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CRISPR/Cas基因編輯系統(tǒng)在水稻中的研究進(jìn)展

2023-07-10 05:56:14劉建菊肖寧吳云雨蔡躍潘存紅時(shí)薇陳梓春朱書豪李育紅余玲王志平劉廣青周長(zhǎng)海黃年生張小祥季紅娟李愛宏
江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2023年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:基因編輯水稻

劉建菊 肖寧 吳云雨 蔡躍 潘存紅 時(shí)薇 陳梓春 朱書豪 李育紅 余玲 王志平 劉廣青 周長(zhǎng)?!↑S年生 張小祥 季紅娟  李愛宏

摘要:基因編輯是一種能對(duì)特定基因進(jìn)行修飾的基因工程技術(shù),能快速對(duì)靶點(diǎn)基因編輯,是高效捕獲目的基因、快速研究目標(biāo)基因功能的重要手段,在基因功能研究和作物育種等方面有著重要意義和廣闊的應(yīng)用前景?;蚓庉嬂锰禺惖腄NA結(jié)合元件和切割元件開展編輯工作,然而該技術(shù)最需注意的是特異性和脫靶率問題,不同時(shí)期的基因編輯技術(shù)也針對(duì)上述2個(gè)問題進(jìn)行改良,目前應(yīng)用最為廣泛的是CRISPR/Cas9,Cas12a 由于其特異性高且脫靶率大大降低也受到越來越多的關(guān)注。本文對(duì)基因編輯的技術(shù)發(fā)展及特點(diǎn)、CRISPR/Cas9和Cas12a的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)進(jìn)行介紹,并對(duì)這2種技術(shù)在水稻產(chǎn)量、抗性及品質(zhì)中的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,同時(shí)對(duì)拓展CRISPR/Cas基因編輯技術(shù)在水稻中的應(yīng)用提出展望,為基因功能鑒定及遺傳改良提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞:基因編輯;Cas9;Cas12a;水稻;性狀改良

中圖分類號(hào):S511.01文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A文章編號(hào):1002-1302(2023)11-0001-09

基因編輯(gene editing)是一種能對(duì)特定基因進(jìn)行修飾的基因工程技術(shù)[1-2],該技術(shù)利用工程核酸酶切割目標(biāo)基因組產(chǎn)生DNA雙鏈斷裂(DSB),進(jìn)而激活細(xì)胞內(nèi)源性DNA修復(fù)機(jī)制從而產(chǎn)生包括插入、缺失及基因片段替換等新的基因突變類型[3-5]。

1996年出現(xiàn)的鋅指核酸酶(ZFN)為基因編輯技術(shù)的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)[6-7],利用該技術(shù)首次于2002年果蠅染色體上實(shí)現(xiàn)基因定點(diǎn)突變[8]。隨后轉(zhuǎn)錄激活樣效應(yīng)因子核酸酶(TALENs)[9]及由RNA介導(dǎo)的Cas9蛋白相關(guān)的成簇規(guī)則間隔短回文重復(fù)序列(CRISPR)相繼被發(fā)現(xiàn)[10-11],特別是CRISPR/Cas9于2013年開始應(yīng)用于植物基因組編輯,被Science列入2013年十大科學(xué)進(jìn)展[10]。此外,用于切割雙鏈DNA的CRISPR/Cas12a(Cpf1)[12-13]及在crRNA指導(dǎo)下切割ssRNA的CRISPR/Cas13(C2c2)[14]于2015年和2016年相繼被發(fā)現(xiàn)(圖1)。

