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二磷酸腺苷受體抑制劑對(duì)老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠狀動(dòng)脈造影介入術(shù)后抗栓作用評(píng)價(jià)

2023-06-28 08:58陸賦斌蔡小琴孫永毅吳忠旭董萍
上海醫(yī)藥 2023年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:替格瑞洛氯吡格雷冠心病

陸賦斌 蔡小琴 孫永毅 吳忠旭 董萍

摘 要 目的:評(píng)價(jià)不同二磷酸腺苷(ADP)受體抑制劑對(duì)老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠狀動(dòng)脈造影介入術(shù)(PCI)后療效。方法:收集2021年1月至12月行PCI術(shù)的老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者145例,分為術(shù)后口服替格瑞洛(90 mg 每天2次)治療組66例和氯吡格雷(75 mg每天2次)治療組79例。用血栓彈力圖評(píng)價(jià)ADP誘導(dǎo)的血小板抑制率以及隨訪12個(gè)月因再次入院接受血管重建術(shù)事件。結(jié)果:替格瑞洛組抑制血小板聚集率[8.1(1.4~28.8)]效果優(yōu)于氯吡格雷組[42.2(21.8~59.8)],組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。氯吡格雷是血小板高反應(yīng)性的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。生存曲線顯示替格瑞洛能延緩老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者PCI術(shù)后血管重建,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(HR=0.473,95% CI:0.183~1.227,Log-rank P=0.147)。結(jié)論:替格瑞洛具有更明顯的血小板抑制率,能明顯減少老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者PCI術(shù)后HPR發(fā)生率,并能降低PCI術(shù)后1年內(nèi)的血管重建率,延緩血運(yùn)重建時(shí)間。

關(guān)鍵詞 冠心病;糖尿?。惶娓袢鹇?;氯吡格雷;血小板聚集率

中圖分類號(hào):R459.7 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2023)06-0031-04

引用本文 陸賦斌, 蔡小琴, 孫永毅, 等. 二磷酸腺苷受體抑制劑對(duì)老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠狀動(dòng)脈造影介入術(shù)后抗栓作用評(píng)價(jià)[J]. 上海醫(yī)藥, 2023, 44(6): 31-34.

Anti-thrombolytic evaluation of adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitor in elderly patients with coronary heart disease and diabeteson after percutaneous coronary intervention

LU Fubin1, CAI Xiaoqin1, SUN Yongyi2, WU Zhongxu3, DONG Ping4

(1. Department of Pharmacy; 2. Changlong General Practitioner Team; 3. Changyang General Practitioner Team; 4. Department of Endocrinology of Daqiao Community Health Service Center of Yangpu District, Shanghai 200093, China)

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of different adenosine diphosphate(ADP) receptor inhibitors in elderly patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). Methods: One hundred and forty-five elderly patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes who underwent PCI were collected from January to December 2021, and divided into the treatment group of postoperative oral ticagrelor(90 mg twice a day) with 66 cases, the treatment group of clopidogrel(75 mg twice a day) with 79 cases. Thromboelastogram was used to evaluate the platelet inhibition rate induced by ADP and the event of re admission to hospital for vascular reconstruction after 12 months of follow-up. Results: The inhibitory effect of ticagrelor group on platelet aggregation rate[8.1 (1.4-28.8)] was better than that of clopidogrel group[42.2(21.8-59.8)], and the difference between groups was statistically significant(P<0.001). Clopidogrel was an independent predictor of platelet hyperreactivity. The survival curve showed that ticagrelor could delay vascular reconstruction after PCI in elderly patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes, but there was no significant difference(HR=0.473, 95% CI: 0.183-1.227, log rank P=0.147). Conclusion: Ticagrelor has a more obvious platelet inhibition rate, and can significantly reduced the incidence of HPR in the elderly with coronary heart disease and diabetes after PCI, also reduce the rate of vascular reconstruction within 1 year after PCI, and delay the time of blood circulation reconstruction.

