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黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍對小鼠動脈粥樣硬化模型血管損傷的影響*

2023-10-11 03:27:52李菀榆龍清吟傅馨瑩馬露譚維李艷玲徐順洲張偉鄧常清
中國病理生理雜志 2023年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:焦亡主動脈黃芪

李菀榆, 龍清吟, 傅馨瑩, 馬露, 譚維, 李艷玲,徐順洲, 張偉, 鄧常清

黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍對小鼠動脈粥樣硬化模型血管損傷的影響*

李菀榆, 龍清吟, 傅馨瑩, 馬露, 譚維, 李艷玲,徐順洲, 張偉△, 鄧常清△

(湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)中西醫(yī)結(jié)合學(xué)院,中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心腦疾病防治湖南省重點實驗室,湖南 長沙 410208)

從血管壁細(xì)胞凋亡和焦亡方面來探討黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍對小鼠動脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis, AS)模型血管壁細(xì)胞損傷的影響。將雄性載脂蛋白E基因敲除(apolipoprotein E gene knockout,-/-)小鼠隨機分為模型組、黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低劑量組、黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍中劑量組、黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍高劑量組和阿托伐他汀組,以同周齡雄性C57BL/6J小鼠為對照組,每組5只。除對照組外均給予高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)12周構(gòu)建AS模型,模型成功后灌胃給予藥物。HE染色觀察主動脈內(nèi)膜增生厚度;全自動生化分析儀檢測總膽固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c)及高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-c)水平;ELISA法檢測血漿白細(xì)胞介素1β(interleukin-1β, IL-1β)和IL-18含量;免疫熒光法、RT-qPCR法及Western blot法檢測血管壁細(xì)胞凋亡和焦亡相關(guān)因子B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤蛋白2(B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl-2)、Bcl-2關(guān)聯(lián)X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein, Bax)、活化的胱天蛋白酶3(cleaved caspase-3)、核苷酸結(jié)合寡聚結(jié)構(gòu)域樣受體蛋白3(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3)、cleaved caspase-1和gasdermin D-N(GSDMD-N)的mRNA及蛋白表達(dá),評價藥物對AS病變血管壁細(xì)胞損傷的作用。高脂喂養(yǎng)可成功建立AS模型。與對照組比較,模型組血漿TC、TG和LDL-c含量顯著升高(<0.01),HDL-c含量顯著降低(<0.01),血管內(nèi)膜增厚(<0.01),血漿IL-1β和IL-18含量顯著增加(<0.01),血管壁細(xì)胞Bax、cleaved caspase-3、NLRP3、cleaved caspase-1和GSDMD-N表達(dá)增加(<0.01),Bcl-2表達(dá)降低(<0.01)。與模型組比較,黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍可降低血漿TC、TG和LDL-c含量(<0.05),升高血漿HDL-c含量(<0.05),減輕血管內(nèi)膜增生程度(<0.01),降低血漿IL-1β和IL-18含量(<0.05),抑制血管壁細(xì)胞Bax、cleaved caspase-3、NLRP3、cleaved caspase-1和GSDMD-N表達(dá)(<0.01),上調(diào)血管壁細(xì)胞Bcl-2表達(dá)(<0.01)。以黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍中劑量作用最顯著。黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍能延緩小鼠AS病變,減輕機體炎癥反應(yīng),抑制小鼠血管壁細(xì)胞凋亡和焦亡,其機制與抑制血管壁細(xì)胞凋亡和焦亡相關(guān)因子激活有關(guān)。

動脈粥樣硬化;黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍;-/-小鼠;細(xì)胞凋亡;細(xì)胞焦亡