基因編輯利用特異的DNA結(jié)合元件和切割元件開展編輯工作,然而該技術(shù)最需注意的是特異性和脫靶率問題,基因編輯技術(shù)的更迭對(duì)這2個(gè)方面的改善也各不相同(表1)。ZFNs是第一個(gè)應(yīng)用于基因定點(diǎn)編輯的技術(shù),然而其ZFN 剪切DNA 形成同源二聚體的同時(shí),可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生異源二聚體引起脫靶且難以實(shí)現(xiàn)多靶點(diǎn)編輯等問題,嚴(yán)重阻礙了其應(yīng)用[15-16];TALENs技術(shù)是1個(gè)TALE基序識(shí)別1個(gè)堿基對(duì),因此多個(gè)串聯(lián)的TALE基序與其識(shí)別的堿基對(duì)呈一一對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,大大提高了編輯特異性并降低脫靶率,但其編輯效率較低,且難以進(jìn)行多基因編輯[17-20];CRISPR/Cas9技術(shù)在sgRNA的指導(dǎo)下與靶點(diǎn)結(jié)合,并利用HNH和RuvC對(duì)外源DNA進(jìn)行切割,其編輯效率大大提高,且可以對(duì)多基因同時(shí)編輯,然而其缺點(diǎn)是靶向目標(biāo) DNA 序列容易出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)配,存在脫靶率高、編輯特異性低等缺陷[4,16,21-22];Cas12a可以在crRNA引導(dǎo)下識(shí)別PAM,識(shí)別到正確序列才會(huì)形成封閉的R環(huán),因此編輯準(zhǔn)確性相對(duì)Cas9有了較大提高,其脫靶率也有所降低[12-13,23]。

CRISPR/Cas9及Cas12a是目前基因編輯技術(shù)中應(yīng)用最為廣泛的2種技術(shù),在水稻產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)、生物脅迫及非生物脅迫性狀關(guān)鍵基因的分子遺傳功能解析和目標(biāo)性狀的精準(zhǔn)改良上已成熟應(yīng)用(表2)。

2CRISPR/Cas在水稻中的研究進(jìn)展

2.1產(chǎn)量性狀

水稻產(chǎn)量由單株穗數(shù)、每穗粒數(shù)、粒型及粒重等多個(gè)性狀綜合組成[112-113]。目前已有29個(gè)產(chǎn)量相關(guān)基因被編輯,其中4個(gè)基因?qū)Ξa(chǎn)量起正調(diào)控作用,其他25個(gè)基因均作為負(fù)調(diào)控因子發(fā)揮作用。Li等對(duì)每穗粒數(shù)Gn1a、粒型DEP1、粒重GS3及理想株型基因IPA1定點(diǎn)突變,gn1a、dep1和gs3的T2突變體出現(xiàn)穗粒數(shù)增加、粒型變大,成功提高了產(chǎn)量[37]。其他研究分別對(duì)Gn1a&DEP1、GS3&DEP1、GS3、GS2/GRF4及SPL16/qGW8等開展基因編輯,在穗粒數(shù)、粒型、粒重等性狀上調(diào)控產(chǎn)量,改善農(nóng)藝性狀同時(shí)提高產(chǎn)量[39,42,44,47-48]。開展多基因同時(shí)編輯也可快速調(diào)控產(chǎn)量,Xu等同時(shí)對(duì)負(fù)調(diào)控粒重、粒型基因GS3、GW2、GW5及TGW6進(jìn)行編輯,快速改良突變體粒重及產(chǎn)量[41]。Zhou等同時(shí)編輯GS3、Gn1a及GW2,相關(guān)突變體出現(xiàn)籽粒變大、穗粒數(shù)增多從而提高水稻產(chǎn)量[38]。Zeng等同時(shí)編輯PIN5b、GS3和MYB30,突變體兼顧了高產(chǎn)和耐冷性[43]。非產(chǎn)量調(diào)控基因突變也會(huì)提高產(chǎn)量,Miao等獲得ABA受體突變體pyl1/4/6,通過增加31%籽粒數(shù)量從而提高產(chǎn)量[57],除此之外,對(duì)FWL4、SD1(OsGA20ox2)及PYL9進(jìn)行定點(diǎn)突變也可不同程度提高產(chǎn)量[49,51-52,58]。然而產(chǎn)量正調(diào)控基因如RGA1、SWEET11被編輯后會(huì)分別引起植株極端矮化及灌漿功能受損,從而減產(chǎn)[42,50]。

