retraction in Rhinoplasty
WANG Xuedi1,MENG Yu2,YANG Xin3,LI Dong4,WANG Xuefeng5
(1.Department of Plastic Surgery,Kaiping Hospital,Tangshan 063021,Hebei,China; 2.Department of Plastic Surgery,Green-Mellie Medical Cosmetic Clinic,Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China; 3.Department of Plastic Surgery,the Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University,Beijing 100083,China; 4.Department of Plastic Surgery,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University,Nanning 530000,Guangxi, China; 5.Department of Orthopedics,Shenyang Red Cross Society Hospital,Shenyang 110000,Liaoning,China)
Abstract: Objective? To analyze the effect of the alar contour grafts on the postoperative alar retraction in rhinoplasty. Methods? Forty female patients attending the author's hospital for first time rhinoplasty from December 2018 to December 2020 were selected. A random number table method was used to divide the group into the experimental group and the control group of 20 cases each. In the experimental group, the alar grafts were routinely placed, while in the control group, the alar grafts were not used. The long axis of the nostrils and the distance between the highest point of the alar rim and the long axis of the nostrils were observed by taking a lateral view photograph of the patient to evaluate the relationship between the columella and the alar rim. In comparison of patients' nostril axis ratios preoperatively and one year postoperatively. Results? Post-operative follow-up one year and 12 cases were lost to follow up. There were 15 cases in the final experimental group and 13 cases in the control group. The difference between the preoperative nostril axis ratio of the experimental group and the control group was not statistically significant (P>0.05).The postoperative nostril axis ratio of the experimental group was smaller than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant. The difference between the preoperative and postoperative nostril axis ratio in the experimental group was not statistically significant (P>0.05).In the control group, there was a statistically significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative nostril axis ratios (P<0.01).There were no post-operative complications in two groups. Conclusion? General applications of the alar contour grafts in rhinoplasty could significantly prevent the alar retraction postoperation.
Key words: alar retraction; costicartilage; saddle nose; short nose; rhinoplasty
“面部一枝花,全靠鼻當(dāng)家”,一句歇后語(yǔ)表達(dá)了鼻部形態(tài)對(duì)整個(gè)面部美學(xué)形態(tài)構(gòu)成的重要性。在鼻整形過(guò)程中,中國(guó)人往往需要做加法,并非像歐美人一樣做減法。大多數(shù)國(guó)人鼻尖圓鈍、鼻背低平,尤其中國(guó)南方地區(qū)的就醫(yī)者多有鼻翼肥大、鞍鼻、短鼻等特征。對(duì)鼻部進(jìn)行軟骨移植、加強(qiáng)鼻部軟骨支架及鼻背隆鼻,是亞洲鼻整形中必不可少的步驟[1-4]。為了同時(shí)獲得足夠的鼻部延長(zhǎng)度、鼻尖突出度,鼻整形術(shù)中通常會(huì)用到鼻小柱支撐移植物、鼻中隔延伸移植物及鼻尖蓋板移植物[5-11]。瘢痕攣縮通常由軟骨移植物和支架軟組織覆蓋不足所致的張力作用引起,是鼻整形術(shù)后鼻翼緣退縮的常見(jiàn)原因之一[12-13]。放置鼻翼緣移植物是一種能有效改善輕度鼻翼緣退縮的手術(shù)方法[14]。本文主要探究鼻整形術(shù)中常規(guī)放置鼻翼緣移植物是否對(duì)術(shù)后鼻翼緣退縮存在影響。
