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圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙在術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙中作用的研究進(jìn)展

2023-10-24 13:47張野宋家樂路建
中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2023年27期
關(guān)鍵詞:動(dòng)眼艾司氯胺酮

張野,宋家樂,路建

圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙在術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙中作用的研究進(jìn)展

張野1,宋家樂1,路建2

1.浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)嘉興學(xué)院聯(lián)培基地,浙江杭州 310053;2.嘉興市第二醫(yī)院麻醉科,浙江嘉興 314000

術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)延長患者的住院時(shí)間,增加患者發(fā)生長期認(rèn)知障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?;颊邍中g(shù)期睡眠障礙可增加POCD的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙現(xiàn)象普遍存在,易被人們所忽視。本文圍繞影響患者圍手術(shù)期睡眠的因素,對圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙在POCD中作用的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

睡眠障礙;術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙;焦慮;抑郁;疼痛

圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙的潛在影響因素包括外源性因素和內(nèi)源性因素,其中外源性因素包括噪聲、強(qiáng)光、醫(yī)療干預(yù)等,內(nèi)源性因素包括疼痛、焦慮、抑郁等。圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙主要表現(xiàn)為患者的總睡眠時(shí)間減少、睡眠碎片化、晝夜節(jié)律紊亂、疼痛等。超過40%的患者自訴其圍手術(shù)期的睡眠質(zhì)量較差,睡眠障礙患者易出現(xiàn)精神障礙,從而導(dǎo)致術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)的發(fā)生。POCD多發(fā)生于老年患者。研究顯示,老年患者心臟手術(shù)術(shù)后6周POCD的發(fā)生率約36%,術(shù)后6個(gè)月為24%;非心臟手術(shù)老年患者術(shù)后7d POCD的發(fā)生率為26%,術(shù)后3個(gè)月為10%[1]。POCD患者主要表現(xiàn)為術(shù)后學(xué)習(xí)、記憶、語言、注意力等能力下降。從圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙對POCD的影響來看,圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙可能在POCD中發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要的作用。本文圍繞影響患者圍手術(shù)期睡眠的因素,對圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙在POCD中的作用研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,為POCD的防治提供理論依據(jù)。

1 正常睡眠在機(jī)體中的作用

睡眠是一種復(fù)雜、多樣的生理過程,人體在睡眠過程中恢復(fù)精力和體力,大腦皮層處于休息狀態(tài),對其生存和健康具有重要作用。多導(dǎo)睡眠研究認(rèn)為,睡眠可分為非快速動(dòng)眼睡眠和快速動(dòng)眼睡眠[2]。腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)研究表明,非快速動(dòng)眼睡眠在陳述性記憶方面起主導(dǎo)作用,而快速動(dòng)眼睡眠則在加強(qiáng)程序記憶和情緒記憶中占主導(dǎo)地位[3]。自然睡眠時(shí),間質(zhì)液和腦脊液之間的對流速度顯著增加,可提高大腦中淀粉樣蛋白的清除。另有研究表明,在非快速動(dòng)眼睡眠期間,腦脊液出現(xiàn)大振幅脈沖流,以增強(qiáng)大腦代謝廢物的清除[4]。綜上,睡眠在記憶和遺忘的形成和鞏固中不可或缺。

2 影響圍手術(shù)期睡眠的因素

2.1 焦慮、抑郁

多數(shù)住院患者都會(huì)出現(xiàn)焦慮、抑郁等癥狀。睡眠障礙是焦慮和抑郁的常見并發(fā)癥,通常也伴有緊張、心悸等癥狀。抑郁、焦慮和睡眠障礙是雙向且復(fù)雜的關(guān)系,而非因果關(guān)系。其潛在機(jī)制:①抑郁癥與快速動(dòng)眼睡眠中斷有關(guān),在進(jìn)入快速動(dòng)眼睡眠過程中,胺單體含量迅速下降,膽堿能張力升高[5];這些單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放障礙,導(dǎo)致快速動(dòng)眼睡眠異常,也與抑郁癥有關(guān)[6]。②晝夜節(jié)律是由視交叉上核分子時(shí)鐘控制的24h生理和行為節(jié)律,其在調(diào)節(jié)睡眠和覺醒周期中起重要作用,包括睡眠時(shí)間、連續(xù)性和結(jié)構(gòu)性。生物鐘失衡是導(dǎo)致失眠和抑郁的重要因素。③炎癥和抑郁有較大關(guān)聯(lián)。睡眠剝奪通過激活交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和β-腎上腺素能信號(hào),增加炎癥標(biāo)志物,從而進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)抑郁癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展[7]。