CRISPR/Cas12a在水稻產(chǎn)量調(diào)控中應(yīng)用也日漸增多,Malzahn等對(duì)粒長(zhǎng)基因DEP1和葉片卷曲度基因ROC5進(jìn)行敲除提高產(chǎn)量。對(duì)水稻PDS、DEP 和ROC5基因所有靶點(diǎn)進(jìn)行突變,能同時(shí)改良農(nóng)藝性狀及抗性[45,54],而將葉綠素a加氧酶基因CAO1靶向敲入水稻中,突變體的產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)降低[32,53],Zheng等同時(shí)利用Cas9和Cas12a對(duì)細(xì)胞分裂素家族基因OsCKX1-11進(jìn)行編輯,獲得了農(nóng)藝性狀及產(chǎn)量均有提升的單基因及多基因突變體,Cas9的編輯效率為26.9%~90.0%,有8個(gè)基因的編輯效率高于50.0%,而Cas12a的編輯效率為368%~100%且9個(gè)基因的編輯效率高于60%,Cas12a的多基因編輯效率高于Cas9(91.7%>545%)[40]。上述研究表明,對(duì)負(fù)調(diào)控基因進(jìn)行定點(diǎn)突變后可快速獲得目標(biāo)性狀改善的編輯系,然而有些基因突變后會(huì)對(duì)其他性狀產(chǎn)生不利影響,因此多重基因編輯技術(shù)的應(yīng)用為多個(gè)性狀同時(shí)改良提供了方案和可行性,在開展基因編輯時(shí)Cas12a的編輯效率及穩(wěn)定性均高于Cas9。

2.2品質(zhì)性狀

稻米品質(zhì)是水稻商業(yè)價(jià)值的核心賣點(diǎn),受到多個(gè)基因綜合調(diào)控,已有大量基因被證實(shí)直接或間接調(diào)控稻米品質(zhì),可用于定向改良直鏈淀粉含量、蛋白、香味等性狀。目前有13個(gè)品質(zhì)基因被編輯,其中4個(gè)基因(ISA、ITPK、GL3.2和BEL)正調(diào)控稻米品質(zhì),其他基因負(fù)調(diào)控稻米品質(zhì)。Wx基因的基因編輯位置差異對(duì)稻米品質(zhì)影響不同,對(duì)Wx基因功能位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行突變,可以將直鏈淀粉含量降至與糯稻相似,在不影響產(chǎn)量前提下改良稻米品質(zhì)[59-61];對(duì) Wxb基因啟動(dòng)子轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行突變,獲得新的Wx等位基因并獲得直鏈淀粉含量不同程度降低的突變體,改良了稻米品質(zhì)[62]。fad2突變體的油酸濃度提高,gs9突變體的粒型、堊白及外觀等品質(zhì)顯著改善,or突變體籽粒β-胡蘿卜素含量顯著提高,isa突變體總淀粉含量下調(diào),ZmPsy和SSU-crtI突變體水稻的籽粒類胡蘿卜素含量提高,badh2突變體籽粒產(chǎn)生香味,均可改良稻米品質(zhì)[66-67,69-70,72,114]。多基因同時(shí)突變可綜合提升水稻性狀,如app6/10雙突變體的直鏈淀粉、蛋白及谷蛋白含量均下調(diào)[65];細(xì)胞色素P450家族基因(Os03g0603100、Os03g0568400和GL3.2)和香味基因BADH2同時(shí)突變后改良稻米香味并提高產(chǎn)量[71];PDS和BELs同時(shí)突變穩(wěn)定提高水稻產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)[73]。對(duì)正調(diào)控基因進(jìn)行突變,有助于理解基因在稻米品質(zhì)改良中的作用,敲除Wxb第一內(nèi)含子、SBEIIb進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)敲除,突變體直鏈淀粉含量上調(diào),且引起營(yíng)養(yǎng)特性改變[63-64]。Jiang等突變ITPK1-6,降低籽粒植酸含量然而卻提高無機(jī)磷含量,不利于水稻生長(zhǎng)繁殖,證實(shí)該基因?qū)λ菊IL(zhǎng)發(fā)育的重要性[68]。對(duì)負(fù)調(diào)控稻米品質(zhì)基因的敲除加速了優(yōu)質(zhì)水稻品種選育的進(jìn)程,與其他產(chǎn)量性狀相關(guān)基因同時(shí)編輯,有望在保證產(chǎn)量的同時(shí)提高品質(zhì)。

