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重復(fù)低能量紅光干預(yù)改善青少年近視的研究現(xiàn)狀

2024-04-13 06:29:24
激光生物學(xué)報(bào) 2024年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:近視紅光安全性

收稿日期:2023-07-24;修回日期:2023-10-07。

通信作者:康宏向,副研究員,主要從事激光生物學(xué)效應(yīng)的研究。E-mail: khx007@163.com。

劉智搏 馬瓊 李卉 康宏向

摘 要:近視作為眼科最常見的疾病已經(jīng)發(fā)展成一項(xiàng)嚴(yán)重的國際化公共健康負(fù)擔(dān),發(fā)展形勢不容樂觀,有必要提出新的有效的干預(yù)措施,以遏制近視流行的浪潮。近幾年,紅光干預(yù)延緩近視進(jìn)展成為新的研究熱點(diǎn)。本文從近視的流行現(xiàn)狀、近視的誘因入手,簡要介紹目前臨床常用治療手段,總結(jié)紅光干預(yù)近視的研究現(xiàn)狀,討論紅光干預(yù)改善近視可能的機(jī)制機(jī)理,并提出一些潛在的激光安全問題,希望能夠?qū)ξ磥淼南嚓P(guān)研究提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞:近視;紅光;光生物調(diào)節(jié);安全性;青少年

中圖分類號:R779.7? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-7146.2024.01.003

Repeated Low-level Red-light Intervention to Improve the Research Status of Adolescent Myopia

LIU Zhibo1, MA Qiong1, LI Hui2, KANG Hongxiang1*

(1. Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100850, China;2. Beijing Childrens Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China)

Abstract: Myopia, as the most common disease in ophthalmology, has developed into a serious international public health burden, the development situation is not optimistic. It is necessary to put forward new and effective intervention measures to curb the prevalence of myopia. In recent years, red light intervention to delay the progress of myopia has become a new research hotspot. Starting with the epidemic situation and inducement of myopia, this paper briefly introduces the commonly used clinical treatment methods, summarizes the research status of red light intervention in myopia, and discusses the possible mechanism of red light intervention in improving myopia. Some potential laser safety problems are put forward, hoping to provide reference for related research in the future.

Key words: myopia; red light; photobiological regulation; security; adolescence

(Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2024, 33(1): 024-030)

進(jìn)入眼睛的平行光在視網(wǎng)膜前聚焦引起視力模糊的屈光不正現(xiàn)象稱為近視(myopia)。近視在青少年時(shí)期會(huì)持續(xù)發(fā)展,并伴隨著患者的日常工作生活,造成的健康負(fù)擔(dān)除了與光學(xué)矯正屈光不正有關(guān)的直接成本,還包括與視力損害有關(guān)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)影響和生活質(zhì)量下降[1],產(chǎn)生的危害不可估量。如近視進(jìn)展可能會(huì)引起青光眼、白內(nèi)障、視網(wǎng)膜脫離、黃斑變性等并發(fā)癥[2-4],甚至存在致盲風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,近視的防控與治療是患者與醫(yī)生關(guān)心的焦點(diǎn)。近視的主要特征包括軸向伸長和脈絡(luò)膜顯著變薄缺血等[5]。最新研究顯示,重復(fù)低能量紅光(repeated low-level red-light,RLRL)干預(yù)下近視進(jìn)展?fàn)顩r能夠得到改善,有望成為一種新的防控近視的手段。

1 疾病流行現(xiàn)狀

1.1 近視流行現(xiàn)狀

Holden等[6]預(yù)計(jì),未來50年東亞近視患病人群,包括高度近視人群,將大幅度增長,全球近視患病率將高達(dá)50%。值得關(guān)注的是,東亞國家的兒童和青少年近視患病率最高[7-8],在東亞約95%的近視人群需要通過佩戴光學(xué)鏡片來獲得清晰的矯正視力[9]。Grzybowski等[10]的報(bào)告指出了不同地區(qū)的近視患病率,亞洲近視患病率約為60%,明顯高于歐洲約40%的患病率,北美近視患病率約為42%,東亞學(xué)齡兒童的近視患病率約為73%,僅非洲和南美兒童的近視患病率低于10%。總而言之,不僅東亞地區(qū),近視的國際發(fā)展形勢均不容樂觀。雖然,目前臨床有針對性的治療手段,但是僅僅靠治療來減輕近視負(fù)擔(dān)是非常困難的,急需有效的防控手段,以防止近視發(fā)病和減緩近視進(jìn)展[11]。其中,預(yù)防兒童和青少年近視發(fā)生并減緩其發(fā)展是重中之重[12-15]。

