陳燕燕
【摘要】目的:針對(duì)血站采血護(hù)理人員對(duì)獻(xiàn)血者施行心理護(hù)理干預(yù)措施的效果進(jìn)行觀察。方法:選取在2021年3月—2022年3月間在我血站進(jìn)行獻(xiàn)血的60例獻(xiàn)血者作為研究對(duì)象,臨床研究組別劃分采取抽簽法,觀察組分入研究對(duì)象30例、對(duì)照組分入研究對(duì)象30例。兩組獻(xiàn)血者均應(yīng)用常規(guī)獻(xiàn)血護(hù)理,觀察組研究對(duì)象加用心理護(hù)理,對(duì)比兩組獻(xiàn)血者的心理健康狀態(tài)評(píng)分、護(hù)理質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)與護(hù)理滿意度。結(jié)果:(1)通過對(duì)本研究中各項(xiàng)觀察指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件驗(yàn)證處理后發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組研究對(duì)象護(hù)理干預(yù)前的平均SAS(焦慮)和SDS(抑郁)評(píng)分均較高,組間差異較?。≒>0.05);觀察組研究對(duì)象護(hù)理后的平均SAS和SDS評(píng)分要高于對(duì)照組(P>0.05)。(2)實(shí)驗(yàn)組溝通交流、消毒隔離、環(huán)境管理、基礎(chǔ)護(hù)理質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)比對(duì)參照組較高,兩組數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件分析,具備差異(P<0.05)。(3)實(shí)驗(yàn)組獻(xiàn)血者護(hù)理滿意度(96.67%)、參照組(76.67%),滿意度實(shí)驗(yàn)組略高,兩組數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件分析,具備差異(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:血站采血護(hù)理人員應(yīng)用心理護(hù)理干預(yù)措施對(duì)獻(xiàn)血者進(jìn)行護(hù)理干預(yù),能夠有效的疏導(dǎo)獻(xiàn)血者的負(fù)性情緒,有助于獻(xiàn)血者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率的降低,對(duì)采血工作的順利進(jìn)行有著一定的促進(jìn)作用,應(yīng)用價(jià)值較高。
【關(guān)鍵詞】血站護(hù)理人員;獻(xiàn)血者;心理護(hù)理;效果
Bservation on the Psychological Nursing Effect of Blood Collecting Nurses in Blood Stations on Blood Donors
CHEN Yanyan
Gansu Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Central Blood Station, Gannan, Gansu 747000, China
【Abstract】Objective: To observe the effectiveness of psychological nursing interventions implemented by blood collection nurses in blood stations on blood donors. Methods: Sixty blood donors who donated blood at our blood station from March 2021 to March 2022 were selected as the study subjects. The clinical study group was divided into two groups using a lottery method, with 30 observation groups included in the study subjects and 30 control groups included in the study subjects. Both groups of blood donors received routine blood donation care, while the observation group received psychological care. The psychological health status scores, nursing quality scores, and nursing satisfaction of the two groups of blood donors were compared. Results: (1) After conducting statistical software validation on the data of various observation indicators in this study, it was found that the average SAS (anxiety) and SDS (depression) scores of the two groups of study subjects before nursing intervention were higher, and the difference between the groups was small(P>0.05); The average SAS and SDS scores of the study subjects in the observation group after nursing were higher than those in the control group(P>0.05). (2) The experimental group had higher scores in communication, disinfection and isolation, environmental management, and basic nursing quality compared to the reference group. The data between the two groups were analyzed by statistical software and showed a difference(P<0.05). (3) The nursing satisfaction of blood donors in the experimental group (96.67%) and the reference group (76.67%) was slightly higher in the experimental group. The data between the two groups were analyzed by statistical software and showed a difference(P<0.05). Conclusion: The use of psychological nursing intervention measures by blood station blood collection nursing staff to intervene in the care of blood donors can effectively alleviate the negative emotions of blood donors, help reduce the incidence of adverse reactions among blood donors, and have a certain promoting effect on the smooth progress of blood collection work, with high application value.