心血管疾?。╟ardiovascular disease, CVD)是嚴(yán)重危害人類健康的疾?。?]。動脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)是心血管疾病的病理基礎(chǔ),其發(fā)病機制與脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂、氧化應(yīng)激和血管壁免疫炎癥反應(yīng)、血管壁細(xì)胞損傷等存在聯(lián)系[2-3]。通過抑制AS的血管壁損傷,對維護(hù)血管穩(wěn)態(tài)、抑制斑塊形成、促進(jìn)斑塊穩(wěn)定具有重要意義。近年來,免疫炎癥反應(yīng)和血管壁細(xì)胞損傷(細(xì)胞凋亡、細(xì)胞焦亡)被證實貫穿于AS發(fā)生發(fā)展的始終,是AS的重要病理生理機制,已成為防治AS的新切入點[4-7]。目前通過調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡、焦亡和免疫炎癥反應(yīng)來防治AS的藥物大多處于實驗階段,單一靶點的過度抑制往往有導(dǎo)致免疫功能下降等風(fēng)險,而中醫(yī)藥多成分、多靶點的作用特點可有效調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡、焦亡和免疫炎癥反應(yīng),已成為中醫(yī)藥防治心血管疾病新的治療方向。黃芪、當(dāng)歸作為益氣活血的經(jīng)典藥對,可調(diào)節(jié)血脂、抗氧化、保護(hù)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞等,具有良好的抗動脈粥樣硬化作用[8]。課題組前期研究表明,黃芪和當(dāng)歸在一定比例范圍配伍時具有抑制血管內(nèi)膜增生及血管局部炎性反應(yīng)的作用,其中以芪歸1∶1配伍的作用為佳[9-10]。由于AS是心腦血管疾病的重要病理基礎(chǔ),而血管壁細(xì)胞損傷和免疫炎癥反應(yīng)是AS發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要病理生理機制,因此,我們推測益氣活血藥對黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍可能通過影響血管壁炎癥反應(yīng)、調(diào)節(jié)血管壁細(xì)胞凋亡和焦亡,發(fā)揮改善血管病變的作用。因此,本研究利用載脂蛋白E基因敲除(apolipoprotein E gene knockout,-/-)小鼠AS模型,從細(xì)胞凋亡和焦亡角度研究了黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍(-combination, AA)對小鼠AS血管壁損傷的影響,以進(jìn)一步明確其改善AS血管病變的作用機制,為其臨床合理應(yīng)用提供實驗依據(jù)。

材料和方法

1 實驗材料

1.1動物4~6周齡SPF級雄性ApoE-/-小鼠,體質(zhì)量18~22 g,每組5只,共25只;4~6周齡SPF級雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,體質(zhì)量18~22 g,共5只;購自北京華阜康生物科技股份有限公司,動物合格證號為SCXK(京)2019-0008。動物均飼養(yǎng)于湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)SPF級實驗動物中心,環(huán)境晝夜交替12 h,溫度(22±2) ℃,濕度50%±10%。動物實驗經(jīng)湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)實驗動物倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)(倫理審核批號為LL2022010401)。

1.2動物飼料高脂飼料(3%膽固醇、0.5%膽酸鈉、2%丙基硫氧嘧啶、5%白糖、10%豬油、5%牛奶、76.3%普通飼料)購于北京科奧協(xié)力飼料有限公司,許可證號為SCXK(京)2019-0003。普通飼料購于湖南嘉泰實驗動物有限公司,許可證號為SCXK(湘)2020-0006。

1.3藥物根據(jù)我們以往的研究結(jié)果[9],本研究黃芪和當(dāng)歸以1∶1配伍,分為低、中、高3個劑量組。中藥飲片購自湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院并由左亞杰教授鑒定,黃芪為豆科植物蒙古黃芪(Fisch.) Bge. Var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao或膜莢黃芪(Fisch.) Bge.的干燥根,當(dāng)歸為傘形科植物當(dāng)歸(Oliv.) Diels的干燥根。阿托伐他?。╝torvastatin, ATV)片(批號H20133127)購自浙江樂普藥業(yè)股份有限公司。

1.4主要試劑蘇木素染液、伊紅染色液購自北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司;白細(xì)胞介素1β(interleukin-1β, IL-1β)和IL-18 ELISA試劑盒購自上海茁彩生物科技股份有限公司;B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤蛋白2(B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl-2)兔抗小鼠多克隆抗體和Bcl-2關(guān)聯(lián)X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein, Bax)兔抗小鼠多克隆抗體購自武漢三鷹生物技術(shù)有限公司;cleaved caspase-3兔抗小鼠多克隆抗體和核苷酸結(jié)合寡聚結(jié)構(gòu)域樣受體蛋白3(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3)兔抗小鼠多克隆抗體購自江蘇親科生物研究中心有限公司;caspase-1兔抗小鼠多克隆抗體和gasdermin D (GSDMD)兔抗小鼠多克隆抗體購自Cell Signaling Technology;山羊抗免IgG和BCA蛋白測定試劑盒購自武漢伊萊瑞特生物科技有限公司;RNA提取試劑盒購自北京天根生化科技有限公司;逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒和PCR擴增試劑盒購自上海近岸科技有限公司。