1.2 近視治療

1.2.1 近視的影響因素

關(guān)于近視形成的原因,大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為,近視與多種因素有關(guān),除地域及種族因素外,還包括遺傳因素[16]與環(huán)境因素。屈光不正與近視的遺傳學(xué)全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究能夠幫助了解近視與遺傳之間復(fù)雜的相互作用,并制定可能的預(yù)防和治療措施以對抗近視流行。對于環(huán)境因素來講,有研究表明,近視會(huì)受到空氣污染物的影響,空氣污染物濃度與近視的發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[17-19]。這提示,個(gè)人盡量不要或減少暴露在可預(yù)防的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中,以防止近視的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。除此之外,大量研究表明,長時(shí)間的戶外活動(dòng)能夠有效降低近視患病率[20],反之,戶外時(shí)間不足會(huì)導(dǎo)致近視發(fā)生以及近視進(jìn)展加快[21]。例如,中小學(xué)生由于在新型冠狀病毒感染期間長時(shí)間使用屏幕進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)和娛樂,導(dǎo)致近視進(jìn)展加快[22]。

1.2.2 臨床治療手段

近視是屈光力和眼軸長度(axial length,AL)不匹配造成的結(jié)果[23],導(dǎo)致物體的圖像被聚焦到視網(wǎng)膜前面。臨床醫(yī)生通過采用一些特殊手段嘗試使成像的位置后移達(dá)到矯正視力的目的,除常用的佩戴框架鏡之外,其他矯正方式主要包括有佩戴角膜塑形鏡(即OK鏡)、激光角膜削切手術(shù)和人工晶體(implantable collamer lens,ICL)植入術(shù)等。佩戴角膜塑形鏡屬于一種可逆性非手術(shù)的物理矯形治療方法[24],通過逆幾何設(shè)計(jì)的鏡片形成中央的下壓力以及旁周邊的外拉力,能有效地改變角膜形態(tài),降低中央角膜前表面曲率,從而達(dá)到矯正視力的目的。數(shù)字化角膜塑形鏡作為近幾年提出的新技術(shù),是基于全角膜數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)的新一代全吻合角膜再成形鏡,與傳統(tǒng)角膜塑形鏡相比具有長期佩戴安全有效、視覺穩(wěn)定性好、可預(yù)測性和可逆性強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[25]。中高度成年近視患者多采用激光角膜削切手術(shù)矯正視力[26],利用激光作用于角膜,汽化一定厚度的角膜基質(zhì)層組織,改變角膜的曲率,從而達(dá)到矯正屈光不正的目的,但該手術(shù)不適用于部分角膜較薄的患者。而ICL植入手術(shù)[27]適用人群廣泛,可用于矯正較大度數(shù)范圍的近視、遠(yuǎn)視和散光。另外,低濃度阿托品是常用的藥物干預(yù)手段[28],作為M受體阻斷劑麻痹睫狀肌,同時(shí)通過拮抗視網(wǎng)膜和脈絡(luò)膜上M受體抑制眼軸的增長,延緩近視發(fā)展。角膜塑形鏡與低濃度阿托品單獨(dú)或聯(lián)合應(yīng)用均適用于近視發(fā)展初期度數(shù)較低的青少年患者[29-30],但停止使用后近視的視力狀況會(huì)出現(xiàn)反彈現(xiàn)象。

2 紅光與近視防控

最新研究結(jié)果顯示,650 nm波長的紅光作用于青少年近視患者眼部,能夠改善脈絡(luò)膜厚度(choroicl thickness,ChT)、減緩AL與屈光度變化進(jìn)展[31-33],從而改善視力并延緩近視發(fā)展。本文通過檢索PubMed、Web of Science、CNKI篩選試驗(yàn)研究類文獻(xiàn),以發(fā)表時(shí)間為順序總結(jié)RLRL干預(yù)改善近視的最新臨床研究進(jìn)展,旨在闡述RLRL在改善青少年近視發(fā)展中的應(yīng)用,對激光干預(yù)方式、近視治療效果、可能的影響因素與機(jī)制機(jī)理及潛在的激光安全問題進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)總結(jié),展望其臨床應(yīng)用前景,為下一步研究與實(shí)踐提供指導(dǎo)與參考。其中,近視治療效果即視力改善情況,通過對比試驗(yàn)條件與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)一步闡述。