KEY WORDS coronary heart disease; diabetes; ticagrelor; clopidogrel; platelet aggregation

冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病是人類死亡的主要病因之一,其病理生理學(xué)機(jī)制是冠狀動(dòng)脈(冠脈)因長(zhǎng)期粥樣硬化導(dǎo)致冠脈阻塞,致使心肌細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)期缺血和缺氧,最終因心肌細(xì)胞壞死致心臟衰竭[1-2]。目前,支架置入術(shù)已經(jīng)成為最有效改善冠脈狹窄的方法,但由于介入手術(shù)會(huì)導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮受損,支架植入術(shù)后易導(dǎo)致血小板聚集,發(fā)生支架內(nèi)血栓,再發(fā)血栓事件[3]。為了預(yù)防支架植入術(shù)后血栓發(fā)生,指南推薦在冠脈造影支架植入術(shù)(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)后使用阿司匹林聯(lián)合二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)受體拮抗劑抗栓治療至少12個(gè)月[4]。在PLATO研究中,相較于氯吡格雷,替格瑞洛能通過增加血小板抑制率減少支架術(shù)后血栓以及主要心血管不良事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)的發(fā)生率,亞組分析結(jié)果顯示,冠心病合并糖尿?。╠iabetes mellitus,DM)患者應(yīng)用替格瑞洛亦能減少血栓事件發(fā)生[5]。目前,歐美國(guó)家及中國(guó)等多項(xiàng)指南均將替格瑞洛作為急性冠脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者PCI術(shù)后抗栓治療的一線推薦用藥,2017年歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(huì)(European Society of Cardiology,ESC)對(duì)擬行PCI的穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者優(yōu)先推薦替格瑞洛[6]。

對(duì)于老年患者,因其內(nèi)皮功能退化導(dǎo)致血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,同時(shí)合并肝腎功能逐步退化,增加藥物個(gè)體間代謝差異,因此對(duì)于老年冠心病合并DM患者行PCI術(shù)后的抗栓治療需要尤其謹(jǐn)慎[6]。目前對(duì)于老年冠心病合并DM患者抗栓治療研究較少,本研究通過臨床前瞻性病例對(duì)照研究評(píng)價(jià)不同ADP受體抑制劑對(duì)于老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者PCI術(shù)后的療效。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

本研究為單中心、前瞻性病例對(duì)照研究。收集2021年1月至12月行PCI術(shù)的老年冠心病合并2型DM患者145例,均經(jīng)皮冠脈造影確診狹窄超過70%,空腹血糖>7 mmol或者正在服用口服降糖藥?;颊吒鶕?jù)術(shù)后所用ADP受體抑制劑類型分為替格瑞洛(阿斯利康制藥有限公司)治療組66例和氯吡格雷(賽諾菲制藥有限公司)治療組79例,兩組一般資料包括年齡、性別、合并癥(高血壓、高血脂以及糖尿病等)以及支架植入信息等具可比性,見表1。排除出血史不能耐受長(zhǎng)期抗栓治療者。對(duì)患者進(jìn)行12個(gè)月隨訪,收集發(fā)生的因再次入院接受血管重建術(shù)事件。

1.2 方法

替格瑞洛組患者術(shù)后口服阿司匹林(拜耳醫(yī)藥保健有限公司)100 mg每天1次和替格瑞洛90 mg每天2次;氯吡格雷組患者術(shù)后口服阿司匹林100 mg每天1次和氯吡格雷75 mg,每天2次。兩組患者服用上述抗血小板藥物至少1年,后根據(jù)隨訪情況決定是否停用ADP受體抑制劑。若無禁忌,建議患者終身服用阿司匹林。