2.3生物脅迫

水稻生長(zhǎng)過程對(duì)生物脅迫的抗性也可利用基因編輯方法改良,對(duì)抗性相關(guān)基因MPK1、MPK2、MPK5和MPK6的敲除能夠提高抗病性[85-86]。ERF922、SEC3A、ALB1、RSY1 和Pi21敲除后,突變體對(duì)稻瘟病的抗性提高,同時(shí)農(nóng)藝性狀也得到改良[74-78]。SWEET13和SWEET14敲除后突變體對(duì)白葉枯病菌的抗性提高,且SWEET14突變體無產(chǎn)量損失[79,81]。對(duì)SWEET11/8N3/Xa13編碼區(qū)及啟動(dòng)子區(qū)定點(diǎn)突變,也能提高水稻對(duì)白葉枯病的抗性[80,82]。Liang等對(duì)稻曲病相關(guān)基因USTA和UvSLT2進(jìn)行編輯,顯著提高了水稻對(duì)稻曲病抗性[84]。利用Cas12a低水平同源性核酸酶MAD7對(duì)水稻基因EPSPS、NRAMP、PDS、Xa13及ALS等進(jìn)行多重基因敲除,同步提升了突變體的品質(zhì)、除草劑及白葉枯病抗性[83]。Wang等利用Cas12a對(duì)受體樣激酶(OsRLK)相關(guān)基因(OsRLK-798、OsRLK-799、OsRLK-802和OsRLK-803)及CYP81A家族基因(OsBEL-230、OsBEL-240、OsBEL-250和OsBEL-260)開展多重基因編輯,獲得了陽性植株,相關(guān)突變體調(diào)控了水稻的抗逆性[105]。

對(duì)水稻負(fù)調(diào)控抗性基因進(jìn)行敲除或替換可快速改善目標(biāo)性狀,提升水稻抗性,然而有些編輯以損失產(chǎn)量為代價(jià)[109],而有些編輯在不損害甚至優(yōu)化農(nóng)藝性狀前提下同步改善水稻品質(zhì)[77-78,81,90,95],因此在進(jìn)行水稻抗性改良時(shí)需要考慮基因?qū)λ镜木C合影響,從而制定相應(yīng)編輯策略。

2.4非生物脅迫

水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過程中會(huì)受到多種非生物脅迫的影響,如干旱、低溫、鹽、除草劑等,相關(guān)基因的大量挖掘促進(jìn)了基因編輯在水稻非生物脅迫中的應(yīng)用,目前有24個(gè)相關(guān)基因被編輯,其中8個(gè)基因起正調(diào)控作用,即Ann3、OTS1、RAV2、SAPK2、BELs、MKK5、RLKs和SAP。在水稻抗旱性方面,PYL9、ERA1、PDS、半卷葉基因(SRL1和SRL2)和MIR535的基因突變會(huì)增強(qiáng)突變體的抗旱性[58,88-90,106]。而敲除SAPK2和SAP基因后,突變體對(duì)干旱脅迫和活性氧更敏感,農(nóng)藝性狀顯著下降[87,111]。在水稻響應(yīng)鹽脅迫方面,敲除水稻中的RR22、DST及PQT3基因,可顯著提高耐鹽性且不影響農(nóng)藝性狀[92,94-95],但對(duì)OTS1編碼區(qū)及RAV2啟動(dòng)子的GT-1元件突變后,其耐鹽性下降[91,93]。在水稻抗除草劑方面,通過將EPSPS、ALS突變基因敲入,或點(diǎn)突變野生型基因(ALS、FTIP1e)均能使水稻獲得除草劑抗性[96-103]。