2.1 紅光干預(yù)方式及其療效

近兩年發(fā)表的針對紅光干預(yù)近視研究論文[34-45]的結(jié)果如表1所示,使用的光源均為波長為650 nm的半導(dǎo)體激光器。參與試驗(yàn)的患者被要求每天治療2次、每次3 min,且2次之間相隔時(shí)間4 h以上。其中,Xiong等[34]、Tian等[39,45]臨床治療研究使用的是近弱視治療儀(同仁醫(yī)院生產(chǎn)),而其余研究使用的是弱視臺(tái)式治療儀(蘇州宣佳光電科技有限公司生產(chǎn))。研究結(jié)果顯示,RLRL干預(yù)有效改善了ChT,減緩了AL與等效球鏡屈光度(spherical equivalent refraction,SER)的增長。

Xiong等[34]為期6個(gè)月和Zhou等[35]為期9個(gè)月的臨床治療研究發(fā)現(xiàn),RLRL治療組患者的ChT顯著增加,出現(xiàn)AL縮短和SER改善現(xiàn)象;Xiong等[37]為期24個(gè)月的臨床治療結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與對照組相比,RLRL治療組患者的ChT明顯增加,AL和SER增長減緩。以上研究對比發(fā)現(xiàn),RLRL持續(xù)治療時(shí)間對ChT、AL和SER參數(shù)變化存在影響。Jiang等[36]、He等[43]試驗(yàn)中患者進(jìn)行了為期12個(gè)月每周5 d的 RLRL治療,治療組患者的ChT、AL和SER 3組參數(shù)分別為:12.1 μm、0.13 mm、-0.20 D和12.3 μm、0.17 mm、-0.41 D。2項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)參數(shù)變化顯示出較高的一致性,前者ChT、AL和SER 3組參數(shù)變化均優(yōu)于對照組,表現(xiàn)出明確地延緩近視進(jìn)展的治療作用。同樣,Tian等[45]、Lin等[44]和Dong等[38]的臨床試驗(yàn)也發(fā)現(xiàn)了AL縮短和SER改善的治療作用。Chen等[40]的試驗(yàn)中RLRL治療組患者采用為期12個(gè)月每周7 d的治療方法,結(jié)果顯示,AL和SER分別為0.08 mm、-0.03 D。對比Chen等[40]與Jiang等[36]的2項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),在為期12個(gè)月的RLRL干預(yù)條件下,每周7 d的RLRL治療效果好于每周5 d,提示不間斷地持續(xù)使用RLRL干預(yù)近視效果較好。Xiong等[37]進(jìn)行的周期約24個(gè)月的紅光干預(yù)近視療效和安全性評估,包括停止干預(yù)后的潛在反彈效應(yīng),治療組結(jié)果顯示,AL和SER分別為0.16 mm、-0.31 D,與周期為12個(gè)月的結(jié)果相比(AL和SER分別為-0.01 mm、

-0.19 D)AL與屈光度均略有增長。同團(tuán)隊(duì)的Wang等[42]的研究結(jié)果顯示,治療1個(gè)月時(shí)觀察到最大的AL相對縮短值,之后AL縮短的程度逐漸減小,AL的變化保持在穩(wěn)定的水平。這些數(shù)據(jù)表明,干預(yù)引起的AL變化有可能維持在一定的水平,AL長度趨于穩(wěn)定水平后便不再隨著時(shí)間的推移增加,探索RLRL治療的長期有效性至關(guān)重要。

2.2 影響因素

紅光干預(yù)改善近視效果主要存在以下3個(gè)方面的影響因素:1)治療依從性,患者良好的依從性是治療延續(xù)性及試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的保證;2)每周干預(yù)天數(shù)以及總的干預(yù)周期,相關(guān)參數(shù)的變化會(huì)隨著干預(yù)時(shí)間延長而趨于平穩(wěn)狀態(tài);3)年齡與性別,年齡越小、近視程度越高的患者AL縮短幅度越大,另外性別差異表現(xiàn)為女性經(jīng)歷AL縮短的頻率更高(在臨界點(diǎn)上有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義),根據(jù)個(gè)體差異定制干預(yù)方案也是必要的。

2.3 可能的機(jī)制機(jī)理

目前,紅光干預(yù)改善近視的相關(guān)研究處于初步階段,并不能將其改善近視進(jìn)展的機(jī)制機(jī)理解釋清楚。研究表明,光生物調(diào)節(jié)(photobiomodulation,PBM)在老年性黃斑變性、視網(wǎng)膜病變、弱視等多種視網(wǎng)膜疾病的治療中都發(fā)揮著積極的作用[46-48],所以PBM可以作為探究紅光干預(yù)近視治療的研究方向。