【Key Words】Blood station nursing staff; Blood donors; Psychological care; Effect
血站是醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)中的一種,主要工作內(nèi)容為采集、儲(chǔ)存和向臨床及血液制品生產(chǎn)單位進(jìn)行供血。近幾年,隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展,人們受教育水平的不斷提升,大量公民進(jìn)行義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血,挽救了無數(shù)患者的生命。但是,因部分獻(xiàn)血者缺乏對(duì)獻(xiàn)血知識(shí)的了解,在獻(xiàn)血過程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)心理或生理上的不良反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致獻(xiàn)血中斷。這一現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)不僅對(duì)獻(xiàn)血者的心理及生理健康造成了一定的影響,還影響了血站的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),造成了醫(yī)療資源的浪費(fèi)。為此,我血站在部分獻(xiàn)血者進(jìn)行義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血期間對(duì)其施行了心理護(hù)理,護(hù)理干預(yù)效果極佳,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料
選取在2021年3月—2022年3月間在我血站進(jìn)行獻(xiàn)血的60例獻(xiàn)血者作為研究對(duì)象。臨床研究組別劃分采取抽簽法,觀察組分入研究對(duì)象30例、對(duì)照組分入研究對(duì)象30例。觀察組,男17例,女13例,年齡20~42歲,平均年齡(27.64±2.05)歲,其中本科及以上9例、大專14例、高中及以下7例;對(duì)照組,男19例,女11例,年齡20~44歲,平均年齡(28.02±2.02)歲,受教育水平為本科及以上10例、大專15例、高中及以下5例。組別間一般資料采用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行計(jì)算分析,顯示一般資料兩組并不具備差異(P>0.05),可作為本次課題研究對(duì)象。
1.2 方法
獻(xiàn)血時(shí),均予以兩組常規(guī)獻(xiàn)血護(hù)理。首先,由醫(yī)護(hù)人員對(duì)獻(xiàn)血者的資料講解登記記錄,并詢問獻(xiàn)血者的既往病史資料,采集血樣進(jìn)行分析。其次,醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)獻(xiàn)血中的血壓等相關(guān)生理指標(biāo)進(jìn)行檢測(cè),在一切正常的前提下予以獻(xiàn)血者采血工作。最后,在獻(xiàn)血完成后醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)當(dāng)叮囑獻(xiàn)血者相關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。
觀察組研究對(duì)象加用心理護(hù)理。首先,在獻(xiàn)血開始前醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)當(dāng)向獻(xiàn)血者講解義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血的重要性、血液采集的流程、注意事項(xiàng)和常見不良反應(yīng)等健康知識(shí)的宣教,增強(qiáng)獻(xiàn)血者的依從性。全面了解義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血者心理情況,對(duì)患者焦慮、緊張、不安的情緒進(jìn)行安撫, 并找出義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血者采血時(shí)的心理反應(yīng)及不良情緒發(fā)生的原因,針對(duì)其原因給予個(gè)體化護(hù)理干預(yù)。其次,在獻(xiàn)血工作開始時(shí)醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)當(dāng)動(dòng)作輕柔,穿刺準(zhǔn)確快速,避免對(duì)獻(xiàn)血者造成傷害,并不斷同獻(xiàn)血者進(jìn)行交流,轉(zhuǎn)移獻(xiàn)血者的注意力,并予以獻(xiàn)血者鼓勵(lì)與支持,消除獻(xiàn)血者的負(fù)性情緒。義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血期間護(hù)理人員需確保每一操作流程符合相關(guān)采血規(guī)范,加強(qiáng)無菌化操作。同時(shí),患者在義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血過程中可能存在緊張現(xiàn)象,護(hù)理人員可在操作中向患者介紹其流程與作用,從而轉(zhuǎn)移患者注意力,緩解患者不良情緒。最后,在獻(xiàn)血完成后護(hù)理人員應(yīng)當(dāng)記錄獻(xiàn)血者的聯(lián)系方式,并要求獻(xiàn)血者在休息區(qū)進(jìn)行半個(gè)小時(shí)的休息,對(duì)獻(xiàn)血者的表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行觀察,一旦出現(xiàn)異常癥狀要及時(shí)進(jìn)行處理,并告誡獻(xiàn)血者注意針孔保護(hù),避免感染。同時(shí),醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)當(dāng)予以獻(xiàn)血者真摯的感謝,并向獻(xiàn)血者發(fā)放紀(jì)念品[1-3]。義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血后,指導(dǎo)其如何進(jìn)行止血,并簡(jiǎn)要介紹患者獻(xiàn)血后注意事項(xiàng)。護(hù)理人員對(duì)義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血者狀態(tài)進(jìn)行觀察,并與其進(jìn)行溝通,了解義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血者狀態(tài),包括面色、心率,同時(shí)詢問義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血者是否存在眼前發(fā)黑、惡心等癥狀,如存在上述癥狀,應(yīng)及時(shí)幫助義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血者平躺休息,并給予義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血者溫?zé)崞咸烟撬虬滋撬?,待其不良反?yīng)緩解后再行離開。