1.5儀器全自動生化分析儀(型號Chemray 800,深圳雷杜生命科技有限公司);多功能酶標(biāo)儀(型號Cytation3,BioTek);Gel DocXR+凝膠成像系統(tǒng)(型號Chemi DocTM XRS+)、Mini-PROTEAN Tetra型電泳槽(型號1658001)和Mini Trans-Blot型轉(zhuǎn)印槽(型號1703939)均為Bio-Rad產(chǎn)品。

2 方法

2.1藥物制備參考課題組前期方法[11],取黃芪和當(dāng)歸1∶1配伍藥材,分別加8倍和6倍量水浸泡后,煎煮2次(2和1.5 h),合并2次濾液,參考課題組前期給藥劑量[9-10],將藥液以旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)儀濃縮成低劑量濃度為0.23 g/mL(生藥),中劑量濃度為0.46 g/mL(生藥),高劑量濃度為0.92 g/mL(生藥)。ATV用時以生理鹽水制備成混懸液使用。

2.2動物分組及處理-/-小鼠以高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)12周,建立AS動物模型[12]。C57BL/6J小鼠作為對照組,共5只,普通飼料喂養(yǎng)12周。AS模型制備成功后,采用隨機數(shù)表法分組,分為模型(model)組、黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低劑量(low-dose AA, AA-L)組、黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍中劑量(medium-dose AA, AA-M)組、黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍高劑量(high-dose AA, AA-H)組和ATV組,每組各5只。對照(control)組繼續(xù)喂養(yǎng)普通飼料,并灌胃等量生理鹽水;其余各組繼續(xù)予高脂飼料喂養(yǎng),同時灌胃藥物,每天一次,連續(xù)4周,給藥體積為0.01 mL·g-1·d-1。動物分組和給藥劑量見表1。

表1 動物分組及藥物干預(yù)

2.3標(biāo)本采集實驗完成后用2%戊巴比妥鈉腹腔注射麻醉小鼠。腹主動脈采血置含EDTA-K2抗凝劑的試管中混勻,4 ℃、900×離心15 min,取上層血漿-80 ℃保存待測。然后血管內(nèi)灌注生理鹽水至流出液清亮,取主動脈根部至髂總動脈分支處血管,用4%多聚甲醛固定主動脈弓部,余下部分-80 ℃保存。

2.4HE染色法評價小鼠主動脈病變石蠟切片,按說明書HE染色,顯微鏡下采集圖片。用顯微圖像分析軟件(ImageJ)測量后,參考課題組前期方法[13]及文獻(xiàn)方法[14]計算主動脈內(nèi)膜面積(intimal area, IA)、內(nèi)膜增生率(hyperplasia rate of intimal area, HRIA)和內(nèi)膜厚度增生率(hyperplasia rate of intimal thickness, HRIT)。

2.5血脂水平檢測用全自動生化分析儀檢測血漿總膽固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c)及高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-c)含量。操作按說明書。

2.6ELISA法檢測小鼠血漿IL-1β和IL-18含量操作按說明書指引進(jìn)行。

2.7免疫熒光法檢測主動脈凋亡和焦亡相關(guān)蛋白cleaved caspase-3和NLRP3表達(dá)主動脈固定后,進(jìn)行組織免疫熒光染色:石蠟切片脫蠟至水,抗原修復(fù)后封閉,加入cleaved caspase-3(1∶200)和NLRP3(1∶2 000)Ⅰ抗4 ℃孵育過夜,Ⅱ抗避光室溫孵育50 min,DAPI避光室溫孵育10 min復(fù)染細(xì)胞核,封片。熒光顯微鏡觀察,采用ImageJ軟件1.5.3分析cleaved caspase-3和NLRP3的熒光強度,以單位面積熒光強度表示cleaved caspase-3和NLRP3的相對表達(dá)強度。

2.8RT-qPCR法檢測主動脈中Bax、Bcl-2及NLRP3 mRNA表達(dá)提取小鼠主動脈總RNA并測其濃度和純度,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,采用SYBR法進(jìn)行實時熒光定量PCR測定。引物由Sangon Biotech設(shè)計和合成,詳細(xì)序列見表2。