除此之外,敲除Nramp5能降低Cd的積累且不影響產(chǎn)量[107-108];Ann3敲除后對(duì)低溫的耐受性降低[110];敲除MKK5后,突變體抗逆性降低[104];同時(shí)突變抽穗基因Hd2、Hd4和Hd5后突變體開花期及成熟期提前有助于逃避脅迫[109],然而農(nóng)藝性狀受到較大影響,因此在應(yīng)用時(shí)可進(jìn)行單基因編輯,從而消除對(duì)產(chǎn)量的損害。

3CRISPR/Cas的技術(shù)展望

基因編輯技術(shù)為生命科學(xué)帶來重大進(jìn)展,然而幾種技術(shù)的脫靶率及特異性問題仍需重點(diǎn)關(guān)注。研究人員優(yōu)化了相關(guān)技術(shù),開發(fā)了DB-PACE法從而降低基因編輯工具酶的脫靶效應(yīng),大大提高TALEN核酸酶的DNA結(jié)合能力和切割特異性[115];開發(fā)出提高Cas9基因編輯和堿基編輯特異性的選擇性核輸出抑制劑(SINE)[116];Sheng利用腙介導(dǎo)CRISPR/Cas12a系統(tǒng),通過互補(bǔ)堿基配對(duì)引起的鄰近效應(yīng)來加速整個(gè)激活鏈的形成,從而提高Cas12a 系統(tǒng)的特異性[117]。除此之外,CRISPR系統(tǒng)的sgRNA的優(yōu)化、PAM修飾、crRNA優(yōu)化及Cas蛋白突變體挖掘也會(huì)進(jìn)一步提高編輯范圍及特異性并降低脫靶率[12,46,104,118-120]。此外Cas12a蛋白表現(xiàn)出對(duì)低溫敏感的特征,目前Cas12a突變體是解決該問題的主要方式,而引起低溫敏感的分子機(jī)制尚不明確。上述問題的解決,將大大提高基因編輯水平,對(duì)目標(biāo)基因進(jìn)行定向編輯,產(chǎn)生無外源DNA插入的新品種,從而加快育種速度、縮短育種年限。

水稻產(chǎn)量、抗性和品質(zhì)相關(guān)基因的挖掘及分子機(jī)理解析,有助于更全面了解基因功能,目前基因編輯主要集中在編碼區(qū),有少量研究是編輯啟動(dòng)子的轉(zhuǎn)錄結(jié)合位點(diǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)性狀調(diào)控的。已有研究表明,DNA結(jié)構(gòu)本身,如拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)等也會(huì)影響基因表達(dá)水平[121],因此,未來也可能作為基因編輯靶點(diǎn),增加目標(biāo)性狀精準(zhǔn)改良的可能性。隨著人工智能的發(fā)展,Alphafold等技術(shù)對(duì)蛋白預(yù)測(cè)精準(zhǔn)度提高,越來越多的蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)被預(yù)測(cè),對(duì)目標(biāo)基因的模擬突變有助于挖掘關(guān)鍵堿基序列,可進(jìn)行靶向預(yù)測(cè),實(shí)現(xiàn)新的目標(biāo)性狀的改良已經(jīng)成為可能。相信隨著基因編輯技術(shù)的不斷完善、生物信息學(xué)和人工智能的不斷發(fā)展,水稻育種將會(huì)迅猛發(fā)展。

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