通過研究紅外/近紅外光(infrared ray/near infrared ray,F(xiàn)R/NIR)輻射下細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的各種反應(yīng),發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞能夠吸收600~1 000 nm波長范圍內(nèi)單色光的光子能量,以非破壞性和非熱的方式影響細(xì)胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)過程[49],即PBM作用下的“光信號傳導(dǎo)”過程,其中由線粒體觸發(fā)傳遞至細(xì)胞核的信號被稱為“線粒體逆行信號”[50]。目前,F(xiàn)R/NIR普遍被認(rèn)為能夠與線粒體內(nèi)膜上的細(xì)胞色素C(cytochrome C,Cyt c)中的生色團(tuán)相互作用,增加膜上復(fù)合體I、II、III、IV的活性,同時(shí)存在活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的生成、Ca2+流量的變化以及一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)與細(xì)胞色素C氧化酶(cytochrome C oxidase,CCO)的結(jié)合[51]。這些信號分子均參與介導(dǎo)線粒體逆行信號[52]。線粒體呼吸鏈產(chǎn)生能量,以膜電位的形式儲(chǔ)存起來,形成膜電位梯度,驅(qū)動(dòng)三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)的合成,同時(shí)能夠調(diào)控Ca2+在亞細(xì)胞區(qū)的局部濃度,進(jìn)而激活不同的生化過程。CCO被認(rèn)為是PBM的光受體[53]。NO通過與CCO直接結(jié)合來調(diào)節(jié)線粒體的呼吸,影響O2的消耗與呼吸鏈的氧化還原狀態(tài),低水平的NO可以在不影響ATP合成的情況下調(diào)節(jié)線粒體ROS的生成。線粒體產(chǎn)生的ROS主要是超氧陰離子(O2-),其主要來源是呼吸鏈復(fù)合體III在電子傳遞鏈Q(jìng)循環(huán)過程中形成的泛半醌自由基中間體(QH·)。當(dāng)FR/NIR 介入時(shí), CCO的氧化還原狀態(tài)改變,表現(xiàn)為ROS產(chǎn)生增加,同時(shí)NO與 CCO 上的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)光解,增強(qiáng) CCO 的活性[54],促進(jìn)釋放的NO擴(kuò)散到細(xì)胞質(zhì)中。NO和ROS可以由不同的酶或相同的酶通過交替的還原和氧化過程產(chǎn)生,在PBM作用中NO和ROS扮演著重要角色。ROS是細(xì)胞生長和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子激活的重要信號分子,在較低濃度下能夠促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖、誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元分化、激活某些氧合蛋白基因表達(dá)等。NO是一種有效的血管擴(kuò)張劑,調(diào)節(jié)微循環(huán),增加組織供氧,也可作為神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞之間傳遞信號。

線粒體作為細(xì)胞功能的中心、細(xì)胞器和細(xì)胞核之間的信號整合者,在吸收紅光后,能夠?qū)υS多的細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生保護(hù)作用[55-56],能有效促進(jìn)血液循環(huán)并緩解氧化應(yīng)激[57]與炎癥[58]??偠灾?,PBM作用于眼部(圖1),能夠提高脈絡(luò)膜血流量并為眼部組織提供能量[59],同時(shí)刺激血管擴(kuò)張使ChT增加,改善近視發(fā)展過程中鞏膜缺氧狀況,從而延緩近視發(fā)展,達(dá)到改善近視的目標(biāo)。

除此之外,多巴胺(dopamine,DA)是視網(wǎng)膜中一種重要的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),參與調(diào)節(jié)視網(wǎng)膜發(fā)育、視覺信號和屈光發(fā)育等多種過程。通過一系列動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DA與近視的發(fā)展有關(guān)[60-61]。DA 受體是 G 蛋白偶聯(lián)受體,視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)幾乎所有神經(jīng)元類別都存在 DA 受體。有研究者提出,紅光干預(yù)可能彌補(bǔ)了室外活動(dòng)不足人群的多巴胺分泌,從而使近視狀況得到改善[62]。