表2 引物序列

2.9Western blot法檢測主動脈Bax、Bcl-2、cleaved caspase-3、NLRP3、cleaved caspase-1及GSDMD-N蛋白表達(dá)提取主動脈蛋白,BCA法測其濃度,變性后經(jīng)電泳,轉(zhuǎn)膜,封閉,分別加入β-actin(1∶8 000)、Bax(1∶4 000)、Bcl-2(1∶2 000)、cleaved caspase-3(1∶1 000)、NLRP3(1∶1 000)、caspase-1(1∶1 000)、GSDMD(1∶1 000)Ⅰ抗,4 ℃孵育過夜;Ⅱ抗Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(1∶10 000)37 ℃孵育60 min;用Image Lab 4.0軟件對蛋白條帶進(jìn)行相對光密度()定量分析。cleaved caspase-1以cleaved caspase-1/pro-caspase-1的比值進(jìn)行定量,GSDMD-N以GSDMD-N/GSDMD的比值進(jìn)行定量,其余以目的蛋白/內(nèi)參β-actin的比值對目的蛋白表達(dá)進(jìn)行定量。

3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理

實驗數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示,用SPSS 23.0軟件統(tǒng)計分析。先進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗和方差齊性檢驗,如為正態(tài)分布、方差齊,先進(jìn)行單因素方差分析,再以LSD法進(jìn)行組間兩兩比較;方差不齊者用Dunnett's T3檢驗。以<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

結(jié)果

1 黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍對主動脈病變的影響

正常對照組主動脈內(nèi)膜完整,中層平滑肌細(xì)胞排列整齊,內(nèi)膜下未見泡沫細(xì)胞;模型組主動脈內(nèi)膜增厚,平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖且排列紊亂,內(nèi)膜下脂質(zhì)沉積并見大量泡沫細(xì)胞,IA、HRIA和HRIT顯著增加(<0.01);黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍干預(yù)后可減輕主動脈內(nèi)膜增生程度、泡沫細(xì)胞沉積及脂質(zhì)沉積,與模型組比較,芪歸低、中、高劑量組IA、HRIA及HRIT降低(<0.05),見圖1。

Figure 1. Comparison of HE staining of aorta and aortic IA, HRIA and HRIT. A: aortic HE staining (scale bar=500 μm); B: aortic IA, HRIA and HRIT. Compared with model group, IA,HRIA and HRIT were reduced in low-, medium- and high-dose Astragalus-Angelica(AA-L, AA-M and AA-H) groups and atorvastatin (ATV) group. Mean±SD. n=5. ##P<0.01 vs control group;*P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs model group;&&P<0.01 vs AA-M group.

2 黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍對血脂的影響

與正常對照組比較,模型組血漿TC、TG和LDL-c含量均顯著升高(<0.01),HDL-c含量顯著降低(<0.01);與模型組比較,黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍中劑量組和阿托伐他汀組TC、TG和LDL-c均顯著降低(<0.05),黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍中、高劑量組HDL-c顯著增加(<0.05),見圖2。

Figure 2. Comparison of plasma TC, TG, HDL-c and LDL-c levels among groups. Compared with model group, TC, TG and LDL-c were significantly lower in medium-dose Astragalus-Angelica(AA-M) and atorvastatin (ATV) groups, and HDL-c was significantly increased in AA-M and high-dose Astragalus-Angelica(AA-H) groups. Mean±SD. n=5. ##P<0.01 vs control group;*P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs model group.

3 黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍對血漿IL-1β和IL-18的影響

與正常對照組比較,模型組血漿IL-1β和IL-18含量顯著增加(<0.01);與模型組比較,黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、中、高劑量組和阿托伐他汀組血漿IL-1β含量均降低(<0.01),黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、中劑量組和阿托伐他汀組血漿IL-18含量降低(<0.05);黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍中劑量組血漿IL-1β含量顯著低于芪歸低、高劑量組(<0.01),黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍中劑量組血漿IL-18含量顯著低于黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低劑量組(<0.05),見圖3。

Figure 3. Comparison of plasma IL-1β and IL-18 levels among groups. Compared with model group, plasma IL-1β level was reduced in low-, medium- and high-dose Astragalus-Angelica(AA-L, AA-M and AA-H) groups and atorvastatin (ATV) group, and plasma IL-18 level was reduced in AA-L, AA-M and ATV groups. Mean±SD. n=5. ##P<0.01 vs control group;*P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs model group;&P<0.05,&&P<0.01 vs AA-M group.