1? 資料和方法
1.1 一般資料:選取2018年12月-2020年12月在筆者醫(yī)院美容科診斷為低鼻或短鼻的女性就醫(yī)者40例,年齡19~45歲;均初次接受鼻整形術(shù)。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表的方法分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組,每組20例。實(shí)驗(yàn)組鼻整形術(shù)中常規(guī)放置鼻翼緣移植物,對(duì)照組不放置鼻翼緣移植物。本研究遵循赫爾辛基宣言倫理原則,倫理委員會(huì)審核編號(hào):TSKP20180504Rz[021]。
1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①初次鼻整者;②外形有明確的鼻整形手術(shù)指征,無(wú)手術(shù)禁忌證;③術(shù)前診斷無(wú)鼻翼緣退縮者;④無(wú)精神障礙者;⑤能夠積極配合,無(wú)特殊審美要求者;⑥能接受肋軟骨隆鼻手術(shù)治療,并簽署手術(shù)同意書(shū)者。
1.3 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①鼻整形再次修復(fù)者;②術(shù)前診斷輕度及以上鼻翼緣退縮者;③特異性審美就醫(yī)者;④存在呼吸受限等基礎(chǔ)疾病者;⑤其他鼻整形術(shù)相對(duì)禁忌證者。
1.4 鼻小柱與鼻翼緣關(guān)系測(cè)量:于術(shù)前拍攝就醫(yī)者側(cè)面觀照片,觀察就醫(yī)者側(cè)面觀鼻小柱與鼻翼緣關(guān)系。照片按照相同燈光、位置、角度進(jìn)行拍攝。測(cè)量其鼻孔長(zhǎng)軸距離(a)以及鼻翼緣最高點(diǎn)與鼻孔長(zhǎng)軸線之間的距離(b)。應(yīng)用Adobe Photoshop CC 2018軟件,測(cè)量距離,單位為像素。見(jiàn)圖1。計(jì)算鼻孔軸距比,鼻孔軸距比=b:a。
1.5 手術(shù)治療:術(shù)前完善相關(guān)檢查,包括血常規(guī)、肝腎功能、凝血功能、心電圖、傳染病四項(xiàng)、肋軟骨CT(三維重建)檢查。采用全身麻醉聯(lián)合局部浸潤(rùn)麻醉。兩組施術(shù)者為同一人,采用相同的手術(shù)方式,實(shí)驗(yàn)組于術(shù)中常規(guī)放置鼻翼緣移植物,其余操作兩組均一致。
1.5.1 肋軟骨切?。壕歪t(yī)者取仰臥位,于就醫(yī)者右側(cè)第七肋軟骨皮膚投影處做1.2~1.5 cm橫型切口,逐層分離至第七肋軟骨,切開(kāi)骨膜,切取2.3~3 cm肋軟骨,加工成片狀待用。
1.5.2 解剖分離鼻部皮瓣:鼻腔填塞碘伏棉球,于鼻小柱最窄處作倒V形切口,兩側(cè)延伸做下鼻軟骨外側(cè)緣切口,切開(kāi)皮膚。用組織剪沿下鼻軟骨骨面進(jìn)行剝離軟組織,并用12.5 cm圓頭組織剪沿上鼻軟骨及鼻骨表面分離鼻部皮瓣。沿下鼻軟骨內(nèi)側(cè)腳切開(kāi)軟組織,顯露鼻中隔軟骨。
1.5.3 鼻頭支架搭建及塑形:采用ESG聯(lián)合鼻小柱支撐移植物的方法,將制備好的肋軟骨片搭建成4+1結(jié)構(gòu),將下鼻軟骨穹窿部與支架結(jié)構(gòu)采用水平褥式縫合。制作帽狀移植物覆蓋鼻尖表面,進(jìn)行鼻尖塑形。
1.5.4 鼻翼緣移植物置入:實(shí)驗(yàn)組于鼻尖支架搭建塑性后制備鼻翼緣移植物,切取厚度約0.5 mm肋軟骨皮質(zhì)片一對(duì),制為長(zhǎng)約12 mm,寬約2 mm鷗翼狀移植物,見(jiàn)圖2。用組織剪沿鼻翼緣做足夠大小的隧道,將肋軟骨皮質(zhì)片插入隧道,頂部與下鼻軟骨轉(zhuǎn)折區(qū)縫合固定。
1.5.5 鼻背假體置入:縫合鼻小柱皮膚1針以固定,雕刻假體,假體呈柳葉狀,通過(guò)引導(dǎo)器置入假體于鼻背。根據(jù)就醫(yī)者需求個(gè)性化調(diào)整鼻背高度,調(diào)整鼻額角至約呈135°。
1.6 術(shù)后處理:術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)拔除引流管,術(shù)后7 d拆線并拆除固定鼻夾板,定期隨訪。記錄有無(wú)術(shù)后無(wú)出血、感染、傷口不愈合等并發(fā)癥情況。術(shù)后1年隨訪時(shí)再次拍攝就醫(yī)者側(cè)面觀照片,測(cè)量術(shù)后鼻翼緣到鼻孔長(zhǎng)軸線之間的距離與鼻孔長(zhǎng)軸的比值(b:a)。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料采用(x?±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),非正態(tài)資料比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn),α=0.05。以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2? 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較:兩組共40例就醫(yī)者,術(shù)后隨訪1年,失訪12例。最終實(shí)驗(yàn)組15例,對(duì)照組13例。實(shí)驗(yàn)組年齡19~44歲,平均年齡(31.20±6.20)歲,術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間(1.07±0.09)年。對(duì)照組年齡22~45歲,平均年齡(30.00±7.26)歲,術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間(1.07±0.08)年。兩組就醫(yī)者年齡及術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