患者出院后(30±5)d至醫(yī)院門診進(jìn)行隨訪,取空腹靜脈血,置于含3.8%枸櫞酸鈉或濃度>14.51 IU肝素的真空管內(nèi),棄用前2~3 mL全血后,采血至試管刻度線,共2 mL時(shí)停止采血。將采血管輕輕上、下顛倒3~5次,確保全血與抗凝劑充分混合。將血樣送實(shí)驗(yàn)室,在全自動(dòng)血栓彈力圖儀TEG 5000(美國(guó)Haemoscope公司)上進(jìn)行血栓彈力圖(thrombelastography,TEG)檢測(cè)。將血小板聚集抑制率(inhibition of platelet aggregation,IPA)<30%定義為血小板高反應(yīng)性(high on-treatment platelet reactivity,HPR);IPA≥30%為血小板低反應(yīng)性(low on-treatment platelet reactivity,LPR)[7-8]。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

采用SPSS 23.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,行t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用百分率(%),行卡方檢驗(yàn)。兩組患者ADP誘導(dǎo)血小板抑制率用t檢驗(yàn),用非條件logistic回歸進(jìn)行多因素分析HPR,利用生存曲線分析兩種不同ADP受體抑制劑對(duì)MACE影響。以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組血小板抑制率比較

替格瑞洛組抑制血小板聚集率為8.1(1.4~28.8),效果優(yōu)于氯吡格雷組的42.2(21.8~59.8),組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。且HPR發(fā)生率明顯低于氯吡格雷組(24.2%比60.8%,P<0.001)。將HPR單因素回歸分析中P<0.1的變量納入多因素回歸分析,顯示相較于替格瑞洛,氯吡格雷是HPR的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子(表2)。

2.2 兩組心血管事件比較

在12個(gè)月的隨訪期間,替格瑞洛組和氯吡格雷組中分別有5例和12例患者因血管再狹窄再次入院接受血管重建術(shù)(7.6%比15.2%,OR=0.458,95% CI:0.152~1.374,P=0.156)。生存曲線顯示替格瑞洛能延緩老年冠心病合并2型DM患者PCI術(shù)后血管重建,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(HR=0.473,95% CI:0.183~1.227,Log-rank P=0.147)(圖1)。

3 討論

DM通過多種機(jī)制導(dǎo)致血小板功能障礙,包括高血糖、氧化應(yīng)激、胰島素抵抗、炎癥反應(yīng)等,并且影響著冠脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生與發(fā)展[7]。DM是一種進(jìn)行性的疾病,在PCI后,DM持續(xù)刺激血小板活化,導(dǎo)致MACE發(fā)生[8]。已證實(shí)雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療(dual anti-platelet therapy,DAPT)可以顯著降低PCI術(shù)后MACE的發(fā)生率,并可改善冠脈內(nèi)皮功能與炎癥水平[9-10]。同時(shí),老年患者的內(nèi)皮受損嚴(yán)重程度顯著高于年輕患者,因此,對(duì)于老年冠心病合并DM患者更需強(qiáng)化抗栓治療。本研究結(jié)果表明,在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DAPT治療下,患者可以從阿司匹林與替格瑞洛中獲益。盡管氯吡格雷是最為廣泛使用的ADP受體抑制劑,替格瑞洛在急性冠脈綜合征中的療效顯著優(yōu)于氯吡格雷[5]。而在DM患者中,替格瑞洛的獲益可能是由于高糖狀態(tài)下氯吡格雷代謝受損,使氯吡格雷的代謝產(chǎn)物減少[11]。

THEMIS大型隨機(jī)雙盲試驗(yàn)顯示,對(duì)于穩(wěn)定性心絞痛合并2型DM患者,替格瑞洛合并阿司匹林的抗血小板治療相較于阿司匹林單抗治療能顯著降低缺血性心血管事件的發(fā)生率(7.7%比8.5%,HR=0.90,95% CI:081~0.99,Log-rank P=0.04)[12]。THEMIS-PCI試驗(yàn)選取THEMIS試驗(yàn)中行PCI術(shù)的患者進(jìn)行亞組分析,以替格瑞洛為基礎(chǔ)的DAPT能進(jìn)一步增加臨床獲益[13]。相反,CHARISMA研究則提示了在與上述相同的人群中,相較于單抗治療,用阿司匹林合并氯吡格雷治療未能提供益處,且增加了一定的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[14]。本研究結(jié)果顯示相較于氯吡格雷,替格瑞洛具有更明顯的血小板抑制率,能明顯減少老年冠心病合并DM患者PCI術(shù)后HPR發(fā)生率,并能降低PCI術(shù)后1年內(nèi)的血管重建率,延緩血運(yùn)重建時(shí)間。