4 黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍對主動脈細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)因子表達(dá)的影響

為進(jìn)一步明確黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍改善AS血管損傷的作用,本次用免疫熒光法測定了主動脈細(xì)胞凋亡標(biāo)志物cleaved caspase-3的表達(dá),結(jié)果見圖4。與正常對照組比較,模型組cleaved caspase-3表達(dá)顯著增加(<0.01);與模型組比較,黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、中、高劑量組和阿托伐他汀組cleaved caspase-3表達(dá)減少(<0.01);黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍中劑量組cleaved caspase-3表達(dá)低于黃芪-當(dāng)歸低、高劑量組(<0.01)。

Figure 4. Comparison of aortic cleaved caspase-3 expression in each group. Aortic cleaved caspase-3 immunofluorescence expression (scale bar=500 μm) and cleaved caspase-3 average fluorescence intensity. Cleaved caspase-3 expression was reduced in low-, medium- and high-dose Astragalus-Angelica(AA-L, AA-M and AA-H) groups and atorvastatin (ATV) group compared with model group. Mean±SD. n=5. ##P<0.01 vs control group;**P<0.01 vs model group;&&P<0.01 vs AA-M group.

此外,檢測主動脈細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)因子Bax和Bcl-2的mRNA表達(dá)后發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常對照組比較,模型組Bax的mRNA表達(dá)顯著增加(<0.01),Bcl-2的mRNA表達(dá)顯著降低(<0.01);與模型組比較,黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、中、高劑量組和阿托伐他汀組主動脈Bax的mRNA表達(dá)均降低(<0.01),黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍配伍低、中劑量組和阿托伐他汀組主動脈Bcl-2的mRNA表達(dá)增加(<0.01);黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍中劑量組對Bax和Bcl-2的效應(yīng)強于黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、高劑量組(<0.01),見圖5。

Figure 5. Comparison of aortic Bax, Bcl-2 and NLRP3 mRNA expression among groups. Compared with model group, the mRNA expression of aortic Bax and NLRP3 was decreased in low-, medium- and high-dose Astragalus-Angelica(AA-L, AA-M and AA-H) groups and atorvastatin (ATV) group, and the mRNA expression of aortic Bcl-2 was increased in AA-L, AA-M and ATV groups. Mean±SD. n=5. ##P<0.01 vs control group;**P<0.01 vs model group;&&P<0.01 vs AA-M group.

主動脈細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)因子Bax、Bcl-2和cleaved caspase-3的蛋白表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示,與正常對照組比較,模型組主動脈Bax和cleaved caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)均顯著增加(<0.01),Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)顯著降低(<0.01);與模型組比較,黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、中、高劑量組和阿托伐他汀組主動脈Bax和cleaved caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)均降低(<0.01),黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、中劑量組和阿托伐他汀組Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)增加(<0.01);黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍中劑量組對Bax、Bcl-2和cleaved caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)的效應(yīng)強于黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、高劑量組(<0.01),見圖6。

Figure 6. Comparison of aortic expression of apoptosis- and pyroptosis-related proteins among groups. Representative Western blot images and corresponding quantitative data were shown. Compared with model group, aortic protein expression of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 and GSDMD-N was decreased in low-, medium- and high-dose Astragalus-Angelica(AA-L, AA-M and AA-H) groups and atorvastatin (ATV) group, and Bcl-2 protein expression was increased in AA-L, AA-M and ATV groups. Mean±SD. n=5. ##P<0.01 vs control group;**P<0.01 vs model group;&&P<0.01 vs AA-M group.

5 黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍對主動脈壁細(xì)胞焦亡相關(guān)因子表達(dá)的影響

為進(jìn)一步探討黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍改善AS血管損傷的作用,我們用免疫熒光法測定了主動脈壁細(xì)胞焦亡標(biāo)志物NLRP3的表達(dá)。與正常對照組比較,模型組NLRP3表達(dá)顯著增加(<0.01);與模型組比較,黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、中、高劑量組和阿托伐他汀組NLRP3表達(dá)減少(<0.01);黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍中劑量組NLRP3表達(dá)低于黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、高劑量組(<0.01),見圖7。

Figure 7. Comparison of aortic NLRP3 expression in each group. Aortic NLRP3 immunofluorescence expression (scale bar=500 μm) and aortic NLRP3 average fluorescence intensity. NLRP3 expression was reduced in low-, medium- and high-dose Astragalus-Angelica(AA-L, AA-M and AA-H) groups and atorvastatin (ATV) group compared with model group. Mean±SD. n=5. ##P<0.01 vs control group;**P<0.01 vs model group;&&P<0.01 vs AA-M group.