2.4 安全性

RLRL在臨床上被應(yīng)用于治療皮膚疾?。?3]、神經(jīng)疾?。?4]、視網(wǎng)膜疾?。?5]已有幾十年歷史,并廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床修復(fù)創(chuàng)面、抗炎、抗癌[66-68]等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究。近幾年對RLRL防控兒童青少年近視的臨床試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),低強(qiáng)度重復(fù)紅光對于延緩青少兒近視發(fā)展效果顯著。不過由于眼部特殊的聚光作用,視網(wǎng)膜的輻照度(每單位時(shí)間單位面積的能量)比入射到角膜的輻照度高出104倍以上[69],紅光的PBM作用可能促進(jìn)眼屈光狀態(tài)的良性發(fā)展,也可能在超出一定強(qiáng)度后導(dǎo)致不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。例如,在一項(xiàng)紅光的經(jīng)瞳孔溫?zé)岑煼ǎ╰ranspupillary thermotherapy,TTT)對視網(wǎng)膜的安全性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮中熱休克蛋白、腫瘤壞死因子α和血管細(xì)胞黏附分子1呈陽性反應(yīng)[70]。本文觀點(diǎn)與《重復(fù)低強(qiáng)度紅光照射輔助治療兒童青少年近視專家共識(shí)(2022)》[71]一致,目前RLRL干預(yù)近視的技術(shù)已經(jīng)得到較大范圍的普及應(yīng)用,治療患者數(shù)量巨大而僅有少量不良反應(yīng)報(bào)道,說明該技術(shù)具有較好的安全性。但少量不良反應(yīng)病例的客觀存在表明,當(dāng)前對RLRL技術(shù)的安全性研究有待更進(jìn)一步完善,需要闡明不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生的規(guī)律及機(jī)制機(jī)理,明確RLRT技術(shù)應(yīng)用禁忌癥范圍、不適應(yīng)人群篩查方法、治療過程中安全監(jiān)測方法等,以確保RLRT技術(shù)應(yīng)用安全可靠。

GB 7247.1—2012 激光輻射國家安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[72]規(guī)定,I類激光產(chǎn)品的可達(dá)發(fā)射極限為0.39 mW,認(rèn)為其不會(huì)對人眼造成潛在危害。但該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要考慮激光對人眼的光熱損傷和光化學(xué)損傷,而RLRL近視防控作用可能并非直接的光熱、光化學(xué)作用,存在光生物調(diào)節(jié)作用等更為復(fù)雜的作用機(jī)制。鑒于目前滿足I類激光產(chǎn)品要求的RLRL治療儀也有極少量不良反應(yīng)報(bào)道,應(yīng)該開展更加全面、系統(tǒng)、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)难芯恳蕴嵘齊LRL技術(shù)的安全性。

目前,紅光對近視防控效果的研究結(jié)果主要來自于臨床,安全性相關(guān)研究還極為有限,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步從病理學(xué)、生理學(xué)、細(xì)胞及分子水平探討紅光對近視眼結(jié)構(gòu)及功能影響的機(jī)制。

3 總結(jié)及展望

低強(qiáng)度、重復(fù)紅光干預(yù)是臨床治療弱視[73]常見且有效的治療方法之一,已經(jīng)形成了一套較為完善的診斷與治療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[74]。近幾年提出的紅光干預(yù)近視進(jìn)展成為新的研究熱點(diǎn),在現(xiàn)階段臨床試驗(yàn)中對AL、屈光度以及ChT顯示出較好的改善效果。然而,相對于良好的臨床應(yīng)用態(tài)勢,在治療方案、機(jī)制機(jī)理和安全性等基礎(chǔ)研究方面尚存在嚴(yán)重不足。治療方案方面,有待進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)對最佳波長、最適起效閾值、最佳劑量、眼底最佳光斑大小等研究;機(jī)制機(jī)理方面,有待通過深入研究闡明紅光輻照誘導(dǎo)眼屈光狀態(tài)良性發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵信號通路;安全性方面,有待通過大量動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)掌握紅光眼損傷的量效關(guān)系與規(guī)律,為臨床治療方案提供可靠支撐,同時(shí)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)臨床試驗(yàn)病例總結(jié)分析,明確RLRL技術(shù)的適用人群、禁忌癥、治療過程監(jiān)測方法等以避免不良反應(yīng)事件的發(fā)生。總而言之,紅光在干預(yù)近視進(jìn)展的試驗(yàn)中顯示出了巨大的潛力,說明紅光干預(yù)治療近視是可行的,但是現(xiàn)階段仍需要繼續(xù)深入研究,以提升其安全性并闡明其機(jī)制機(jī)理,在臨床應(yīng)用上將具有很好的發(fā)展前景。

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