DM患者的抗栓治療管理存在著一系列挑戰(zhàn)。DM患者存在連續(xù)的心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn),然而,強(qiáng)化抗栓治療的人群、持續(xù)時(shí)間尚無定論。未來應(yīng)開發(fā)基于冠心病合并DM人群的缺血、出血評(píng)分,以提升患者的獲益。其次,抗栓治療的藥物選擇也存在一定的爭(zhēng)議。有學(xué)者建議用低劑量的替格瑞洛(60 mg)與阿司匹林的DAPT,在有效抑制缺血事件的同時(shí)降低出血的臨床結(jié)局,但仍需更大型的臨床研究。最后,患者對(duì)藥物的依從性也是挑戰(zhàn)之一,這將影響患者的長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] 沈迎, 張瑞巖, 沈衛(wèi)峰. 穩(wěn)定性冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化心臟病血運(yùn)重建策略研究進(jìn)展[J]. 國(guó)際心血管病雜志, 2016, 43(6): 321-325; 344.

[2] Tian Y, Deng P, Li B, et al. Treatment models of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary heart disease and related factors affecting patient compliance[J]. Rev Cardiovasc Med, 2019, 20(1): 27-33.

[3] 楊宇進(jìn), 王賀陽(yáng), 李毅, 等. 老齡對(duì)冠心病患者藥物洗脫支架植入術(shù)后凈臨床不良事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)影響[J]. 臨床軍醫(yī)雜志, 2017, 45(6): 570-574.

[4] Wang HY, Dou KF, Wang Y, et al. Benefit-risk profile of dapt continuation beyond 1 year after PCI in patients with high thrombotic risk features as endorsed by 2018 ESC/EACTS myocardial revascularization guideline[J]. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther, 2020, 34(5): 663-675.

[5] Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes[J]. N Engl J Med, 2009, 361(11): 1045-1057.

[6] Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)[J]. Eur Heart J, 2018, 39(2): 119-177.

[7] Knapp M, Tu X, Wu R. Vascular endothelial dysfunction, a major mediator in diabetic cardiomyopathy[J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2019, 40(1): 1-8.

[8] Armstrong EJ, Waltenberger J, Rogers JH. Percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with diabetes: current concepts and future directions[J]. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2014, 8(3): 581-589.

[9] Zeymer U, Becher A, Jennings E, et al. Systematic review of the clinical impact of dual antiplatelet therapy discontinuation after acute coronary syndromes[J]. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care, 2017, 6(6): 522-531.

[10] Li J, Li Y, Qiu M, et al. Impact of dual antiplatelet therapy duration on 1-year clinical outcomes in diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Insights from the real-world OPT-CAD study[J]. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2020, 95 Suppl 1: 579-586.

[11] Ferreiro JL, Angiolillo DJ. Diabetes and antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndrome[J]. Circulation, 2011, 123(7): 798-813.

[12] Steg PG., Bhatt DL., Simon T, et al. Ticagrelor in patients with stable coronary disease and diabetes[J]. N Engl J Med, 2019, 381(14): 1309-1320.

[13] Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Mehta SR, et al. Ticagrelor in patients with diabetes and stable coronary artery disease with a history of previous percutaneous coronary intervention(THEMISPCI): A phase 3, placebo-controlled, randomised trial[J]. Lancet, 2019, 394(10204): 1169-1180.

[14] Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events[J]. N Engl J Med, 2006, 354(16): 1706-1717.

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