與正常對照組比較,模型組主動脈NLRP3的mRNA表達(dá)顯著增加(<0.01);與模型組比較,黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、中、高劑量組和阿托伐他汀組NLRP3的mRNA表達(dá)均降低(<0.01);黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍中劑量組對NLRP3的效應(yīng)強于黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、高劑量組(<0.01),見圖5。

此外,與正常對照組比較,模型組主動脈NLRP3、cleaved caspase-1和GSDMD-N蛋白表達(dá)均顯著增加(<0.01);與模型組比較,黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、中、高劑量組和阿托伐他汀組NLRP3、cleaved caspase-1和GSDMD-N蛋白表達(dá)均降低(<0.01);黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍中劑量組對NLRP3、cleaved caspase-1和GSDMD-N的效應(yīng)強于黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍低、高劑量組(<0.01),見圖6。

討論

中醫(yī)認(rèn)為,心血管疾病病機為本虛標(biāo)實,氣虛為本,血瘀為標(biāo)。氣虛血瘀是AS的重要病機,益氣活血法是治療AS的主要治則之一[15]。黃芪和當(dāng)歸配伍是常用的益氣活血藥對,我們以往的研究表明,芪歸配伍可抑制血管內(nèi)皮損傷誘導(dǎo)的血管內(nèi)膜增生,且與抑制血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖、炎癥反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)沉積等有關(guān)[10, 16]。表明芪歸配伍具有良好的改善血管功能的作用。

本研究顯示AS模型組血漿TC、TG和LDL-c含量均升高,HDL-c含量降低,主動脈內(nèi)膜增厚,同時血漿炎癥因子IL-1β和IL-18增加,表明小鼠AS時出現(xiàn)AS病變,血管功能障礙,同時伴體內(nèi)炎癥狀態(tài)。經(jīng)黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍治療后,血脂改善,血管內(nèi)膜增生病變減輕,血漿炎癥因子水平降低。這表明黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍可改善小鼠動脈粥樣硬化的血管病變和體內(nèi)炎癥狀態(tài)。

血管壁細(xì)胞凋亡和焦亡是AS發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要病理生理機制[4-7]。AS的發(fā)生發(fā)展包括血管壁脂質(zhì)沉積、炎癥、結(jié)構(gòu)變化和細(xì)胞死亡[17-20]。凋亡和焦亡是細(xì)胞兩種程序性死亡方式,在AS中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。Sarai等[21]的研究表明,在AS中細(xì)胞焦亡標(biāo)志物caspase-1和細(xì)胞凋亡標(biāo)志物caspase-3表達(dá)同時增高,并伴隨巨噬細(xì)胞的死亡,給予caspase-1或caspase-3特異性抑制劑均可抑制巨噬細(xì)胞死亡。這提示凋亡與焦亡在AS病變中共存,通過抑制細(xì)胞死亡引起的免疫炎癥反應(yīng)可達(dá)到緩解AS的目的。

血管壁細(xì)胞凋亡通過影響血栓形成、斑塊破裂等,參與AS的發(fā)生與進(jìn)展。本研究表明,模型組主動脈凋亡標(biāo)志物cleaved caspase-3和促凋亡因子Bax表達(dá)增加,抗凋亡因子Bcl-2表達(dá)降低,提示血管壁細(xì)胞凋亡增強,促進(jìn)了血管細(xì)胞損傷。黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍可降低主動脈cleaved caspase-3和Bax表達(dá),增加Bcl-2表達(dá)。表明黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍可減輕小鼠AS病變的血管細(xì)胞凋亡,其作用可能是黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍可促進(jìn)抗凋亡因子表達(dá)、抑制促凋亡因子表達(dá),抑制了血管細(xì)胞凋亡,達(dá)到改善血管損傷的作用。近期研究證明,細(xì)胞焦亡可加重斑塊的不穩(wěn)定性,導(dǎo)致斑塊破裂和血栓形成[22],抑制細(xì)胞焦亡可減輕AS的病理損傷[23]。本研究表明,模型組主動脈細(xì)胞焦亡標(biāo)志物NLRP3、cleaved caspase-1和GSDMD-N表達(dá)均顯著增加,表明AS病變時血管壁細(xì)胞焦亡活性增強,并引起血管局部炎癥反應(yīng),使血管細(xì)胞損傷增加,血管功能障礙。黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍均降低主動脈NLRP3、cleaved caspase-1和GSDMD-N表達(dá),表明黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍可抑制小鼠AS病變的血管細(xì)胞焦亡,減輕血管壁炎癥反應(yīng),從而達(dá)到改善血管功能、抑制AS血管病變發(fā)生發(fā)展的作用。