2.2 年齡

在正常的衰老過程中,總睡眠時(shí)間和慢波睡眠持續(xù)時(shí)間減少,并與睡眠碎片化和入睡困難的增加有關(guān)[8]。老年人入睡時(shí)間延長,一般較年輕人延長20~30min;睡眠中覺醒次數(shù)增加,多者一晚可達(dá)5次;老年人睡眠程度淺,易喚醒,且再次入睡困難。慢波睡眠的比例隨年齡的增長而逐漸減少,有的甚至完全消失,這與老年人精力逐漸減弱、記憶力逐漸降低、免疫力呈下降趨勢有關(guān)。家庭睡眠障礙的患病率可影響40%的老年人,并與空間記憶、語言流暢性、注意力、處理速度和執(zhí)行功能的損害有關(guān)[9]。綜上,老年患者普遍存在睡眠障礙,導(dǎo)致POCD的誘發(fā)因素增加。

2.3 外科手術(shù)和麻醉

麻醉和外科手術(shù)對圍手術(shù)期睡眠質(zhì)量有不同程度的影響。研究證實(shí),麻醉時(shí)患者的腦電圖特征與生理睡眠時(shí)不同,麻醉鎮(zhèn)靜時(shí)所涉及神經(jīng)回路也與生理睡眠時(shí)不同[10]。研究表明,某些全身麻醉藥物會(huì)影響褪黑素分泌的節(jié)律[11]。較大手術(shù)會(huì)導(dǎo)致睡眠晝夜節(jié)律發(fā)生紊亂,且手術(shù)后第1個(gè)晚上褪黑素的濃度降低,而褪黑素治療可改善相關(guān)睡眠障礙的發(fā)生[12]。綜上,麻醉和外科手術(shù)可加速POCD的發(fā)展。

3 術(shù)后睡眠障礙相關(guān)因素

3.1 疼痛

疼痛和睡眠之間的關(guān)系是相互的,睡眠不足會(huì)導(dǎo)致疼痛的敏感性增加,而疼痛會(huì)使睡眠結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變。白天高水平的疼痛和鎮(zhèn)痛藥物補(bǔ)救治療均是第2個(gè)晚上睡眠不好的重要預(yù)示[13]?;加新蕴弁吹幕颊咭彩侨绱?。炎癥和疼痛有密切聯(lián)系,這是身體對外周和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中介質(zhì)的反應(yīng)。在疼痛狀態(tài)下,前列腺素、緩激肽、白細(xì)胞介素、腫瘤壞死因子等表達(dá)水平升高[14]。POCD的恢復(fù)機(jī)制框架通過神經(jīng)炎癥實(shí)現(xiàn)[15-17]。疼痛和POCD之間的另一種聯(lián)系來自于膽堿能神經(jīng)元調(diào)節(jié)疼痛信號(hào)、膽堿能缺乏和抗膽堿能藥物的使用均與疼痛超敏反應(yīng)有關(guān)[18]。

3.2 病房環(huán)境

患者術(shù)后睡眠障礙的增加也與病房環(huán)境有關(guān),如同病房其他患者、陪護(hù)家屬、醫(yī)護(hù)人員治療操作、病房燈光、走廊聲響等。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),患者對噪聲的投訴更多與監(jiān)控器警報(bào)有關(guān),而非工作人員。美國環(huán)境保護(hù)署建議,白天的噪聲低于45dB,晚上低于35dB。重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室的噪聲平均水平為80dB,超過美國環(huán)境保護(hù)署建議[19]。噪聲與睡眠中斷有關(guān),處理監(jiān)控報(bào)警器發(fā)出的噪聲有助于睡眠質(zhì)量的提高。

4 圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙在POCD中的作用

在動(dòng)物模型中,POCD的病理改變主要表現(xiàn)為神經(jīng)元損傷及小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的過度活化[20]。睡眠中斷可上調(diào)海馬體中促炎細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá),抑制褪黑素的分泌,促進(jìn)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活。研究表明,急性術(shù)前睡眠障礙會(huì)增加促炎細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)水平,從而損害認(rèn)知能力[21]。外科手術(shù)使外周血漿和海馬中的促炎細(xì)胞因子上調(diào),誘發(fā)神經(jīng)病變,形成惡性循環(huán)。此外,睡眠中斷可干擾腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子信號(hào)通路和神經(jīng)生成,最終損害空間記憶[22]。綜上,圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙,尤其是急性睡眠中斷可誘導(dǎo)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的過度激活,從而導(dǎo)致POCD。睡眠中斷可直接損害神經(jīng)元的興奮性和突觸可塑性。通過非藥物和藥物治療改善圍手術(shù)期睡眠質(zhì)量,有助于減少POCD的發(fā)生。