1.3 評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
采用《焦慮自評(píng)量表》(SAS)和《抑郁自評(píng)量表》(SDS)對(duì)兩組獻(xiàn)血者護(hù)理前后的心理健康狀態(tài)進(jìn)行問卷調(diào)查,兩種調(diào)查量表均為百分制,分?jǐn)?shù)同獻(xiàn)血者心理健康狀態(tài)的好壞呈反比。評(píng)估義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血者護(hù)理質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),包括溝通交流、消毒隔離、環(huán)境管理、基礎(chǔ)護(hù)理,滿分均為100分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高則證實(shí)義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血護(hù)理質(zhì)量水平較高。通過訪談方式評(píng)價(jià)義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血者護(hù)理滿意度,滿分為20分,完全滿意為評(píng)分超過15分、一般滿意為評(píng)分10~14分、不滿意為1~9分。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用(%)表示,進(jìn)行x2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料采用(x±s)表示,進(jìn)行t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 兩組心理健康狀態(tài)評(píng)分差異比對(duì)
SAS和SDS評(píng)分采用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,可見兩組實(shí)施護(hù)理干預(yù)前,評(píng)分不具備差異性(P>0.05);觀察組獻(xiàn)血者采取心理護(hù)理后,其SAS和SDS評(píng)分相比對(duì)照組略低(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 獻(xiàn)血者護(hù)理溝通交流、消毒隔離、環(huán)境管理、基礎(chǔ)護(hù)理質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)比較
對(duì)比獻(xiàn)血者護(hù)理質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)數(shù)據(jù),實(shí)驗(yàn)組溝通交流、消毒隔離、環(huán)境管理、基礎(chǔ)護(hù)理質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)高于參照組,兩組數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件分析,具備差異(P<0.05),見表2。
2.3 獻(xiàn)血者護(hù)理滿意度比較
對(duì)比獻(xiàn)血者護(hù)理滿意度情況,實(shí)驗(yàn)組獻(xiàn)血者護(hù)理滿意度(96.67%)相比參照組(76.67%)滿意度略高,兩組數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件分析,具備差異(P<0.05),見表3。
近幾年隨著我國生活水平的不斷提升,國民素質(zhì)的不斷升高,參與無償獻(xiàn)血的人數(shù)也在隨之升高。但因獻(xiàn)血者對(duì)獻(xiàn)血知識(shí)和自身體質(zhì)的不了解,導(dǎo)致部分獻(xiàn)血者在采血過程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng),不僅影響獻(xiàn)血者的生理與心理健康,還會(huì)造成采血工作的中斷,對(duì)血站的正常運(yùn)行和醫(yī)療資源的合理使用均造成了負(fù)面影響。因此,在獻(xiàn)血過程中為獻(xiàn)血者進(jìn)行護(hù)理干預(yù),以降低獻(xiàn)血者的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,對(duì)血站的平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行和獻(xiàn)血者生理及心理健康的保障均有著重要的意義[4-5]。
在本研究中,通過對(duì)本研究中各項(xiàng)觀察指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件驗(yàn)證處理后發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組研究對(duì)象護(hù)理干預(yù)前的平均SAS(焦慮)和SDS(抑郁)評(píng)分均較高,觀察組研究對(duì)象護(hù)理后的平均SAS和SDS評(píng)分要高于對(duì)照組,實(shí)驗(yàn)組溝通交流、消毒隔離、環(huán)境管理、基礎(chǔ)護(hù)理質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)對(duì)比參照組略高,實(shí)驗(yàn)組獻(xiàn)護(hù)理滿意度比對(duì)參照組略高。通過研究可見,予以獻(xiàn)血者心理護(hù)理能夠?qū)ζ洚a(chǎn)生明顯干預(yù)作用,有良好效果,有助于采血工作的順利進(jìn)行。通過分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),心理護(hù)理干預(yù)在能夠采血前、采血中和采血后三階段對(duì)獻(xiàn)血者進(jìn)行護(hù)理干預(yù),全面疏導(dǎo)獻(xiàn)血者緊張、焦慮等負(fù)性情緒,且心理護(hù)理還能夠通過健康宣教和心理安撫等內(nèi)容增強(qiáng)獻(xiàn)血者對(duì)于義務(wù)獻(xiàn)血健康知識(shí)的了解,使獻(xiàn)血者在采血時(shí)身心狀態(tài)得到有效調(diào)整,有助于降低不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率[6]。
綜上所述,心理護(hù)理的施行能夠有效的疏導(dǎo)獻(xiàn)血者的負(fù)性情緒,有助于獻(xiàn)血者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率的降低,對(duì)采血工作的順利進(jìn)行有著一定的促進(jìn)作用,應(yīng)用價(jià)值較高。
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