綜上所述,本研究揭示了益氣活血中藥黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍可減輕小鼠AS血管病變,其作用與抑制血管壁細(xì)胞凋亡和焦亡、減輕炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)。這為以細(xì)胞凋亡和焦亡為靶點研究中醫(yī)藥緩解AS血管功能障礙提供了研究思路,也為進(jìn)一步揭示黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍改善AS血管功能、防治AS病變提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。但黃芪-當(dāng)歸配伍通過抑制血管細(xì)胞凋亡和焦亡改善血管功能的作用機制尚未完全明確,其作用是以抑制血管壁細(xì)胞凋亡為主還是以抑制細(xì)胞焦亡為主,仍需深入研究。

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Effect of-combination on vascular injury in a mouse model of atherosclerosis

LI Wanyu, LONG Qingyin, FU Xinying, MA Lu, TAN Wei, LI Yanling, XU Shunzhou, ZHANG Wei△, DENG Changqing△

(,,,410208,)

To investigate the effect of-combination on cell injury in the vascular wall of mouse atherosclerosis (AS) model from perspectives of cell apoptosis and pyroptosis.Male apolipoprotein E gene knockout (-/-) mice were randomly divided into model group, low-dose-group, medium-dose-group, high-dose-group and atorvastatin group, with 5 mice in each group. The same number of male C57BL/6J mice at the same week of age were used as control. Except for the control group, all other animals were fed with high-fat feed for 12 weeks to construct AS model, and drugs were given by gavage after successful modeling. Then, the thickness of aortic intimal hyperplasia was observed by HE staining. The total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels were measured by a fully-automated biochemical analyzer, and the plasma interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 levels were measured by ELISA. The mRNA and protein expression levels of cell apoptosis- and pyroptosis-related factors, including B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved caspase-3, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), cleaved caspase-1 and gasdermin D-N (GSDMD-N), were detected by immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR and Western blot assays. The combined results were used to evaluate the effect of target drugs on vascular wall cell injury in AS lesions.High-fat feeding induced AS model successfully. Compared with control group, the mice in model group showed increased plasma TC, TG and LDL-c levels (<0.01), decreased HDL-c level (<0.01), thickened intima (<0.01), increased plasma IL-1β and IL-18 levels (<0.01), and elevated expression levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 and GSDMD-N, and reduced expression of Bcl-2 in the vascular wall (<0.01). Compared with model group, treatment with-combination down-regulated plasma TC, TG and LDL-c levels (<0.05), up-regulated the plasma HDL-c level (<0.05), reduced the degree of intimal hyperplasia (<0.01), decreased plasma IL-1β and IL-18 levels (<0.05), inhibited the expression of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 and GSDMD-N, and promoted the expression of Bcl-2 in the vascular wall (<0.01). Overall, medium-dose-exhibited the most significant effect.Combination ofandcan delay the progress of AS lesions, alleviate inflammatory responses, and inhibit the apoptosis and pyrosis of vascular wall cells in mice, and its mechanism is related to the inhibition of activation of apoptosis- and pyroptosis-related factors in vascular wall cells.

atherosclerosis;-combination;-/-mice; apoptosis; pyroptosis

R363.2; R282.71

A

10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2023.09.007

1000-4718(2023)09-1586-10

2023-06-02

2023-08-29

國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(No. 81874406; No. 82174218);湖南省自然科學(xué)杰出青年基金項目(No. 2020JJ2024)

張偉 Tel: 0731-88458201; E-mail: zhangwei1979@hnucm.edu.cn;鄧常清 Tel: 0731-88458201; E-mail: dchangq@sohu.com

(責(zé)任編輯:余小慧,李淑媛)

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