5 改善圍手術(shù)期睡眠的措施

5.1 非藥物治療

隨著超聲技術(shù)的普及,越來越多的外科手術(shù)術(shù)后通過超聲引導(dǎo)下神經(jīng)阻滯延長麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間,使患者更易度過急性疼痛期。采用腹腔鏡而不是傳統(tǒng)的開放式手術(shù)降低外科手術(shù)的創(chuàng)傷程度,減少術(shù)后疼痛[23]。消除夜間環(huán)境壓力,如對同病房的家屬和患者進(jìn)行宣教,減少夜間活動(dòng)和說話;減少夜間病房燈光亮度;減少夜間非必要的治療操作等,眼罩和耳塞的使用也可促進(jìn)睡眠,或聽一些輕音樂等均能改善患者的睡眠情況。

5.2 藥物治療

5.2.1 褪黑素 褪黑素是由松果體產(chǎn)生的一種激素,其與睡眠–覺醒周期有關(guān)。褪黑素在調(diào)節(jié)睡眠行為、免疫系統(tǒng)及對壓力、癌癥、衰老反應(yīng)方面的作用再次受到學(xué)者關(guān)注[24]。外源性褪黑素可影響晝夜節(jié)律,改善睡眠障礙,提高睡眠質(zhì)量[25]?,F(xiàn)已證實(shí)褪黑素可增加γ-氨基丁酸A型受體數(shù)量,其可能有助于發(fā)揮抗抑郁作用[26-27]。在腦卒中、阿爾茨海默病和帕金森病等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病中,褪黑素的表達(dá)水平會(huì)受影響,表明褪黑素與上述疾病的病理生理過程有關(guān)[28-29]。綜上,褪黑素水平的變化可能是睡眠障礙早期的標(biāo)志物。

5.2.2 右美托咪定 右美托咪定是一種選擇性α2腎上腺素受體激動(dòng)劑,其廣泛應(yīng)用于鎮(zhèn)靜和鎮(zhèn)痛治療中,可保留神經(jīng)功能并減輕神經(jīng)元損傷,通過抑制手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷引起的海馬炎癥反應(yīng)和神經(jīng)元凋亡,對認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用[30]。與其他鎮(zhèn)靜藥物不同,右美托咪定通過內(nèi)因性睡眠途徑發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)靜作用,并產(chǎn)生N2睡眠樣狀態(tài)[31]。在一項(xiàng)大樣本研究中,夜間隨機(jī)給予重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室術(shù)后患者亞麻醉劑量右美托咪定或安慰劑,結(jié)果顯示亞麻醉劑量右美托咪定輸注可降低POCD發(fā)生率,改善患者術(shù)后3d夜間的主觀睡眠質(zhì)量。

5.2.3 艾司氯胺酮 艾司氯胺酮是N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體(N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor,NMDAR)拮抗劑,可通過抗炎、鎮(zhèn)痛或調(diào)節(jié)晝夜節(jié)律改善睡眠質(zhì)量。其鎮(zhèn)痛和抗炎的作用機(jī)制:①傷害性刺激的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)突觸前膜興奮性遞質(zhì)谷氨酸的釋放。艾司氯胺酮作為NMDA受體的非競爭性拮抗劑,通過減少受體通道的開放時(shí)間和受體通道的開放頻率阻斷谷氨酸傳遞,發(fā)揮麻醉和鎮(zhèn)痛作用。艾司氯胺酮還可通過降低與受體的分離率誘導(dǎo)持續(xù)的阻斷作用[32]。②艾司氯胺酮可抑制炎癥反應(yīng)中白細(xì)胞的活化,減少腫瘤壞死因子-α、白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6、IL-8等炎癥細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生;并刺激IL-4、IL-10等抗炎因子的分泌,緩解炎癥引起的神經(jīng)損傷[33]。其對睡眠和晝夜節(jié)律的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制為:①艾司氯胺酮對晝夜節(jié)律的影響包括減弱對光的反應(yīng),改變視交叉上核中廣泛分布的NDMA受體和日節(jié)律[34]。②外側(cè)韁丘是大腦中與視交叉上核相連的一個(gè)區(qū)域,其可能是艾司氯胺酮引起的晝夜節(jié)律效應(yīng)的潛在候選區(qū)域。

6 小結(jié)與展望

圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙在外科手術(shù)患者中普遍存在,可增加POCD的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),特別是在老年患者中。圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙引起的POCD存在多種神經(jīng)病理改變,如神經(jīng)炎癥、腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子減少等?;謴?fù)睡眠可減輕患者的神經(jīng)損傷,改善術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能,提示圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙的早期篩查和及時(shí)干預(yù)將是預(yù)防POCD的關(guān)鍵。研究圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙的發(fā)生機(jī)制及其影響因素不僅有利于制定個(gè)體化的治療方案,減輕或消除圍手術(shù)期睡眠障礙,更有益于減少術(shù)后神經(jīng)認(rèn)知障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),促進(jìn)患者的快速康復(fù)。

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(2022–11–12)

(2023–09–07)

R614

A

10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2023.27.032

浙江省衛(wèi)生健康科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2021KY355);浙江省基礎(chǔ)公益研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(LGF20H090019)

路建,電子信箱:ljp200681@163.com

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