2.2 兩組鼻孔軸距比比較:術(shù)前實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組鼻孔軸距比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后實(shí)驗(yàn)組鼻孔軸距比小于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組術(shù)前與術(shù)后鼻孔軸距比比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。對(duì)照組術(shù)后鼻孔軸距比大于術(shù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組并發(fā)癥比較:兩組術(shù)后均無(wú)出血、感染、傷口不愈合等并發(fā)癥。
2.4 典型病例
2.4.1 病例1:某女,28歲,診斷為低鼻、短鼻。首次接受鼻整形手術(shù),采用自體肋軟骨行鼻整形術(shù),術(shù)中采用肋軟骨皮質(zhì)骨做鼻翼緣移植物。術(shù)前鼻孔軸距比b:a=4.92像素:158.63像素=0.0310,術(shù)后1年鼻孔軸距比b:a=5.59像素:161.53像素=0.034 6。術(shù)后1年未出現(xiàn)鼻翼緣退縮情況。
2.4.2 病例2:某女,37歲,診斷為低鼻、短鼻。首次接受鼻整形手術(shù),采用自體肋軟骨行鼻整形術(shù),術(shù)中未做鼻翼緣移植物。術(shù)前鼻孔軸距比b:a=7.75像素:160.65像素=0.048,術(shù)后1年鼻孔軸距比b:a=24.12像素:192.25像素=0.125 4。術(shù)后1年出現(xiàn)輕度鼻翼緣退縮。
3? 討論
我國(guó)大多數(shù)的鼻整形就醫(yī)者需增加鼻長(zhǎng)度及鼻高度。鼻頭穩(wěn)定的軟骨支撐是改善鼻頭長(zhǎng)度和高度的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。鼻整形術(shù)是一種四維手術(shù),不僅要從三維狀態(tài)下改善鼻部外形輪廓,還要預(yù)估隨著時(shí)間的推移鼻部外形及輪廓可能發(fā)生的變化[15]。然而鼻整形術(shù)后,多數(shù)就醫(yī)者因皮膚張力過(guò)高,軟組織覆蓋不夠,導(dǎo)致瘢痕及軟組織攣縮。這種創(chuàng)面的攣縮力導(dǎo)致了鼻翼緣的回縮。就醫(yī)者往往因?yàn)樾g(shù)后“漏鼻孔”不滿意需要進(jìn)行修復(fù)。筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)前短鼻的就醫(yī)者,因需要更多地增加鼻長(zhǎng)度及抬高鼻尖表現(xiàn)點(diǎn),鼻翼緣向前移動(dòng)距離增加,更容易發(fā)生此現(xiàn)象,這是對(duì)整形醫(yī)生的挑戰(zhàn)。為了解決這一問(wèn)題,現(xiàn)已應(yīng)用了多種外科技術(shù):下鼻軟骨外側(cè)腳的腳側(cè)移位,鼻翼緣的直接移植物,增強(qiáng)下鼻軟骨外側(cè)腳支撐,復(fù)合組織移植,皮瓣的旋轉(zhuǎn)及V-Y推進(jìn)的應(yīng)用[16]。本研究通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)分析鼻整形術(shù)中常規(guī)放置鼻翼緣移植物對(duì)改善鼻整形術(shù)后鼻翼緣退縮的影響。通過(guò)測(cè)量鼻孔軸線的比例數(shù)據(jù),即鼻翼緣最高點(diǎn)到鼻孔長(zhǎng)軸的垂直距離與鼻孔長(zhǎng)軸的比值。術(shù)后1年,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的鼻孔軸線比變化(術(shù)前0.036 3±0.006 71,術(shù)后1年0.035 1±0.005 36,P=0.82)顯著小于對(duì)照組比值變化(術(shù)前0.035 9±0.005 92,術(shù)后1年0.115 8±0.029 05,P<0.01)。證明鼻整形術(shù)中,尤其是對(duì)于診斷為短鼻的就醫(yī)者,常規(guī)放置鼻翼緣移植物可增加下鼻軟骨外側(cè)腳的支撐力量,有效改善術(shù)后鼻翼緣退縮。實(shí)驗(yàn)組術(shù)后鼻翼形態(tài)自然,無(wú)鼻翼緣退縮。相反,未放置鼻翼緣移植物的對(duì)照組就醫(yī)者,大多數(shù)出現(xiàn)了不同程度的鼻翼緣退縮表現(xiàn)。筆者認(rèn)為,行鼻綜合整形術(shù)時(shí),往往離斷了下鼻軟骨的支持韌帶。短鼻就醫(yī)者的下鼻軟骨向前上方移動(dòng)距離較大,皮膚張力較高,術(shù)后回縮力及瘢痕攣縮的力量增加,導(dǎo)致原有下鼻軟骨對(duì)鼻翼緣的支撐力不足。鼻整形術(shù)中常規(guī)放置鼻翼緣移植物可增加下鼻軟骨的抗回縮力,減少鼻翼緣退縮。但本研究仍存在一些局限性,主要是樣本地域性,樣本來(lái)源集中在廣西地區(qū),樣本數(shù)量小和隨訪時(shí)間不充分。雖然照片由筆者嚴(yán)格按照相同燈光、位置、角度進(jìn)行拍攝,但不免存在一定的誤差。還需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證鼻整形中常規(guī)放置鼻翼緣移植物對(duì)就醫(yī)者是否真正從中受益。
綜上,本研究基于鼻孔軸線比對(duì)鼻翼緣退縮進(jìn)行定量對(duì)照研究,鼻翼緣移植物術(shù)中操作簡(jiǎn)單,并發(fā)癥少,可有效改善鼻整形術(shù)后導(dǎo)致的鼻翼緣退縮。
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[收稿日期]2022-02-14
本文引用格式:王雪迪,孟雨,楊欣,等.鼻整形術(shù)中常規(guī)放置鼻翼緣移植物對(duì)術(shù)后鼻翼緣退縮的影響[J].中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué),2023,32(4):46-49.